Does nicotine cause mental health issues?: Difference between revisions

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<big>'''Or do people with mental health issues have a higher rate of using nicotine?'''</big>
<big>'''Or do people with mental health issues have a higher rate of using nicotine?'''</big>
<big>'''How do we help people dealing with mental health challenges stop smoking?'''</big>
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==Scientific Publications - Youth and Young Adults==
==Scientific Publications - Youth and Young Adults==
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===2023: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0091743523004280 The mediating roles of mental health problems and racial differences in the linkage between social media use and E-cigarette use among American youth]===
*Conclusions: Mental health problems following social media use served as a risk factor for e-cigarette use among youth. Interventions aiming to improve youth's mental health could in turn temper e-cigarette use among youth social media users, and implementing tailored interventions in response to racial differences is warranted.
*Zheng X, Yang M, Li W, Lin HC. The mediating roles of mental health problems and racial differences in the linkage between social media use and E-cigarette use among American youth. Prev Med. 2023 Dec 31;179:107842. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107842. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38169240.
===2023: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37079753/  Risk and Protective Factors for Vaping and Smoking Among High School Students in Maine]===
*Factors with the greatest effect on students' likelihood to vape, smoke, or do both were parental attitude toward adolescent smoking and depressive symptoms.
*Students who reported depressive symptoms had 2.1 times higher adjusted odds of vaping, 2.7 times higher adjusted odds of smoking, and 3.0 times higher adjusted odds of vaping and smoking compared with students who did not report depressive symptoms.
*Tilton, G., Huston, S., & Albert, P. (2023). Risk and Protective Factors for Vaping and Smoking Among High School Students in Maine. Preventing chronic disease, 20, E28. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd20.220307
===2023: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36912516/ Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety and Subsequent Use of Nicotine and THC in Electronic Cigarettes]===
*Data were from an online survey of youth and young adults in urban areas of Texas
*Symptoms of depression and comorbid depression and anxiety at baseline were significantly associated with both nicotine and THC use in e-cigarettes 12 months later. Symptoms of anxiety were associated with nicotine use in e-cigarettes 12 months later.
*Citation: Clendennen, S. L., Smith, J., Sumbe, A., Chen, B., Wilkinson, A. V., & Harrell, M. B. (2023). Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety and Subsequent Use of Nicotine and THC in Electronic Cigarettes. Substance use & misuse, 58(5), 591–600. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2023.2177110


===2021: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376871621005676 Adolescent depression symptoms and e-cigarette progression]===
===2021: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376871621005676 Adolescent depression symptoms and e-cigarette progression]===
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*E-cigarette use was not related to the development of depression symptoms over time.
*E-cigarette use was not related to the development of depression symptoms over time.
*Citation: Afaf F. Moustafa, Shannon Testa, Daniel Rodriguez, Stephen Pianin, Janet Audrain-McGovern, Adolescent depression symptoms and e-cigarette progression, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Volume 228, 2021, 109072, ISSN 0376-8716, doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109072.
*Citation: Afaf F. Moustafa, Shannon Testa, Daniel Rodriguez, Stephen Pianin, Janet Audrain-McGovern, Adolescent depression symptoms and e-cigarette progression, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Volume 228, 2021, 109072, ISSN 0376-8716, doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109072.


===2017: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28199689/ Depressive Symptoms Predict Current E-Cigarette Use Among College Students in Texas]===
===2017: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28199689/ Depressive Symptoms Predict Current E-Cigarette Use Among College Students in Texas]===
*The current study indicates that depressive symptoms predict subsequent e-cigarette use and not vice versa.
*The current study indicates that depressive symptoms predict subsequent e-cigarette use and not vice versa.
*Citation: Bandiera, F. C., Loukas, A., Li, X., Wilkinson, A. V., & Perry, C. L. (2017). Depressive Symptoms Predict Current E-Cigarette Use Among College Students in Texas. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 19(9), 1102–1106. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntx014
*Citation: Bandiera, F. C., Loukas, A., Li, X., Wilkinson, A. V., & Perry, C. L. (2017). Depressive Symptoms Predict Current E-Cigarette Use Among College Students in Texas. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 19(9), 1102–1106. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntx014


