46.5.174.5: /* Different types of abbreviation */

2021-08-20T10:13:50Z

Different types of abbreviation

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{{short description|Shortened form of a word or phrase}}
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[[File:Schriftprobe Latein 15 Jh.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Example of 15th-century [[Latin]] manuscript text with [[scribal abbreviation]]s]]

An '''abbreviation''' (from [[Latin]] ''brevis'', meaning ''short''<ref>{{cite web|title=brevis/breve, brevis M – Latin is Simple Online Dictionary|url=https://www.latin-is-simple.com/en/vocabulary/adjective/91/|website=www.latin-is-simple.com|access-date=29 March 2018|language=en}}</ref>) is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method. It may consist of a group of letters or words taken from the full version of the word or phrase; for example, the word ''abbreviation'' can itself be represented by the abbreviation ''abbr.'', ''abbrv.'', or ''abbrev.''; ''NPO'', for [[Nil Per Os |nil (or nothing) per (by) os (mouth)]] is an abbreviated medical instruction. It may also consist of initials only, a mixture of initials and words, or words or letters representing words in another language (for example, [[e.g.]], [[i.e.]] or [[RSVP]]). Some types of abbreviations are [[acronym]]s (some pronounceable, some [[initialism]]) or grammatical [[Contraction (grammar)|contractions]] or [[crasis]].

An abbreviation is a shortening by any of these or other methods.

==Different types of abbreviation==
Acronyms, initialisms, contractions and crasis share some [[semantic]] and [[phonetic]] functions, and all four are connected by the term "abbreviation" in loose parlance.<ref name=harts>{{cite book|title=New Hart's Rules: The handbook of style for writers and editors|publisher=Oxford University Press, 2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uwGtj8i_vkC&q=acronyms+contractions+10.1|isbn=0-19-861041-6|date=2005-09-22}}</ref>{{rp|p167}}

A contraction is a reduction in size of a word or phrase made by omitting certain of its letters or [[syllable]]s. Consequently, contractions are a [[subset]] of abbreviations. Often, but not always, the contraction includes the first and last letters or elements. Examples of contractions are "li'l" (for "little"), "I'm" (for "I am"), and "he'd've" (for "he would have").

== History ==
{{See also|Scribal abbreviation}}

Abbreviations have a long history, created so that spelling out a whole word could be avoided. This might be done to save time and space, and also to provide secrecy. In both [[Ancient Greece|Greece]] and [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] the reduction of words to single letters was common.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HA9kAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA5&dq=abbreviations+history&hl=en&sa=X&ei=D2NaVIitA6vbsASp94DgAg&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=abbreviations%20history&f=false ''The British Cyclopaedia of the Arts, Sciences, History, Geography, Literature, Natural History, and Biography'', Wm. S. Orr and Company, 1838, p.5.]</ref> In Roman inscriptions, "Words were commonly abbreviated by using the initial letter or letters of words, and most inscriptions have at least one abbreviation". However, "some could have more than one meaning, depending on their context. (For example, {{angbr|A}} can be an abbreviation for many words, such as {{lang|la|ager}}, {{lang|la|amicus}}, {{lang|la|annus}}, {{lang|la|as}}, {{lang|la|Aulus}}, {{lang|la|Aurelius}}, {{lang|la|aurum}} and {{lang|la|avus}}.)"<ref>Adkins, L., [https://books.google.com/books?id=zGY1Sqjwf8kC&dq=abbreviations++fashionable&q=abbreviated+%22the+initial%22#v=snippet&q=abbreviated%20%22the%20initial%22&f=false ''Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome''], Infobase Publishing, 2004, p. 261.</ref>

