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='''Addiction / Abuse Liability / Dependence (Nicotine)'''=  
='''Ageing'''=


 
===2023: [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36543-8 Nicotine rebalances NAD+ homeostasis and improves aging-related symptoms in male mice by enhancing NAMPT activity]===
===2021 [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.15403 Dependence on nicotine in US high school students in the context of changing patterns of tobacco product use]===  
*Abstract "Imbalances in NAD+ homeostasis have been linked to aging and various diseases. Nicotine, a metabolite of the NAD+ metabolic pathway, has been found to possess anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remained unknown. Here we find that, independent of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, low-dose nicotine can restore the age-related decline of NAMPT activity through SIRT1 binding and subsequent deacetylation of NAMPT, thus increasing NAD+ synthesis. 18F-FDG PET imaging revealed that nicotine is also capable of efficiently inhibiting glucose hypermetabolism in aging male mice. Additionally, nicotine ameliorated cellular energy metabolism disorders and deferred age-related deterioration and cognitive decline by stimulating neurogenesis, inhibiting neuroinflammation, and protecting organs from oxidative stress and telomere shortening. Collectively, these findings provide evidence for a mechanism by which low-dose nicotine can activate NAD+ salvage pathways and improve age-related symptoms."
 
*Citation: Yang, L., Shen, J., Liu, C. et al. Nicotine rebalances NAD+ homeostasis and improves aging-related symptoms in male mice by enhancing NAMPT activity. Nat Commun 14, 900 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36543-8
*Among US high school students, increases in the prevalence of nicotine product use from 2012 to 2019 do not appear to have been accompanied by a similar increase in the population burden of nicotine dependence. This may be at least partly attributable to a shift in the most common product of choice from cigarettes (on which users are most dependent) to e-cigarettes (on which users are least dependent).
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/add.15403 PDF Version]
*Citation: Jackson, S. E., Brown, J., and Jarvis, M. J. (2021) Dependence on nicotine in US high school students in the context of changing patterns of tobacco product use. Addiction, 116: 1859– 1870. doi: 10.1111/add.15403
*Acknowledgement: Cancer Research UK (C1417/A22962) supported S.J. andJ.B.’s salaries.
 
===2020 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33176942/ Abuse liability assessment of the JUUL system in four flavors relative to combustible cigarette, nicotine gum and a comparator electronic nicotine delivery system among adult smokers]===
 
*
 
===2020 [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10826084.2020.1834582?journalCode=isum20& Dependence and Use Characteristics of Adult JUUL Electronic Cigarette Users]===
 
*
 
===2020 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33086157/ A comparison of product dependence among cigarette only, ENDS only, and dual users: Findings from Wave 3 (2015-2016) of the PATH study]===
 
*
 
===2020 [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/add.15060 Dependence on e-cigarettes and cigarettes in a cross-sectional study of US adults]===
*
 
===2019 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31375364/ Changes in E-Cigarette Use Behaviors and Dependence in Long-term E-Cigarette Users]===
*
 
===2018 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29725702/ Assessment of the abuse liability of three menthol Vuse Solo electronic cigarettes relative to combustible cigarettes and nicotine gum]===
 
*These findings are concordant with our previous results and provide evidence that menthol Vuse Solo ECs have abuse liability that is lower than menthol cigarettes and potentially greater than that of nicotine gum.
*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s00213-018-4904-x PDF Version]
*Citation: Stiles MF, Campbell LR, Jin T, Graff DW, Fant RV, Henningfield JE. Assessment of the abuse liability of three menthol Vuse Solo electronic cigarettes relative to combustible cigarettes and nicotine gum. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018 Jul;235(7):2077-2086. doi: 10.1007/s00213-018-4904-x. Epub 2018 May 3. PMID: 29725702; PMCID: PMC6015619.
*Acknowledgement: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02664012. MF Stiles, LR Campbell, and T Jin are full-time employees of RAI Services Company. RAI Services Company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Reynolds American Inc., which is a wholly owned subsidiary of British American Tobacco plc. DW Graff is a full-time employee of Celerion and provided the original draft of the manuscript. RV Fant and JE Henningfield are full-time employees of PinneyAssociates, which provides consulting services on smoking cessation and tobacco harm minimization (including nicotine replacement therapy and electronic vapor products) to Niconovum, USA, Inc., RJ Reynolds Vapor Company, and RAI Services Company (all subsidiaries of Reynolds American Inc.). JE Henningfield also owns an interest in intellectual property for a novel nicotine medication. Through PinneyAssociates, Fant and Henningfield provide consulting services to pharmaceutical companies on abuse potential assessment, and the regulation of substances with a potential for abuse.
 