===2009: [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-06704-003 Childhood depressive symptoms and adolescent cigarette use: A six-year longitudinal study controlling for peer relations correlates.]===
===2009: [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-06704-003 Childhood depressive symptoms and adolescent cigarette use: A six-year longitudinal study controlling for peer relations correlates.]===
*Depressive symptoms in childhood may lead to altered developmental trajectories that either directly or indirectly contribute to adolescent outcomes, including cigarette use.
*Depressive symptoms in childhood may lead to altered developmental trajectories that either directly or indirectly contribute to adolescent outcomes, including cigarette use.
*Citation: Prinstein, M. J., & La Greca, A. M. (2009). Childhood depressive symptoms and adolescent cigarette use: A six-year longitudinal study controlling for peer relations correlates. Health Psychology, 28(3), 283–291. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013949
*Citation: Prinstein, M. J., & La Greca, A. M. (2009). Childhood depressive symptoms and adolescent cigarette use: A six-year longitudinal study controlling for peer relations correlates. Health Psychology, 28(3), 283–291. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013949


===2008: [https://sci-hub.se/10.1097/CHI.0b013e318185d2ad The relationship between and cigarette smoking in depressive symptoms U S adolescents]===
===2008: [https://sci-hub.se/10.1097/CHI.0b013e318185d2ad The relationship between and cigarette smoking in depressive symptoms U S adolescents]===
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*By contrast, nicotine dependence did not predict the onset of a psychiatric disorder.
*By contrast, nicotine dependence did not predict the onset of a psychiatric disorder.
*Citation: Griesler, P. C., Hu, M.-C., Schaffran, C., & Kandel, D. B. (2008). Comorbidity of Psychiatric Disorders and Nicotine Dependence Among Adolescents: Findings From a Prospective, Longitudinal Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(11), 1340–1350. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318185d2ad  
*Citation: Griesler, P. C., Hu, M.-C., Schaffran, C., & Kandel, D. B. (2008). Comorbidity of Psychiatric Disorders and Nicotine Dependence Among Adolescents: Findings From a Prospective, Longitudinal Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(11), 1340–1350. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318185d2ad  


===2007 [https://www.academia.edu/2412620/Smoking_to_self_medicate_attentional_and_emotional_dysfunctions Smoking to self-medicate attentional and emotional dysfunctions]===
===2007 [https://www.academia.edu/2412620/Smoking_to_self_medicate_attentional_and_emotional_dysfunctions Smoking to self-medicate attentional and emotional dysfunctions]===
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*The findings on dispositional risk factors (i.e.,ADHD, hostility, depression, aggression), age, and gender in the human behavioral and brain imagingstudies along with animal models suggest thatattentional and emotional dysfunctions elevate the risk for smoking initiation and uptake in adolescents.
*The findings on dispositional risk factors (i.e.,ADHD, hostility, depression, aggression), age, and gender in the human behavioral and brain imagingstudies along with animal models suggest thatattentional and emotional dysfunctions elevate the risk for smoking initiation and uptake in adolescents.
*Citation: Gehricke, J.-G., Loughlin, S., Whalen, C., Potkin, S., Fallon, J., Jamner, L., … Leslie, F. (2007). Smoking to self-medicate attentional and emotional dysfunctions. Nicotine  Tobacco Research, 9, 523–536. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200701685039
*Citation: Gehricke, J.-G., Loughlin, S., Whalen, C., Potkin, S., Fallon, J., Jamner, L., … Leslie, F. (2007). Smoking to self-medicate attentional and emotional dysfunctions. Nicotine  Tobacco Research, 9, 523–536. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200701685039


===2000: [https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/S0924-9338(00)00209-1 Are social fears and DSM-IV social anxiety disorder associated with smoking and nicotine dependence in adolescents and young adults?]===
===2000: [https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/S0924-9338(00)00209-1 Are social fears and DSM-IV social anxiety disorder associated with smoking and nicotine dependence in adolescents and young adults?]===
*Among baseline non-users with social fears and the superordinated group of nondependent respondents with social fears, we found significantly increased odds for subsequent occurrence of nicotine dependence during the four-year follow-up period.  
*Among baseline non-users with social fears and the superordinated group of nondependent respondents with social fears, we found significantly increased odds for subsequent occurrence of nicotine dependence during the four-year follow-up period.  
*Citation: Sonntag, H., Wittchen, H. ., Höfler, M., Kessler, R. ., & Stein, M. . (2000). Are social fears and DSM-IV social anxiety disorder associated with smoking and nicotine dependence in adolescents and young adults? European Psychiatry, 15(1), 67–74. doi:10.1016/s09249338(00)00209-1  
*Citation: Sonntag, H., Wittchen, H. ., Höfler, M., Kessler, R. ., & Stein, M. . (2000). Are social fears and DSM-IV social anxiety disorder associated with smoking and nicotine dependence in adolescents and young adults? European Psychiatry, 15(1), 67–74. doi:10.1016/s09249338(00)00209-1  