Abbreviations in English were frequently used from its earliest days. Manuscripts of copies of the [[old English]] poem ''[[Beowulf]]'' used many abbreviations, for example the [[Tironian et]] ({{char|⁊}}) or {{char|&}} for ''and'', and {{char|y}} for ''since'', so that "not much space is wasted".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=68EjAwAAQBAJ&dq=abbreviations+history&q=abbreviations+beowulf#v=snippet&q=abbreviations%20beowulf&f=false Gelderen, E. v, ''A History of the English Language: Revised edition'', John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2014, Ch. 4 1.]</ref> The standardisation of English in the 15th through 17th centuries included such a growth in the use of abbreviations.<ref name=spell>[http://www.spellingsociety.org/journals/j7/shortcuts.php The End of Short Cuts: The use of abbreviated English by the fellows of Merton College, Oxford 1483-1660.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015214606/http://www.spellingsociety.org/journals/j7/shortcuts.php |date=October 15, 2007 }}</ref> At first, abbreviations were sometimes represented with various suspension signs, not only periods. For example, sequences like ‹er› were replaced with ‹ɔ›, as in ‹mastɔ› for ''master'' and ‹exacɔbate› for ''exacerbate''. While this may seem trivial, it was symptomatic of an attempt by people manually reproducing academic texts to reduce the copy time.
{{quote|Mastɔ subwardenɔ y ɔmēde me to you. And wherɔ y wrot to you the last wyke that y trouyde itt good to differrɔ thelectionɔ ovɔ to quīdenaɔ tinitatis y have be thougħt me synɔ that itt woll be thenɔ a bowte mydsomɔ.|source= Warden of [[Merton College]], [[University of Oxford]] in {{lang|la|Registrum Annalium Collegii Mertonensis}}, 1503.<ref name=spell />}}

In the [[Early Modern English]] period, between the 15th and 17th centuries, the [[thorn (letter)|thorn]] {{char|Þ}} was used for ''th'', as in {{char|Þ<sup>e</sup>}} ('the'). However, in modern times, {{angbr|Þ}} was often misread and wrongly rewritten as {{angbr|y}}, as in {{char|Y<sup>e</sup> Olde Tea Shoppe}}.<ref>Lass, R., ''The Cambridge History of the English Language'', Cambridge University Press, 2006, Vol. 2, p. 36.</ref>

During the growth of [[philology|philological]] linguistic theory in academic Britain, abbreviating became very fashionable. For example [[J. R. R. Tolkien]], his friend [[C. S. Lewis]] and other members of the [[Oxford]] literary group were known as the [[Inklings]].<ref>{{citation | editor1-last = [[Clyde S. Kilby|Kilby]] | editor1-first = Clyde S. | editor2-last = Mead | editor2-first = Marjorie Lamp | title = Brothers and Friends: The Diaries of Major Warren Hamilton Lewis | publisher = Harper & Row | location = San Francisco | year = 1982 | isbn = 0-06-064575-X}}</ref>{{clarify|reason=It is not at all obvious that this is relevant example. 'Inklings' is a nickname, not an abbreviation.|date=June 2020}} Likewise, a century earlier in [[Boston]], a fad of abbreviation started that swept the United States, with the globally popular term [[Okay|OK]] generally credited as a remnant of its influence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.illinoisprairie.info/chocokeh.htm |title=The Choctaw Expression 'Okeh' and the Americanism 'Okay' |publisher=Jim Fay |date=2007-09-13 |access-date=2008-05-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224185657/http://www.illinoisprairie.info/chocokeh.htm |archive-date=2010-12-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_250.html |title=What does "OK" stand for? |work=[[The Straight Dope]] |access-date=2008-05-12| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080512085453/http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_250.html| archive-date= 12 May 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>

Over the years, however, the lack of convention in some style guides has made it difficult to determine which two-word abbreviations should be abbreviated with periods and which should not. This question is considered below,

Widespread use of electronic communication through mobile phones and the Internet during the 1990s allowed for a marked rise in colloquial abbreviation. This was due largely to increasing popularity of textual communication services such as instant- and text messaging. The original [[Short Message Service|SMS]], supported message lengths of 160 characters at most (using the [[GSM 03.38]] character set), for instance.{{efn|Modern text messaging is not affected by this issue although, behind the scenes, longer messages are carried in multiple 160-byte short messages in a chain. Characters not in GSM 03.38 require two bytes.}} This brevity gave rise to an informal abbreviation scheme sometimes called [[SMS language|Textese]], with which 10% or more of the words in a typical SMS message are abbreviated.<ref>Crystal, David. [[Txtng: the Gr8 Db8]]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-19-954490-5}}</ref> More recently Twitter, a popular [[social networking service]], began driving abbreviation use with 140 character message limits.

== Style conventions in English ==

In modern English, there are several conventions for abbreviations, and the choice may be confusing. The only rule universally accepted is that one should be ''consistent'', and to make this easier, publishers express their preferences in a [[style guide]]. Questions which arise include those in the following subsections.