===2017 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28389330/ A comparison of nicotine dependence among exclusive E-cigarette and cigarette users in the PATH study]===
 
 
*
 
===2015 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25332459/ Development of a questionnaire for assessing dependence on electronic cigarettes among a large sample of ex-smoking E-cigarette users]===
 
 
*
 
===2015 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25561385/ Dependence levels in users of electronic cigarettes, nicotine gums and tobacco cigarettes]===
 
 
*
 
===2013 [https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2013/04/02/2013-07528/modifications-to-labeling-of-nicotine-replacement-therapy-products-for-over-the-counter-human-use Modifications To Labeling of Nicotine Replacement Therapy Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use]===
 
 
*We also note that although any nicotine-containing product has the potential to be addicting, based on the available evidence, currently marketed OTC NRT products do not appear to have significant potential for abuse or dependence. A 2010 review of historical reports made to the Agency's Adverse Event Reporting System and to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Drug Abuse Warning Network between 1984 and 2009 suggested that NRT products have a low potential for abuse. Several published studies have also found that the abuse liability and dependence potential of NRT products is low, especially compared to cigarettes.
*[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2013-04-02/pdf/2013-07528.pdf PDF Version]
*Citation: Food and Drug Administration, 78 FR 19718
 
===2012 [https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article-abstract/14/1/75/1047894?redirectedFrom=fulltext Determinants of Tobacco Use and Renaming the FTND to the Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence]===
 
 
*More recently, it has been found that, although nicotine is the most important addictive component of tobacco smoke, it is probably not the only substance involved in the development of tobacco dependence. In light of what is now known about what determines cigarette smoking, it seems timely to propose a renaming of the [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND)''']] to the Fagerstrom Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD).
*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1093/ntr/ntr137 PDF Version]
*Citation: Karl Fagerström, Ph.D., Determinants of Tobacco Use and Renaming the FTND to the Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, Volume 14, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 75–78, doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntr137
*See Also: 2013: [https://nicotinepolicy.net/blogs/guest-blogs/27-karl-fagerstrom/82-dependence-on-tobacco-and-nicotine Dependence on tobacco and nicotine]
 
===2003 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12616334/ Subjective effects of the nicotine lozenge: assessment of abuse liability]===
 
 
*Results suggest that the nicotine lozenge has low abuse liability, both in adults and young adults.
*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s00213-002-1361-2 PDF Version]
*Citation: Houtsmuller EJ, Henningfield JE, Stitzer ML. Subjective effects of the nicotine lozenge: assessment of abuse liability. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2003 Apr;167(1):20-7. doi: 10.1007/s00213-002-1361-2. Epub 2003 Mar 4. PMID: 12616334.
*Acknowledgement: This research was supported by SmithKline Beecham Consumer Healthcare.
 
===2002 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12175452/ Flavor improvement does not increase abuse liability of nicotine chewing gum]===
 
 
*Mint-flavored nicotine gum was rated as more palatable than the original nicotine gum, but the improvement in flavor did not increase abuse liability in adults (22 – 50 years old) or young adults (18 –21 years old).  
*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00723-2 PDF Version]
*Citation: Houtsmuller EJ, Fant RV, Eissenberg TE, Henningfield JE, Stitzer ML. Flavor improvement does not increase abuse liability of nicotine chewing gum. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2002 Jun;72(3):559-68. doi: 10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00723-2. PMID: 12175452.
*Acknowledgement: This study was supported by SmithKline Beecham Consumer Healthcare.
<br>
 
='''Addiction (Nicotine with the use or abuse of recreational substances)'''=
 
 
===2021 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34119664/ Nicotine and modafinil combination protects against the neurotoxicity induced by 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in hippocampal neurons of male rats]===
 