===1998: [https://sci-hub.st/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.93343311.x The relationship between depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking in US adolescents]===
===1998: [https://sci-hub.st/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.93343311.x The relationship between depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking in US adolescents]===
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*Initiation of smoking may occur rapidly among adolescents who feel depressed, anxious, or experience frequent stressful events.
*Initiation of smoking may occur rapidly among adolescents who feel depressed, anxious, or experience frequent stressful events.
*Citation: Escobedo, L. G., Reddy, M., & Giovino, G. A. (1998). T he relationship between and cigarette sm oking in depressive sym ptom s U S adolescents. Addiction, 93(3), 433–440. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.93343311.x  
*Citation: Escobedo, L. G., Reddy, M., & Giovino, G. A. (1998). T he relationship between and cigarette sm oking in depressive sym ptom s U S adolescents. Addiction, 93(3), 433–440. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.93343311.x  


===1998: [https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/ajph.88.10.1518 Depression, anxiety, and smoking initiation: a prospective study over 3 years.]===
===1998: [https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/ajph.88.10.1518 Depression, anxiety, and smoking initiation: a prospective study over 3 years.]===
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==Scientific Publications - Not Youth Specific==
==Scientific Publications - Not Youth Specific==
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===2022: [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/add.15950 The relationship between smokeless tobacco (snus) and anxiety and depression among adults and elderly people. A comparison to smoking in the Tromsø Study]===
*In Norway, current snus users differ from current smokers by having a higher socio-economic status and no detectable association with anxiety and depression. This suggests that the relationship between tobacco use and anxiety and depression is associated with the administration method.
*Citation: Yebo Yu, Fan Yang, Mingqi Fu, Farooq Ahmed, Muhammad Shahid, Jing Guo, Relationship Between Work-Family Conflict and Depressive Symptoms Among Male Firefighters in China, Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 10.1097/JOM.0000000000002759, 65, 4, (337-343), (2022).


===2018 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763417301793 Nicotine and networks: Potential for enhancement of mood and cognition in late-life depression]===
===2018 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763417301793 Nicotine and networks: Potential for enhancement of mood and cognition in late-life depression]===
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*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.018 PDF Version]
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.018 PDF Version]
*Citation: Gandelman, J. A., Newhouse, P., & Taylor, W. D. (2018). Nicotine and networks: Potential for enhancement of mood and cognition in late-life depression. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 84, 289–298. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.0
*Citation: Gandelman, J. A., Newhouse, P., & Taylor, W. D. (2018). Nicotine and networks: Potential for enhancement of mood and cognition in late-life depression. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 84, 289–298. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.0


===2018 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29795403/ Nicotine normalizes cortico-striatal connectivity in non-smoking individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD)]===
===2018 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29795403/ Nicotine normalizes cortico-striatal connectivity in non-smoking individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD)]===
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*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1038/s41386-018-0069-x PDF Version]
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1038/s41386-018-0069-x PDF Version]
*Citation: Janes AC, Zegel M, Ohashi K, Betts J, Molokotos E, Olson D, Moran L, Pizzagalli DA. Nicotine normalizes cortico-striatal connectivity in non-smoking individuals with major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018 Nov;43(12):2445-2451. doi: 10.1038/s41386-018-0069-x. Epub 2018 Apr 19. PMID: 29795403; PMCID: PMC6180119.
*Citation: Janes AC, Zegel M, Ohashi K, Betts J, Molokotos E, Olson D, Moran L, Pizzagalli DA. Nicotine normalizes cortico-striatal connectivity in non-smoking individuals with major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018 Nov;43(12):2445-2451. doi: 10.1038/s41386-018-0069-x. Epub 2018 Apr 19. PMID: 29795403; PMCID: PMC6180119.