=== Lowercase letters ===

If the original word was capitalized then the first letter of its abbreviation should retain the capital, for example Lev. for ''Leviticus''. When a word is abbreviated to more than a single letter and was originally spelled with lower case letters then there is no need for capitalization. However, when abbreviating a phrase where only the first letter of each word is taken, then all letters should be capitalized, as in YTD for ''year-to-date'', PCB for ''printed circuit board'' and FYI for ''for your information''. However, see the following section regarding abbreviations that have become common vocabulary: these are no longer written with capital letters.

=== Periods (full stops) and spaces ===
[[File:“To Penna. R.R. Station”.jpg|thumb|Sign in New York City subway, reading “Penna.” for Penn''sylvani''a, showing American style of including the period even for contractions.]]
A period (full stop) is often used to signify an abbreviation, but opinion is divided as to when and if this should happen.

According to [[Hart's Rules]], the traditional rule is that abbreviations (in the narrow sense that includes only words with the ending, and not the middle, dropped) terminate with a full stop, whereas contractions (in the sense of words missing a middle part) do not, but there are exceptions.<ref name=harts/>{{rp|p167–170}} [[Fowler's Modern English Usage]] says full stops are used to mark both abbreviations and contractions, but recommends against this practice: advising them only for abbreviations and lower-case initialisms and not for upper-case initialisms and contractions.<ref>{{cite book|title=Pocket Fowler's Modern English Usage|edition=2nd|editor-first=Robert|editor-last=Allen|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2008|isbn=9780191727078|contribution=Full stop}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Example
!Category
!Short form
!Source
|-
|[[Doctor (title)|Doctor]]
|Contraction
|Dr
|D——r
|-
|[[Professor]]
|Abbreviation
|Prof.
|Prof...
|-
|The [[Reverend]]
|Abbreviation
|Rev.
|Rev...
|-
|The [[Reverend]]
|Contraction
|Revd
|Rev——d
|-
|[[The Right Honourable]]
|Contraction and Abbreviation
|Rt Hon.
|R——t Hon...
|}

In [[American English]], the period is usually included regardless of whether or not it is a contraction, e.g. ''Dr.'' or ''Mrs.''. In some cases, periods are optional, as in either ''US'' or ''U.S.'' for ''United States'', ''EU'' or ''E.U.'' for ''European Union'', and ''UN'' or ''U.N.'' for ''United Nations''. There are some house styles, however—American ones included—that remove the periods from almost all abbreviations. For example:
* The U.S. [[Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices]] advises that periods should not be used with abbreviations on road signs, except for cardinal directions as part of a destination name. (For example, ''"Northwest Blvd"'', ''"W. Jefferson"'', and ''"PED XING"'' all follow this recommendation.)
* [[AMA Manual of Style|AMA style]], used in many [[medical journal]]s, uses no periods in abbreviations or acronyms, with almost no exceptions. Thus [[exempli gratia|eg]], [[id est|ie]], [[wikt:versus|vs]], [[et al.]], [[Doctor (title)|Dr]], [[Mr.|Mr]], [[magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]], [[intensive care unit|ICU]], and hundreds of others contain no periods. The only exceptions are {{char|No.}} (an abbreviation of [[Numero sign|Numero]], Number) (to avoid the appearance of "No" ([[Yes and no|''yes'' and ''no'']]); initials within persons' names (such as "George R. Smith"); and "St." within persons' names when the person prefers it (such as "Emily R. St. Clair") (but not in city names such as ''St Louis'' or ''St Paul''). (AMA style also forgoes italic on terms long since naturalized into English from [[Latin]], [[New Latin]], other languages, or [[international scientific vocabulary|ISV]]; thus, no italic for [[exempli gratia|eg]], [[id est|ie]], [[wikt:versus|vs]], [[et al.]], [[in vivo]], [[in vitro]], or [[in situ]].)

Acronyms that were originally capitalized (with or without periods) but have since entered the vocabulary as generic words are no longer written with capital letters nor with any periods. Examples are [[sonar]], [[radar]], [[lidar]], [[laser]], [[SNAFU|snafu]], and [[Scuba set|scuba]].

Today, spaces are generally not used between single-letter abbreviations of words in the same phrase, so one almost never encounters "U. S."