 
*Animal Study
*The overall results indicate that nicotine and modafinil co-administration rescued brain from MDMA-induced neurotoxicity. We suggest that nicotine and modafinil combination therapy could be considered as a possible treatment to reduce the neurological disorders induced by MDMA. (Note: AKA ecstasy)
*Citation: Kowsari G, Mehrabi S, Soleimani Asl S, Pourhamzeh M, Mousavizadeh K, Mehdizadeh M. Nicotine and modafinil combination protects against the neurotoxicity induced by 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in hippocampal neurons of male rats. J Chem Neuroanat. 2021 Jun 10;116:101986. doi: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.101986. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34119664.
<br>


='''Allergies / Hayfever / Histamines'''=
='''Allergies / Hayfever / Histamines'''=
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*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1007/s00011-004-1249-1 PDF Full Version]
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1007/s00011-004-1249-1 PDF Full Version]
*Citation: Thompson-Cree, M.E.M., Stevenson, M.R., Shields, M.D. et al. The effect of nicotine on basophil histamine release. Inflamm. res. 53, 211–214 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-004-1249-1
*Citation: Thompson-Cree, M.E.M., Stevenson, M.R., Shields, M.D. et al. The effect of nicotine on basophil histamine release. Inflamm. res. 53, 211–214 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-004-1249-1
<br>


='''Alzheimer / Dementia / Mild Cognitive Imparement (MCI)'''=  
='''Alzheimer / Dementia / Mild Cognitive Imparement (MCI)'''=  
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='''Brain Injury / Disease'''=  
='''Brain Injury / Disease'''=  
===2024: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38698493/ Nicotine inhalant via E-cigarette facilitates sensorimotor function recovery by upregulating neuronal BDNF-TrkB signalling in traumatic brain injury]===
===2024: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38698493/ Nicotine inhalant via E-cigarette facilitates sensorimotor function recovery by upregulating neuronal BDNF-TrkB signalling in traumatic brain injury]===
*Animal study
*Animal study
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*Acknowledgements: This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NS42196 to J.R.P. and NS39828 to S.W.S.) and the Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center. We acknowledge the technical assistance of Melissa Yingling and Khaled Tanwir.
*Acknowledgements: This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NS42196 to J.R.P. and NS39828 to S.W.S.) and the Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center. We acknowledge the technical assistance of Melissa Yingling and Khaled Tanwir.
*KEYWORDS: nicotine; neurodegeneration; neuroprotection
*KEYWORDS: nicotine; neurodegeneration; neuroprotection
<br>


='''Cancer / Cancer Treatments'''=  
='''Cancer / Cancer Treatments'''=  
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*Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the Italian Ministry of Instruction, University and Research.
*Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the Italian Ministry of Instruction, University and Research.
*Keywords: nAChR; Dideoxycytidine; Oxaliplatin; Antiviral; Anticancer, pain, chemotherapy, nicotine, neuropathy
*Keywords: nAChR; Dideoxycytidine; Oxaliplatin; Antiviral; Anticancer, pain, chemotherapy, nicotine, neuropathy
<br>


='''Cannabis / THC'''=  
='''Cannabis / THC'''=  
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=== 2024: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10998423/ An exploratory, randomised, crossover study to investigate the effect of nicotine on cognitive function in healthy adult smokers who use an electronic cigarette after a period of smoking abstinence] ===
=== 2024: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10998423/ An exploratory, randomised, crossover study to investigate the effect of nicotine on cognitive function in healthy adult smokers who use an electronic cigarette after a period of smoking abstinence] ===
 
