Nicotine - Addiction/Dependence: Difference between revisions

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'''<big>Recommended Podcast: [https://www.thestudiesshowpod.com/p/episode-40-addiction The Studies Show Episode 40: Addiction]</big>'''

'''<big>Recommended Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xwi-nRS4kjU Tobacco Addiction & Nicotine Dependency]

='''Background Information'''=

===2011 [https://research.med.psu.edu/smoking/dependence-index/ Penn State Nicotine Dependence Index]===

*The Penn State Nicotine Dependence Index was developed by Dr. Jonathan Foulds in 2011. This 10-item scale (with scores ranging from 0 to 20) was developed to measure nicotine dependence across all nicotine product types, and an adapted version was the first dependence measure designed to evaluate electronic cigarette dependence.

===2009 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2798587/ Abuse liability assessment of tobacco products including potential reduced exposure products]===

*" In the 2009 law giving FDA regulation over tobacco products, FDA is now required to evaluate new tobacco products including MRTP/PREPs to determine their risk for abuse and toxicity at the population level. This article describes the traditional tools and methods of ALA that can be used to evaluate new tobacco and nicotine products including MRTP/PREPs. Such ALA data could contribute to the scientific foundation on which future public policy decisions are based."

*In the 2009 law giving FDA regulation over tobacco products, FDA is now required to evaluate new tobacco products including MRTP/PREPs to determine their risk for abuse and toxicity at the population level. This article describes the traditional tools and methods of ALA that can be used to evaluate new tobacco and nicotine products including MRTP/PREPs. Such ALA data could contribute to the scientific foundation on which future public policy decisions are based.

**Citation: ~~Carter LP, Stitzer ML, Henningfield JE, O'Connor RJ, Cummings KM, Hatsukami DK~~. ~~Abuse liability assessment of tobacco products including potential reduced exposure products~~. ~~Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009 Dec;18(12)~~:~~3241~~-62. ~~doi~~: 10.~~1158~~/~~1055~~-~~9965.EPI~~-09-~~0948. PMID: 19959676; PMCID: PMC2798587.~~

***Acknowledgment: Supported by National Cancer Institute contract N01-PC-64402 - Laboratory Assessment of Tobacco Use Behavior and Exposure to Toxins Among Users of New Tobacco Products. This article is ~~one in~~ a ~~series of articles on the methods and measures~~ for the ~~evaluation~~ of ~~potential reduced exposure products. Jack E~~. ~~Henningfield provides consulting support~~ to ~~GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare through Pinney Associates on~~ an ~~exclusive basis regarding tobacco~~ dependence treatment (GSK had no editorial input into this manuscript), has a financial interest in a potential new oral nicotine replacement therapy product, and serves an expert witness in litigation against the tobacco industry. ~~Dorothy Hatsukami has received a research grant from NabiBiopharmaceuticals to conduct a trial on~~ the ~~nicotine vaccine. Mike Cummnings has received payments as a paid expert witness for plaintiffs in litigation against~~ the ~~tobacco industry and consulting and/or speaker fees from Novartis Corporation (~~to ~~attend two meetings they have sponsored on the topic of smoking cessation)~~ and ~~Pfizer Corporation (to give talks to health professionals on the subject of smoking cessation). Maxine Stitzer has received funding from Pfizer for an investigator-initiated study~~.

===2003 [https://www.nature.com/articles/1300030 A Self-Administered Questionnaire to Measure Dependence on Cigarettes: The Cigarette Dependence Scale]===

*The aim of this study was to develop a new, self-administered measure of cigarette dependence.

===1991 [https://cde.nida.nih.gov/instrument/d7c0b0f5-b865-e4de-e040-bb89ad43202b Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence]===

*The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence is a standard instrument for assessing the intensity of physical addiction to nicotine. The test was designed to provide an ordinal measure of nicotine dependence related to cigarette smoking. It contains six items that evaluate the quantity of cigarette consumption, the compulsion to use, and dependence.