When an abbreviation appears at the end of a sentence, only one period is used: ''The capital of the United States is Washington, D.C''.

=== Plural forms ===

There is a question about how to pluralize abbreviations, particularly acronyms. Some writers tend to pluralize abbreviations by adding {{char|'s}} (apostrophe s), as in "two PC's have broken screens", although [[Apostrophe#Possessive apostrophe|this notation]] typically indicates [[possessive case]]. However, this style is not preferred by many style guides. For instance, [[Kate Turabian]], writing about style in academic writings,<ref name="Chicago">{{cite book|last=Turabian |first = Kate L.|title =[[A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations]] | edition = 7th | at=subsection 20.1.2| publisher = University of Chicago Press | author-link=Kate L. Turabian}}</ref> allows for an apostrophe to form plural acronyms "only when an abbreviation contains internal periods or both capital and lowercase letters". Turabian would therefore prefer "DVDs" and "URLs" and "Ph.D.'s", while the [[Modern Language Association]]<ref name="MLA">Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th Edition 2009, subsection 3.2.7.g</ref> explicitly says, "do not use an apostrophe to form the plural of an abbreviation". Also, the [[American Psychological Association]] specifically says,<ref name="APA">Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA), 5th Edition 2001, subsection 3.28</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association'', 6th Edition 2010, subsection 4.29</ref> "without an apostrophe".

However, the 1999 style guide for ''[[The New York Times]]'' states that the addition of an apostrophe is necessary when pluralizing all abbreviations, preferring "PC's, TV's and VCR's".<ref>Siegal, AM., Connolly, WG., [https://books.google.com/books?ei=-y5aVHCTyLAEl5GB0AE&id=RT5w0s7_op8C&dq=new+york+times+style&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=plurals+abbreviations ''The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage''], Three Rivers Press, 1999, p. 24.</ref>

Following those who would generally omit the apostrophe, to form the plural of [[run batted in]], simply add an s to the end of RBI.<ref>{{cite book|last=Garner|first=Bryan|title=Garner's Modern American Usage|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford; New York|isbn=978-0-19-538275-4|page=638}}</ref>

*RBIs

For all other rules, see below:

To form the plural of an abbreviation, a number, or a capital letter used as a noun, simply add a lowercase ''s'' to the end. Apostrophes following decades and single letters are also common.
* A group of MPs
* The roaring 20s
* Mind your Ps and Qs

To indicate the plural of the abbreviation or symbol of a unit of measure, the same form is used as in the singular.
* 1 lb or 20 lb
* 1 ft or 16 ft
* 1 min or 45 min

When an abbreviation contains more than one full point, ''Hart's Rules'' recommends putting the ''s'' after the final one.
* Ph.D.s
* M.Phil.s
* the d.t.s
However, subject to any house style or consistency requirement, the same plurals may be rendered less formally as:
* PhDs
* MPhils
* the DTs. (This is the recommended form in the ''New Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors''.)

According to ''Hart's Rules'', an apostrophe may be used in rare cases where clarity calls for it, for example when letters or symbols are referred to as objects.
* The x's of the equation
* Dot the i's and cross the t's
However, the apostrophe can be dispensed with if the items are set in italics or quotes:
* The ''x''s of the equation
* Dot the 'i's and cross the 't's

In Latin, and continuing to the derivative forms in European languages as well as English, single-letter abbreviations had the plural being a doubling of the letter for note-taking. Most of these deal with writing and publishing. A few longer abbreviations use this as well.

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Singular abbreviation
!Word/phrase
!Plural abbreviation
!Discipline
|-
|d.
| didot
|dd.
| typography
|-
|f.
| following line or page
|ff.
|notes
|-
|F.
| folio
|Ff.
|literature
|-
|h.
| hand
|hh.
| horse height
|-
|J.
| Justice
|JJ.
|law (job title)
|-
|l.
| line
|ll.
|notes
|-
|MS
| manuscript
|MSS
|notes
|-
|op.
| opus (plural: opera)
|opp.
|notes
|-
|p.
|page
|pp.
|notes
|-
|Q.
| quarto
|Qq.
|literature
|-
|s. (or §)
|section
|ss. (or §§)
|notes
|-
|v.
|volume
|vv.
|notes
|}

=== Conventions followed by publications and newspapers ===

==== United States ====

Publications based in the U.S. tend to follow the style guides of ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' and the [[Associated Press]].{{Verify source|date=May 2008}} The U.S. Government follows a style guide published by the [[U.S. Government Printing Office]]. The [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] sets the style for abbreviations of units.