*Conclusion: Overall, the nicotine containing products improved sustained attention and mood while reducing smoking urges, with the studied e-cigarettes having comparable effects to combustible cigarettes across the assessed cognitive parameters and mood measures. These results demonstrate the potential role of e-cigarettes to provide an acceptable alternative for combustible cigarettes among people who would otherwise continue to smoke.
* Whilst it is known that smoking is a leading avoidable cause of diseases including cardiovascular disease, lung disease and cancer, smoking prevalence in the majority of countries remains at 10–40% [1]. Despite the aforementioned health consequences being widely documented and smoking cessation medications having been available for several decades [2], smoking cessation rates remain generally low; in the US for example, based on data from 2018, successful rates were around 7.5% per year
*Citation: Harry J. Green, Olivia K. O’Shea, Jack Cotter, Helen L. Philpott, and Nik Newland. Harm Reduct J. 2024; 21: 78. Published online 2024 Apr 6. doi: 10.1186/s12954-024-00993-0 PMCID: PMC10998423
* A significant improvement in sustained attention task performance was observed following use of both the nicotine containing e-cigarettes and combustible cigarette compared to no product use. Additionally, there were no significant differences between the nicotine containing products, indicating that nicotine use enhanced sustained attention regardless of delivery format. Nicotine containing e-cigarette and combustible cigarette use also significantly improved overall mood of participants compared to no product use, with no significant differences observed between the nicotine containing products. Nicotine containing e-cigarette and combustible cigarette use significantly reduced smoking urges compared to no product use, though combustible cigarette use elicited the greatest reduction in smoking urges.
* Conclusion
** Overall, the nicotine containing products improved sustained attention and mood while reducing smoking urges, with the studied e-cigarettes having comparable effects to combustible cigarettes across the assessed cognitive parameters and mood measures. These results demonstrate the potential role of e-cigarettes to provide an acceptable alternative for combustible cigarettes among people who would otherwise continue to smoke.
* The study was an exploratory, randomised, partially-blinded, single-centre, five-arm crossover trial. It was registered prospectively on ISRCTN (ISRCTN35376793) and received ethical approval from the ''Wales Research Ethics Committee 1'' (Cardiff, UK; reference 21/WA/0095). The research was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (2013), Good Clinical Practice and applicable regulatory requirements.
* Harry J. Green, Olivia K. O’Shea, Jack Cotter, Helen L. Philpott, and Nik Newland. Harm Reduct J. 2024; 21: 78. Published online 2024 Apr 6. doi: 10.1186/s12954-024-00993-0 PMCID: PMC10998423
* Supplementary material:
** [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10998423/bin/12954_2024_993_MOESM1_ESM.docx Summary of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) – Task and key outcome measure descriptions.] (word document)


=== 2023: [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2023.1252705/full Editorial: Nicotine and its derivatives in disorders of cognition: a challenging new topic of study] ===
=== 2023: [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2023.1252705/full Editorial: Nicotine and its derivatives in disorders of cognition: a challenging new topic of study] ===
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*To stick nicotine patches helps PCS (post-COVID syndrome) patients. This may be not only because nicotine is a nicotinic receptor agonist and therefore an opponent of these poisonous metabolites, but nicotine is a strong acetylcholine (ACh) agonist as well.
*To stick nicotine patches helps PCS (post-COVID syndrome) patients. This may be not only because nicotine is a nicotinic receptor agonist and therefore an opponent of these poisonous metabolites, but nicotine is a strong acetylcholine (ACh) agonist as well.
*Citation: Rus, C.P., de Vries, B.E.K., de Vries, I.E.J. et al. Treatment of 95 post-Covid patients with SSRIs. Sci Rep 13, 18599 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-45072-9
*Citation: Rus, C.P., de Vries, B.E.K., de Vries, I.E.J. et al. Treatment of 95 post-Covid patients with SSRIs. Sci Rep 13, 18599 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-45072-9
===2021: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8183099/ Transdermal nicotine in non-smokers: A systematic review to design COVID-19 clinical trials]===
* Studies show that the penetration of SARS-CoV-2 into upper respiratory tract, bronchial and pulmonary cells involve transmembrane receptor ACE2, which probably interacts with acetylcholine nicotinic receptors of the α7 subtype. The mechanism of the interactions remains hypothetical.
* Despite a relatively safe tolerance profile, transdermal nicotine therapy in non-smokers can only be used in clinical trials. There is a lack of formal assessment of the potential risk of developing a tobacco addiction. This review offers baseline data to set a transdermal nicotine protocol for non-smokers with a new purpose.
* Analyses of nicotine administration protocols and safety were conducted after reviewing Medline and Science Direct databases performing a search using the words [transdermal nicotine] AND [non-smoker] AND selected diseases.
* Excessive secondary cytokine reaction plays a role in the mortality associated with COVID. One of the hypotheses to explain the effect of nicotine on the occurrence of severe forms of COVID and death is based on the loss of the downregulation of the parasympathetic nervous system, which exerts an inhibitory effect on cytokine storm, especially in the lung and digestive tract. The α 7-type nicotinic receptors are part of this chain of reaction.
* B. Dautzenberg, A. Levi, M. Adler, and R. Gaillardc. Respir Med Res. 2021 Nov; 80: 100844. Published online 2021 Jun 7. doi: 10.1016/j.resmer.2021.100844 PMCID: PMC8183099 PMID: 34153704