='''Smoking - Combustible Tobacco'''=

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**Citation: Browne M, Todd DG. Then and now: Consumption and dependence in e-cigarette users who formerly smoked cigarettes. Addict Behav. 2018 Jan;76:113-121. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.07.034. Epub 2017 Jul 28. PMID: 28780356.

***Acknowledgement: Research was supported by block funding to the School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University

===2018: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29065204/ The Role of Nicotine Dependence in E-Cigarettes' Potential for Smoking Reduction]===

*"These findings offer possible support that e-cigarettes may act as a smoking reduction method among highly nicotine-dependent young adult cigarette smokers."

**Citation: Selya AS, Dierker L, Rose JS, Hedeker D, Mermelstein RJ. The Role of Nicotine Dependence in E-Cigarettes' Potential for Smoking Reduction. Nicotine Tob Res. 2018 Sep 4;20(10):1272-1277. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntx160. PMID: 29065204; PMCID: PMC6121914.

***Acknowledgment: Grants and funding, P01 CA098262/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States, P50 DA039838/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States

===2017 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28389330/ A comparison of nicotine dependence among exclusive E-cigarette and cigarette users in the PATH study]===

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**Citation: González Roz A, Secades Villa R, Weidberg S. Evaluating nicotine dependence levels in e-cigarette users. Adicciones. 2017 Jan 11;29(2):136-138. English, Spanish. doi: 10.20882/adicciones.905. PMID: 28170058.

***Acknowledgment: Funding for this study was provided by the BBVA foundation (SV-14-FBBVA-1). This institution had no role in the study design, collection, analysis or interpretation of the data, writing the manuscript, or the decision to submit the paper for publication. No conflicts reported.

===2017: [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/add.14013 Evaluating the mutual pathways among electronic cigarette use, conventional smoking and nicotine dependence]===

*Conclusion: "Nicotine dependence is not a significant mechanism for e-cigarettes’ purported effect on heavier future conventional smoking among young adults. Nicotine dependence may be a mechanism for increases in e-cigarette use among heavier conventional smokers, consistent with e-cigarettes as a smoking reduction tool. Overall, conventional smoking and, to a lesser extent, its resulting nicotine dependence, are the strongest drivers or signals of later cigarette and e-cigarette use."

**Citation: Selya AS, Rose JS, Dierker L, Hedeker D, Mermelstein RJ. Evaluating the mutual pathways among electronic cigarette use, conventional smoking and nicotine dependence. Addiction. 2018 Feb;113(2):325-333. doi: 10.1111/add.14013. Epub 2017 Sep 25. PMID: 28841780; PMCID: PMC5760290.

***Acknowledgment: Grants and funding, L40 DA042431/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States, P01 CA098262/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States, P30 DK092949/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States, P50 DA039838/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States

===2017 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28780356/ Then and now: Consumption and dependence in e-cigarette users who formerly smoked cigarettes]===

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**Citation: Etter JF. Explaining the effects of electronic cigarettes on craving for tobacco in recent quitters. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015 Mar 1;148:102-8. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.030. Epub 2015 Jan 3. PMID: 25592454.

***Acknowledgment: This study was partly funded by the Swiss Tobacco Prevention Fund (Swiss Federal Office of Public Health), grant 12.000189 to JFE. The Swiss Tobacco Prevention Fund had no role in the design or conduct of the study, interpretation of the data or decision to submit the paper for publication... JFE was reimbursed by Dekang, a manufacturer of e-cigarettes and e-liquids for traveling to London and to China, to visit e-cigarette factories, but he received no honoraria for these meetings. JFE's salary is paid by the University of Geneva... Vincent Baujard, from the HON Foundation, Geneva, Switzerland developed the software for data collection. Thomas Eissenberg (Virginia Commonwealth University, USA), was a consultant for this study...