==== United Kingdom ====

Many British publications follow some of these guidelines in abbreviation:
* For the sake of convenience, many British publications, including the [[BBC]] and ''[[The Guardian]]'', have completely done away with the use of full stops or periods in all abbreviations. These include:
** Social titles, e.g. Ms or Mr (though these would usually have not had full stops—see above) Capt, Prof, ''etc.;''
** Two-letter abbreviations for countries (''"US"'', not ''"U.S."'');
** Abbreviations beyond three letters (full caps for all except initialisms{{clarify|date=November 2015}});
** Words seldom abbreviated with lower case letters (''"PR"'', instead of ''"p.r."'', or ''"pr"'')
** Names (''"FW de Klerk"'', ''"GB Whiteley"'', ''"Park JS"''). A notable exception is ''[[The Economist]]'' which writes ''"Mr F. W. de Klerk"''.
** Scientific units (see Measurement below).
* Acronyms are often referred to with only the first letter of the abbreviation capitalized. For instance, the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organisation]] can be abbreviated as ''"Nato"'' or ''"NATO"'', and [[Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome]] as ''"Sars"'' or ''"SARS"'' (compare with ''"[[laser]]"'' which has made the full transition to an English word and is rarely capitalised at all).
* Initialisms are always written in capitals; for example the ''"British Broadcasting Corporation"'' is abbreviated to ''"BBC"'', never ''"Bbc"''. An initialism is also an acronym but is not pronounced as a word.
* When abbreviating scientific units, no space is added between the number and unit (<nowiki>100mph, 100m, 10cm, 10°C</nowiki>). (This is contrary to the SI standard; see below.)

==== Miscellaneous and general rules ====

* A doubled letter appears in abbreviations of some Welsh names, as in [[Welsh language|Welsh]] the double "l" is a separate sound: "Ll. George" for (British prime minister) [[David Lloyd George]].
* Some titles, such as "Reverend" and "Honourable", are spelt out when preceded by "the", rather than as "Rev." or "Hon." respectively. This is true for most British publications, and some in the United States.
* A repeatedly used abbreviation should be spelt out for identification on its first occurrence in a written or spoken passage.<ref>[[Gary Blake]] and [[Robert W. Bly]], ''The Elements of Technical Writing'', pg. 53. New York City: Macmillan Publishers, 1993. {{ISBN|0020130856}}</ref> Abbreviations likely to be unfamiliar to many readers should be avoided.

== Measurements: abbreviations or symbols==
Writers often use shorthand to denote units of measure. Such shorthand can be an abbreviation, such as "in" for "[[inch]]" or can be a symbol such as "km" for "[[kilometre]]" (or kilometer).

In the [[International System of Units]] (SI) manual<ref>{{SIbrochure8th}}</ref> the word "symbol" is used consistently to define the shorthand used to represent the various SI units of measure. The manual also [[International System of Units|defines the way in which units should be written]], the principal rules being:
*The conventions for upper and lower case letters must be observed—for example 1 MW (megawatts) is equal to 1,000,000 [[watt]]s and 1,000,000,000 mW (milliwatts).
*No periods should be inserted between letters—for example "m.s" (which is an approximation of "m·s", which correctly uses [[middle dot]]) is the symbol for "metres multiplied by seconds", but "ms" is the symbol for milliseconds.
*No periods should follow the symbol unless the syntax of the sentence demands otherwise (for example a full stop at the end of a sentence).
*The singular and plural versions of the symbol are identical—not all languages use the letter "s" to denote a plural.

== Syllabic abbreviation ==

A syllabic abbreviation is usually formed from the initial syllables of several words, such as ''[[Interpol]]'' = '''''Inter'''national'' + '''''pol'''ice''. It is a variant of the acronym. Syllabic abbreviations are usually written using [[lower case]], sometimes starting with a [[capital letter]], and are always pronounced as words rather than letter by letter. Syllabic abbreviations should be distinguished from [[portmanteau]]s, which combine two words without necessarily taking whole syllables from each.