===2018 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6129985/ Transdermal Nicotine for the Treatment of Mood and Cognitive Symptoms in Non-Smokers with Late-Life Depression]===
===2018 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6129985/ Transdermal Nicotine for the Treatment of Mood and Cognitive Symptoms in Non-Smokers with Late-Life Depression]===
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*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6129985/pdf/nihms965043.pdf PDF Version]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6129985/pdf/nihms965043.pdf PDF Version]
*Citation: Gandelman JA, Kang H, Antal A, Albert K, Boyd BD, Conley AC, Newhouse P, Taylor WD. Transdermal Nicotine for the Treatment of Mood and Cognitive Symptoms in Nonsmokers With Late-Life Depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2018 Aug 28;79(5):18m12137. doi: 10.4088/JCP.18m12137. PMID: 30192444; PMCID: PMC6129985.
*Citation: Gandelman JA, Kang H, Antal A, Albert K, Boyd BD, Conley AC, Newhouse P, Taylor WD. Transdermal Nicotine for the Treatment of Mood and Cognitive Symptoms in Nonsmokers With Late-Life Depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2018 Aug 28;79(5):18m12137. doi: 10.4088/JCP.18m12137. PMID: 30192444; PMCID: PMC6129985.


===2016: [https://truthinitiative.org/sites/default/files/media/files/2019/08/ReThinking-Nicotine_0.pdf Re-thinking nicotine and its effects]===
===2016: [https://truthinitiative.org/sites/default/files/media/files/2019/08/ReThinking-Nicotine_0.pdf Re-thinking nicotine and its effects]===
*Some nicotine users benefit from self-medication effects for alleviation of stress, anxiety, depression, and other mental health and medical conditions...
*Some nicotine users benefit from self-medication effects for alleviation of stress, anxiety, depression, and other mental health and medical conditions...
*Truth Initiative / Schroeder Institute: Raymond Niaura, PhD. - This paper was also reviewed by content area experts whose feedback was included: Drs. Neal Benowitz, Peter Shields, Dorothy Hatsukami, and Ken Warner
*Truth Initiative / Schroeder Institute: Raymond Niaura, PhD. - This paper was also reviewed by content area experts whose feedback was included: Drs. Neal Benowitz, Peter Shields, Dorothy Hatsukami, and Ken Warner


===2014: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25293386/ Investigating the possible causal association of smoking with depression and anxiety using Mendelian randomisation meta-analysis: the CARTA consortium]===
===2014: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25293386/ Investigating the possible causal association of smoking with depression and anxiety using Mendelian randomisation meta-analysis: the CARTA consortium]===
*Findings from Mendelian randomisation analyses do not support a causal role of smoking heaviness in the development of depression and anxiety.
*Findings from Mendelian randomisation analyses do not support a causal role of smoking heaviness in the development of depression and anxiety.
*Citation: Taylor, A. E., Fluharty, M. E., Bjørngaard, J. H., Gabrielsen, M. E., Skorpen, F., Marioni, R. E., Campbell, A., Engmann, J., Mirza, S. S., Loukola, A., Laatikainen, T., Partonen, T., Kaakinen, M., Ducci, F., Cavadino, A., Husemoen, L. L. N., Ahluwalia, T. S., Jacobsen, R. K., Skaaby, T., Ebstrup, J. F., … Munafò, M. R. (2014). Investigating the possible causal association of smoking with depression and anxiety using Mendelian randomisation meta-analysis: the CARTA consortium. BMJ open, 4(10), e006141. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006141
*Citation: Taylor, A. E., Fluharty, M. E., Bjørngaard, J. H., Gabrielsen, M. E., Skorpen, F., Marioni, R. E., Campbell, A., Engmann, J., Mirza, S. S., Loukola, A., Laatikainen, T., Partonen, T., Kaakinen, M., Ducci, F., Cavadino, A., Husemoen, L. L. N., Ahluwalia, T. S., Jacobsen, R. K., Skaaby, T., Ebstrup, J. F., … Munafò, M. R. (2014). Investigating the possible causal association of smoking with depression and anxiety using Mendelian randomisation meta-analysis: the CARTA consortium. BMJ open, 4(10), e006141. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006141