===2020 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7704168/ Does Nicotine Prevent Cytokine Storms in COVID-19?]===
===2020 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7704168/ Does Nicotine Prevent Cytokine Storms in COVID-19?]===
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===2012: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC3311418/ Narcolepsy with Cataplexy Masked by the Use of Nicotine]===
===2012: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC3311418/ Narcolepsy with Cataplexy Masked by the Use of Nicotine]===
*


===2010: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC2823281/ A Novel Approach to Treating Morning Sleep Inertia in Narcolepsy]===
===2010: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC2823281/ A Novel Approach to Treating Morning Sleep Inertia in Narcolepsy]===
<br>
*
 
='''Nicotine Used With Other Substances'''=
 
===2021 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34119664/ Nicotine and modafinil combination protects against the neurotoxicity induced by 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in hippocampal neurons of male rats]===
*Animal Study
*The overall results indicate that nicotine and modafinil co-administration rescued brain from MDMA-induced neurotoxicity. We suggest that nicotine and modafinil combination therapy could be considered as a possible treatment to reduce the neurological disorders induced by MDMA. (Note: AKA ecstasy)
*Citation: Kowsari G, Mehrabi S, Soleimani Asl S, Pourhamzeh M, Mousavizadeh K, Mehdizadeh M. Nicotine and modafinil combination protects against the neurotoxicity induced by 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in hippocampal neurons of male rats. J Chem Neuroanat. 2021 Jun 10;116:101986. doi: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.101986. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34119664.


='''Oral / Jaw'''=  
='''Oral / Jaw'''=  
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* Ruan S, Xie J, Wang L, Guo L, Li Y, Fan W, Ji R, Gong Z, Xu Y, Mao J, Xie J. Front Pharmacol. 2023 Feb 2;14:1088957. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1088957. eCollection 2023. PMID: 36817162 Free PMC article.
* Ruan S, Xie J, Wang L, Guo L, Li Y, Fan W, Ji R, Gong Z, Xu Y, Mao J, Xie J. Front Pharmacol. 2023 Feb 2;14:1088957. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1088957. eCollection 2023. PMID: 36817162 Free PMC article.


=== 2023: [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/article-abstract/2805037 Risk of Parkinson Disease Among Service Members at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune] ===
===2023: [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/article-abstract/2805037 Risk of Parkinson Disease Among Service Members at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune]===
*You have to dig into text and tables to spot “Parkinson disease risk was substantially lower among Black veterans and EVER-SMOKERS (OR 0.49, 95% CI: 0.40-0.61).
*Samuel M. Goldman, MD, MPH; Frances M. Weaver, PhD; Kevin T. Stroupe, PhD; et al JAMA Neurol. Published online May 15, 2023. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.1168


* You have to dig into text and tables to spot “Parkinson disease risk was substantially lower among Black veterans and EVER-SMOKERS (OR 0.49, 95% CI: 0.40-0.61).
===2023: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10602090/ Butyrate Protects and Synergizes with Nicotine against Iron- and Manganese-induced Toxicities in Cell Culture]===
* That is a huge benefit that is seemingly not followed up, but probably should be.
*In summary, our results not only support neuroprotective effects of nicotine and butyrate in countering Fe and Mn toxicities but indicate a synergistic protection by combination of the two. Moreover, distinct mechanisms of action for each metal, i.e., nicotinic receptor for nicotine and FA3R for butyrate are indicated. Further exploitation of mechanisms of action of butyrate and nicotine may provide novel targets for metal toxicities and/or amelioration of neurodegenerative diseases.
* Samuel M. Goldman, MD, MPH; Frances M. Weaver, PhD; Kevin T. Stroupe, PhD; et al JAMA Neurol. Published online May 15, 2023. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.1168
*Citation: Tizabi Y, Getachew B, Aschner M. Butyrate protects and synergizes with nicotine against iron- and manganese-induced toxicities in cell culture: Implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Res Sq [Preprint]. 2023 Oct 5:rs.3.rs-3389904. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3389904/v1. Update in: Neurotox Res. 2023 Dec 14;42(1):3. doi: 10.1007/s12640-023-00682-z. PMID: 37886507; PMCID: PMC10602090.