=== By language ===
==== English ====
Syllabic abbreviations are not widely used in English. Some UK government ministries such as [[Ofcom]] ('''''Of'''fice of '''Com'''munications'') and [[Oftel]] ('''''Of'''fice of '''Tel'''ecommunications'') use this style.

New York City has various neighborhoods named by syllabic abbreviation, such as [[Tribeca]] ('''''Tri'''angle '''be'''low '''Ca'''nal Street'') and [[SoHo]] ('''''So'''uth of '''Ho'''uston Street''). This usage has spread into other American cities, giving [[South of Market, San Francisco|SoMa]], San Francisco ('''''So'''uth of '''Ma'''rket'') and [[LoDo, Denver]] ('''''Lo'''wer '''Do'''wntown''), amongst others.

Chicago-based electric service provider [[ComEd]] is a syllabic abbreviation of ('''''Com'''monwealth) and Thomas ('''''Ed'''ison.)

Partially syllabic abbreviations are preferred by the US Navy, as it increases readability amidst the large number of initialisms that would otherwise have to fit into the same acronyms. Hence ''[[DESRON]] 6'' is used (in the full capital form) to mean "Destroyer Squadron 6", while ''[[COMNAVAIRLANT]]'' would be "Commander, Naval Air Force (in the) Atlantic."

Syllabic abbreviations are a prominent feature of [[Newspeak]], the fictional language of [[George Orwell]]'s dystopian novel ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]''. The political contractions of Newspeak—''Ingsoc'' (English Socialism), ''Minitrue'' (Ministry of Truth), ''Miniplenty'' ([[Ministry of Plenty]])—are described by Orwell as similar to real examples of German ''([[#German|q.v.]])'' and Russian contractions (''[[#Russian|q.v.]])'' in the 20th century. Like ''Nazi'' (''Nationalsozialismus'') and ''Gestapo'' (''Geheime Staatspolizei''), ''politburo'' ([[Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]), ''Comintern'' (Communist International), ''[[kolkhoz]]'' ([[collective farm]]), and ''Komsomol'' (Young Communists' League), the contractions in Newspeak, are supposed to have a political function already in virtue of their abbreviated structure itself: nice sounding and easily pronounceable, their purpose is to mask all ideological content from the speaker.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Orwell |first=George |title=Nineteen Eighty-Four |publisher=Secker and Warburg |year=1949 |isbn=978-0-452-28423-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/nineteeneightyfo00orwe_1 }}</ref>{{rp|310-8}}

A more recent syllabic abbreviation has emerged with the disease [[COVID-19]] ''('''CO'''rona '''VI'''rus '''D'''isease '''2019''')'' caused by the [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] virus (itself frequently abbreviated to [[SARS-CoV-2]], mostly but not entirely an initialism).

==== German ====
Syllabic abbreviations were and are common in [[German language|German]]; much like acronyms in English, they have a distinctly modern connotation, although contrary to popular belief, many date back to before [[1933 in Germany|1933]], if not the end of [[the Great War]]. [[Kriminalpolizei|'''''Kri'''minal'''po'''lizei'']], literally ''criminal police'' but idiomatically the [[Criminal Investigation Department]] of any German police force, begat ''KriPo'' (variously capitalised), and likewise [[Schutzpolizei|'''''Schu'''tz'''po'''lizei'']], the ''protection police'' or ''uniform department'', begat ''SchuPo''. Along the same lines, the Swiss Federal Railways' Transit Police—the '''''Tra'''nsport'''po'''lizei''—are abbreviated as the ''TraPo''.

With the National Socialist German Workers' Party gaining power came a frenzy of government reorganisation, and with it a series of entirely new syllabic abbreviations. The single national police force amalgamated from the Schutzpolizeien of the various states became the [[Ordnungspolizei|'''''Or'''dnungs'''po'''lizei'']] or ''order police''; the state KriPos together formed the [[Sicherheitspolizei|'''''Si'''cherheits'''po'''lizei'']] or ''security police''; and there was also the [[Gestapo|'''''Ge'''heime '''Sta'''ats'''po'''lizei'']] or ''secret state police''. The new order of the [[German Democratic Republic]] in the east brought about a conscious [[denazification]], but also a repudiation of earlier turns of phrase in favour of neologisms such as ''[[Stasi]]'' for '''''Sta'''ats'''si'''cherheit'' ("state security", the secret police) and ''VoPo'' for ''Volkspolizei''. The phrase '''''polit'''isches '''Büro''''', which may be rendered literally as ''office of politics'' or idiomatically as ''political party steering committee'', became '''[[Politburo|Politbüro]]'''.