===2013: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22687325/ The causal role of smoking in anxiety and depression: a Mendelian randomization analysis of the HUNT study]===
===2013: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22687325/ The causal role of smoking in anxiety and depression: a Mendelian randomization analysis of the HUNT study]===
*As there was no association of the smoking-related rs1051730 SNP with anxiety and depression among smokers, the results suggest that smoking is not a cause of anxiety and depression.
*As there was no association of the smoking-related rs1051730 SNP with anxiety and depression among smokers, the results suggest that smoking is not a cause of anxiety and depression.
*Citation: Bjørngaard, J. H., Gunnell, D., Elvestad, M. B., Davey Smith, G., Skorpen, F., Krokan, H., Vatten, L., & Romundstad, P. (2013). The causal role of smoking in anxiety and depression: a Mendelian randomization analysis of the HUNT study. Psychological medicine, 43(4), 711–719. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712001274
*Citation: Bjørngaard, J. H., Gunnell, D., Elvestad, M. B., Davey Smith, G., Skorpen, F., Krokan, H., Vatten, L., & Romundstad, P. (2013). The causal role of smoking in anxiety and depression: a Mendelian randomization analysis of the HUNT study. Psychological medicine, 43(4), 711–719. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712001274


===2011: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3139580/ Smoking Is Associated with, but Does Not Cause, Depressed Mood in Pregnancy – A Mendelian Randomization Study]===
===2011: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3139580/ Smoking Is Associated with, but Does Not Cause, Depressed Mood in Pregnancy – A Mendelian Randomization Study]===
*Our results do not support a causal role of smoking on depressed mood, but are consistent with a self-medication hypothesis, whereby smoking is used to alleviate symptoms of depression.
*Our results do not support a causal role of smoking on depressed mood, but are consistent with a self-medication hypothesis, whereby smoking is used to alleviate symptoms of depression.
*Citation: Lewis SJ, Araya R, Smith GD, Freathy R, Gunnell D, Palmer T, Munafò M. Smoking is associated with, but does not cause, depressed mood in pregnancy--a mendelian randomization study. PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e21689. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021689. Epub 2011 Jul 19. PMID: 21818261; PMCID: PMC3139580.
*Citation: Lewis SJ, Araya R, Smith GD, Freathy R, Gunnell D, Palmer T, Munafò M. Smoking is associated with, but does not cause, depressed mood in pregnancy--a mendelian randomization study. PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e21689. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021689. Epub 2011 Jul 19. PMID: 21818261; PMCID: PMC3139580.


===2006 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16977477/ Transdermal nicotine attenuates depression symptoms in nonsmokers: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial]===  
===2006 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16977477/ Transdermal nicotine attenuates depression symptoms in nonsmokers: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial]===  
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*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1007/s00213-006-0516-y PDF Version]
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1007/s00213-006-0516-y PDF Version]
*Citation: McClernon FJ, Hiott FB, Westman EC, Rose JE, Levin ED. Transdermal nicotine attenuates depression symptoms in nonsmokers: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006 Nov;189(1):125-33. doi: 10.1007/s00213-006-0516-y. Epub 2006 Sep 15. PMID: 16977477.
*Citation: McClernon FJ, Hiott FB, Westman EC, Rose JE, Levin ED. Transdermal nicotine attenuates depression symptoms in nonsmokers: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006 Nov;189(1):125-33. doi: 10.1007/s00213-006-0516-y. Epub 2006 Sep 15. PMID: 16977477.


===2002: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11995405/ Relationship between mood improvement and sleep changes with acute nicotine administration in non-smoking major depressed patients]===
===2002: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11995405/ Relationship between mood improvement and sleep changes with acute nicotine administration in non-smoking major depressed patients]===
*Acute administration of nicotine patches produced rapid eye movement sleep (REM) increases in non-smoking major depressed patients as well as clinical improvement in mood. Antidepressant effect was also observed after four continuous days of nicotine administration. (NOTE: Study consisted of 15 people)
*Acute administration of nicotine patches produced rapid eye movement sleep (REM) increases in non-smoking major depressed patients as well as clinical improvement in mood. Antidepressant effect was also observed after four continuous days of nicotine administration. (NOTE: Study consisted of 15 people)
*Citation: Salin-Pascual R. J. (2002). Relationship between mood improvement and sleep changes with acute nicotine administration in non-smoking major depressed patients. Revista de investigacion clinica; organo del Hospital de Enfermedades de la Nutricion, 54(1), 36–40.
*Citation: Salin-Pascual R. J. (2002). Relationship between mood improvement and sleep changes with acute nicotine administration in non-smoking major depressed patients. Revista de investigacion clinica; organo del Hospital de Enfermedades de la Nutricion, 54(1), 36–40.