=== 2020: [https://n.neurology.org/content/94/20/e2132 Tobacco smoking and the risk of Parkinson disease A 65-year follow-up of 30,000 male British doctors] ===
=== 2020: [https://n.neurology.org/content/94/20/e2132 Tobacco smoking and the risk of Parkinson disease A 65-year follow-up of 30,000 male British doctors] ===
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='''Suggested additions to this page'''=
='''Suggested additions to this page'''=
===2021: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8183099/ Transdermal nicotine in non-smokers: A systematic review to design COVID-19 clinical trials]===
* Studies show that the penetration of SARS-CoV-2 into upper respiratory tract, bronchial and pulmonary cells involve transmembrane receptor ACE2, which probably interacts with acetylcholine nicotinic receptors of the α7 subtype. The mechanism of the interactions remains hypothetical.
* Despite a relatively safe tolerance profile, transdermal nicotine therapy in non-smokers can only be used in clinical trials. There is a lack of formal assessment of the potential risk of developing a tobacco addiction. This review offers baseline data to set a transdermal nicotine protocol for non-smokers with a new purpose.
* Analyses of nicotine administration protocols and safety were conducted after reviewing Medline and Science Direct databases performing a search using the words [transdermal nicotine] AND [non-smoker] AND selected diseases.
* Excessive secondary cytokine reaction plays a role in the mortality associated with COVID. One of the hypotheses to explain the effect of nicotine on the occurrence of severe forms of COVID and death is based on the loss of the downregulation of the parasympathetic nervous system, which exerts an inhibitory effect on cytokine storm, especially in the lung and digestive tract. The α 7-type nicotinic receptors are part of this chain of reaction.
* B. Dautzenberg, A. Levi, M. Adler, and R. Gaillardc. Respir Med Res. 2021 Nov; 80: 100844. Published online 2021 Jun 7. doi: 10.1016/j.resmer.2021.100844 PMCID: PMC8183099 PMID: 34153704
===2008: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19011436/ Efficacy of a nicotine (4 mg)-containing lozenge on the cognitive impairment of nicotine withdrawal]===
===2024: [https://harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12954-024-00993-0 An exploratory, randomised, crossover study to investigate the effect of nicotine on cognitive function in healthy adult smokers who use an electronic cigarette after a period of smoking abstinence]===
===2023: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10602090/ Butyrate protects and synergizes with nicotine against iron- and manganese-induced toxicities in cell culture: Implications for neurodegenerative diseases]===
===2020: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7404387/ Allosterism of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Therapeutic Potential for Neuroinflammation Underlying Brain Trauma and Degenerative Disorders]===
=== 2023: Twitter thread on nicotine benefits [https://twitter.com/MichaelChampla1/status/1693086186087010351?s=20 here] ===
* thread of studies / benefits
===2023: [https://medium.com/@thechinaacademy/nicotine-reduces-mortality-rate-by-40-8864335940cf Nicotine reduces mortality rate by 40%]===
*Article about a mouse study


=== 2014 [http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S1834261214000279 Nicotine: Pharmacology, Toxicity and Therapeutic use] ===
=== 2014 [http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S1834261214000279 Nicotine: Pharmacology, Toxicity and Therapeutic use] ===
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===[https://twitter.com/jkelovuori/status/1413963688709664769 Go through the links in this thread]===  
===[https://twitter.com/jkelovuori/status/1413963688709664769 Go through the links in this thread]===  


2021: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7530045/ Caffeine intake and Cognitive Functions in Children] For comparison effects of caffeinated products
===2021: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7530045/ Caffeine intake and Cognitive Functions in Children] For comparison effects of caffeinated products===
 
===To do: Go through the references for nicotine related studies===
*===2020: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7404387/ Allosterism of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Therapeutic Potential for Neuroinflammation Underlying Brain Trauma and Degenerative Disorders]===


='''More Information'''=  
='''More Information'''=  
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