Syllabic abbreviations are not only used in politics, however. Many business names, trademarks, and service marks from across Germany are created on the same pattern: for a few examples, there is [[Aldi]], from ''Theo '''Al'''brecht'', the name of its founder, followed by '''''di'''scount''; [[Haribo]], from '''''Ha'''ns '''Ri'''egl'', the name of its founder, followed by '''''Bo'''nn'', the town of its head office; and [[Adidas]], from [[Adi Dassler|''Adolf "'''Adi'''" '''Das'''sler'']], the nickname of its founder followed by his surname.

==== Russian ====

Leninist organisations such as the ''[[Comintern]]'' (''Communist International'') and ''[[Komsomol]]'' ('''''Kom'''munisticheskii '''So'''yuz '''Mol'''odyozhi'', or "Communist youth union") used Russian language syllabic abbreviations. In the modern Russian language, words like ''Minoborony'' (from '''Min'''isterstvo '''oborony''' — Ministry of Defence) and ''Minobrnauki'' (from '''Min'''isterstvo '''obr'''azovaniya i '''nauki''' — Ministry of Education and Science) are still commonly used. Further afield in [[Belarus]], there is ''Beltelecom'' ('''Bel'''arus '''Telecom'''munication) and Belsat ('''Bel'''arus '''Sat'''ellite).

==== Spanish ====
Syllabic abbreviations are common in [[Spanish (language)|Spanish]]; examples abound in organization names such as [[Pemex]] for '''''Pe'''tróleos '''Mex'''icanos'' ("Mexican Petroleums") or Fonafifo for '''''Fo'''ndo '''Na'''cional de '''Fi'''nancimiento '''Fo'''restal'' (National Forestry Financing Fund).

==== Malay and Indonesian ====
In Southeast Asian languages, especially in [[Malay languages]], syllabic abbreviations are also common; examples include [[Petronas]] (for '''''Petro'''liam '''Nas'''ional'', "National Petroleum"), its Indonesian equivalent [[Pertamina]] (from its original name '''''Per'''usahaan Per'''ta'''mbangan '''Mi'''nyak dan Gas Bumi '''N'''eg'''a'''ra'', "State Oil and Natural Gas Mining Company"), and [[Ministry of Transportation (Indonesia)|Kemenhub]] (from '''''Kemen'''terian Per'''hub'''ungan'', "Ministry of Transportation")

==== CJK ====
East Asian languages whose writing systems use [[Chinese characters]] form abbreviations similarly by using key Chinese characters from a term or phrase. For example, in Japanese the term for the [[United Nations]], ''kokusai rengō'' (国際連合) is often abbreviated to ''kokuren'' (国連). (Such abbreviations are called [[:ja:略語|ryakugo]] (略語) in Japanese; see also [[Japanese abbreviated and contracted words]]). The syllabic abbreviation is frequently used for universities: for instance, ''Tōdai'' (東大) for ''Tōkyō daigaku'' (東京大学, [[University of Tokyo]]) and is used similarly in Chinese: ''Běidà'' (北大) for ''Běijīng Dàxué'' (北京大学, [[Peking University]]). The English phrase "[[:wikt:gung ho|Gung ho]]" originated as a Chinese abbreviation.

== See also ==
===Lists===
* [[List of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions]]
* [[List of abbreviations in photography]]
* [[List of acronyms]]
* [[List of portmanteaus]]
* [[List of classical abbreviations]]
* [[List of medieval abbreviations]]
* [[List of business and finance abbreviations]]
* [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Abbreviations in Webster|The abbreviations used in the 1913 edition of Webster's dictionary]]

===Synonyms etc.===
* [[Abbreviation (music)]]
* [[Clipping (morphology)]]
* [[Gramogram]]
* [[SMS language]]
* [[Numeronym]]
* [[Neologism]]
* [[RAS syndrome]]
* [[Unicode alias names and abbreviations]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|abbreviation}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Abbreviation}}
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{curlie|Reference/Dictionaries/Acronyms/|Acronyms}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Abbreviations| ]]

Abbreviation - Revision history

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46.5.174.5: /* Different types of abbreviation */

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