===2000 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0091305700002057 The Effects of Nicotine on Neural Pathways Implicated in Depression: A Factor in Nicotine Addiction?]===  
===2000 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0091305700002057 The Effects of Nicotine on Neural Pathways Implicated in Depression: A Factor in Nicotine Addiction?]===  
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*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1016/S0091-3057(00)00205-7 PDF Version]
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1016/S0091-3057(00)00205-7 PDF Version]
*Citation: Balfour, D. J. ., & Ridley, D. L. (2000). The Effects of Nicotine on Neural Pathways Implicated in Depression. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 66(1), 79–85. doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(00)00205-7
*Citation: Balfour, D. J. ., & Ridley, D. L. (2000). The Effects of Nicotine on Neural Pathways Implicated in Depression. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 66(1), 79–85. doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(00)00205-7


===1996: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9746444/ Antidepressant effect of transdermal nicotine patches in nonsmoking patients with major depression]===
===1996: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9746444/ Antidepressant effect of transdermal nicotine patches in nonsmoking patients with major depression]===
*Nicotine patches produced short-term improvement of depression with minor side effects.
*Nicotine patches produced short-term improvement of depression with minor side effects.
*Citation: Salín-Pascual, R. J., Rosas, M., Jimenez-Genchi, A., Rivera-Meza, B. L., & Delgado-Parra, V. (1996). Antidepressant effect of transdermal nicotine patches in nonsmoking patients with major depression. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 57(9), 387–389.
*Citation: Salín-Pascual, R. J., Rosas, M., Jimenez-Genchi, A., Rivera-Meza, B. L., & Delgado-Parra, V. (1996). Antidepressant effect of transdermal nicotine patches in nonsmoking patients with major depression. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 57(9), 387–389.


===1993 [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/496026 Nicotine Dependence and Major Depression]===
===1993 [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/496026 Nicotine Dependence and Major Depression]===
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==Articles / Blogs==
==Articles / Blogs==
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===2023: Article and Video: [https://filtermag.org/schizophrenia-vaping-documentary/ Watch: A Documentary About Schizophrenia and Vaping]===
*“People with schizophrenia die not from schizophrenia, but from smoking. People with schizophrenia can improve their quality of life and there is a solution,” Dr. Pasquale Caponetto, a clinical psychologist at the University of Catania in Italy, told us in our new documentary.
* Helen Redmond, Filter Magazine


===2021: [https://www.acsh.org/news/2021/09/22/vaping-and-mental-health-does-nicotine-use-cause-teen-depression-15821 Vaping And Mental Health: Does Nicotine Use Cause Teen Depression?]===
===2021: [https://www.acsh.org/news/2021/09/22/vaping-and-mental-health-does-nicotine-use-cause-teen-depression-15821 Vaping And Mental Health: Does Nicotine Use Cause Teen Depression?]===
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*The Truth Initiative seems to be aware that mental illness often leads to nicotine use as patients seek symptom relief, pointing out that its “surveys reveal that many young people cite feelings of stress, anxiety, or depression as reasons they start and continue vaping.”  
*The Truth Initiative seems to be aware that mental illness often leads to nicotine use as patients seek symptom relief, pointing out that its “surveys reveal that many young people cite feelings of stress, anxiety, or depression as reasons they start and continue vaping.”  
*Citation: Cameron English, American Council on Science and Health
*Citation: Cameron English, American Council on Science and Health
===2019: [https://filtermag.org/nicotine-hunger-uk-harm-reductionists-inspiring-work-protecting-vulnerable-peoples-health/ “Nicotine Hunger”—UK Harm Reductionist’s Inspiring Work Protecting Vulnerable People’s Health]===
===2018: [https://filtermag.org/by-ignoring-vaping-mental-health-organizations-abandon-vulnerable-people/ By Ignoring Vaping, Mental Health Orgs Abandon Vulnerable Smokers]===
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==Suggestions to add to this page==
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===2023: [https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-023-02890-y Associations between smoking and vaping prevalence, product use characteristics, and mental health diagnoses in Great Britain: a population survey]===
===2015: [https://mentalhealthdaily.com/2015/05/26/hidden-benefits-of-nicotine-on-the-brain/ Hidden Benefits Of Nicotine on The Brain]===