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{{selfref|For the Wikipedia template to link to bibcoded articles, see [[Template:bibcode]]}}
{{short description|Code used to identify references in certain astronomical data systems}}
{{Infobox identifier
| name = Bibcode
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| image_border =
| full_name = Bibliographic code
| acronym =
| number =
| start_date = 1990s
| organisation =
| digits = 19
| check_digit = none
| example = 1924MNRAS..84..308E
| website = 
}}
The '''bibcode''' (also known as the '''refcode''') is a compact identifier used by several [[astronomy|astronomical]] data systems to uniquely specify literature references.

== Adoption ==
The Bibliographic Reference Code (refcode) was originally developed to be used in [[SIMBAD]] and the [[NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database]] (NED), but it became a de facto standard and is now used more widely, for example, by the NASA [[Astrophysics Data System]], which coined and prefers the term "bibcode".<ref name=a>{{ cite book| url=http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/refcode/refcode-paper.html| chapter= NED and SIMBAD Conventions for Bibliographic Reference Coding| title=Information & On-Line Data in Astronomy|editor= Daniel Egret|editor2= Miguel A. Albrecht|publisher= [[Kluwer Academic Publishers]]|date=1995|isbn =0-7923-3659-3|author= M. Schmitz|author2= G. Helou|author3= P. Dubois|author4= C. LaGue|author5= B.F. Madore|author6= H. G. Corwin Jr.|author7= S. Lesteven|name-list-style= amp|access-date= 2011-06-22| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110607153038/http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/refcode/refcode-paper.html| archive-date= 7 June 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name=b>{{cite web|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs_doc/help_pages/data.html|title= The ADS Data, help page|publisher= NASA ADS |access-date=November 5, 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071014195855/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs_doc/help_pages/data.html| archive-date= 14 October 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>

== Format ==
The code has a fixed length of 19 characters and has the form
:<code>YYYYJJJJJVVVVMPPPPA</code>
where <code>YYYY</code> is the four-digit year of the reference and <code>JJJJJ</code> is a code indicating where the reference was published. In the case of a journal reference, <code>VVVV</code> is the volume number, <code>M</code> indicates the section of the journal where the reference was published (e.g., <code>L</code> for a letters section), <code>PPPP</code> gives the starting page number, and <code>A</code> is the first letter of the last name of the first author. Periods (<code>.</code>) are used to fill unused fields and to pad fields out to their fixed length if too short; padding is done on the right for the publication code and on the left for the volume number and page number.<ref name=a /><ref name=b /> Page numbers greater than 9999 are continued in the <code>M</code> column. The 6-digit article ID numbers (in lieu of page numbers) used by the Physical Review publications since the late 1990s are treated as follows: The first two digits of the article ID, corresponding to the issue number, are converted to a lower-case letter (01 = a, etc.) and inserted into column <code>M</code>. The remaining four digits are used in the page field.<ref name=b />

== Examples ==
Some examples of bibcodes are:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Bibcode
! Reference
|-
| <code>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974AJ.....79..819H 1974AJ.....79..819H]</code>
| {{cite journal
|last=Heintz |first=W. D.
|date=1974
|title=Astrometric study of four visual binaries
|journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]]
|volume=79 |pages=819–825
|doi=10.1086/111614
|bibcode = 1974AJ.....79..819H }}
|-
| <code>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1924MNRAS..84..308E 1924MNRAS..84..308E]</code>
| {{cite journal
|last=Eddington |first=A. S.
|date=1924
|title=On the relation between the masses and luminosities of the stars
|journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
|volume=84 |issue=5
|pages=308–332
|bibcode = 1924MNRAS..84..308E
| doi = 10.1093/mnras/84.5.308 |doi-access=free
}}
|-
| <code>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970ApJ...161L..77K 1970ApJ...161L..77K]</code>
| {{cite journal
|last1=Kemp |first1=J. C.
|last2=Swedlund |first2=J. B.
|last3=Landstreet |first3=J. D.
|last4=Angel |first4=J. R. P.
|date=1970
|title=Discovery of circularly polarized light from a white dwarf
|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Letters]]
|volume=161 |pages=L77–L79
|doi=10.1086/180574
|bibcode = 1970ApJ...161L..77K }}
|-
| <code>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhRvL..93o0801M 2004PhRvL..93o0801M]</code>
| {{cite journal
|last1=Mukherjee |first1=M.
|last2=Kellerbauer |first2=A.
|last3=Beck |first3=D.
|last4=Blaum |first4=K.
|last5=Bollen |first5=G.
|last6=Carrel |first6=F.
|last7=Delahaye |first7=P.
|last8=Dilling |first8=J.
|last9=George |first9=S.
|last10=Guénaut |first10=C.
|last11=Herfurth |first11=F.
|last12=Herlert |first12=A.
|last13=Kluge |first13=H.-J.
|last14=Köster |first14=U.
|last15=Lunney |first15=D.
|last16=Schwarz |first16=S.
|last17=Schweikhard |first17=L.
|last18=Yazidjian |first18=C.
|display-authors=3
|date=2004
|title=The Mass of <sup>22</sup>Mg
|journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]
|volume=93 |issue=15
|pages=150801
|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.150801
|pmid=15524861
|bibcode = 2004PhRvL..93o0801M |url=http://cds.cern.ch/record/798313/files/PhysRevLett.93.150801.pdf
}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[Digital object identifier]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|Literature|Astronomy|Stars|Science}}
[[Category:Index (publishing)]]
[[Category:Identifiers]]
[[Category:Electronic documents]]
[[Category:Computational astronomy]]

Bibcode - Revision history

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