='''Heated Tobacco Product (HTP)'''=

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='''Suggestions to add to this page'''=

===2024: [https://osf.io/rf74g Chapter 26 Tobacco smoking addiction and nicotine dependence]===

*Sharon Cox

===2016 [https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00126/full Belief about Nicotine Modulates Subjective Craving and Insula Activity in Deprived Smokers]===

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 '''<big><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);" data-mce-style="background-color: #ffff00;">Recommended Podcast</span>: [https://www.thestudiesshowpod.com/p/episode-40-addiction The Studies Show Episode 40: Addiction]</big>'''
+'''<big><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);" data-mce-style="background-color: #ffff00;">Recommended Video</span>: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xwi-nRS4kjU Tobacco Addiction & Nicotine Dependency]
 <br>
 ='''Background Information'''=
+===2011 [https://research.med.psu.edu/smoking/dependence-index/ Penn State Nicotine Dependence Index]===
+*The Penn State Nicotine Dependence Index was developed by Dr. Jonathan Foulds in 2011. This 10-item scale (with scores ranging from 0 to 20) was developed to measure nicotine dependence across all nicotine product types, and an adapted version was the first dependence measure designed to evaluate electronic cigarette dependence.
 ===2009 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2798587/ Abuse liability assessment of tobacco products including potential reduced exposure products]===
-*" In the 2009 law giving FDA regulation over tobacco products, FDA is now required to evaluate new tobacco products including MRTP/PREPs to determine their risk for abuse and toxicity at the population level. This article describes the traditional tools and methods of ALA that can be used to evaluate new tobacco and nicotine products including MRTP/PREPs. Such ALA data could contribute to the scientific foundation on which future public policy decisions are based."
+*In the 2009 law giving FDA regulation over tobacco products, FDA is now required to evaluate new tobacco products including MRTP/PREPs to determine their risk for abuse and toxicity at the population level. This article describes the traditional tools and methods of ALA that can be used to evaluate new tobacco and nicotine products including MRTP/PREPs. Such ALA data could contribute to the scientific foundation on which future public policy decisions are based.
-**Citation: Carter LP, Stitzer ML, Henningfield JE, O'Connor RJ, Cummings KM, Hatsukami DK. Abuse liability assessment of tobacco products including potential reduced exposure products. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009 Dec;18(12):3241-62. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0948. PMID: 19959676; PMCID: PMC2798587.
-***Acknowledgment: Supported by National Cancer Institute contract N01-PC-64402 - Laboratory Assessment of Tobacco Use Behavior and Exposure to Toxins Among Users of New Tobacco Products. This article is one in a series of articles on the methods and measures for the evaluation of potential reduced exposure products. Jack E. Henningfield provides consulting support to GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare through Pinney Associates on an exclusive basis regarding tobacco dependence treatment (GSK had no editorial input into this manuscript), has a financial interest in a potential new oral nicotine replacement therapy product, and serves an expert witness in litigation against the tobacco industry. Dorothy Hatsukami has received a research grant from NabiBiopharmaceuticals to conduct a trial on the nicotine vaccine. Mike Cummnings has received payments as a paid expert witness for plaintiffs in litigation against the tobacco industry and consulting and/or speaker fees from Novartis Corporation (to attend two meetings they have sponsored on the topic of smoking cessation) and Pfizer Corporation (to give talks to health professionals on the subject of smoking cessation). Maxine Stitzer has received funding from Pfizer for an investigator-initiated study.
+===2003 [https://www.nature.com/articles/1300030 A Self-Administered Questionnaire to Measure Dependence on Cigarettes: The Cigarette Dependence Scale]===
+*The aim of this study was to develop a new, self-administered measure of cigarette dependence.
+===1991 [https://cde.nida.nih.gov/instrument/d7c0b0f5-b865-e4de-e040-bb89ad43202b Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence]===
+*The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence is a standard instrument for assessing the intensity of physical addiction to nicotine. The test was designed to provide an ordinal measure of nicotine dependence related to cigarette smoking. It contains six items that evaluate the quantity of cigarette consumption, the compulsion to use, and dependence.
 ='''Smoking - Combustible Tobacco'''=
@@ Line 126: / Line 135: @@
 **Citation: Browne M, Todd DG. Then and now: Consumption and dependence in e-cigarette users who formerly smoked cigarettes. Addict Behav. 2018 Jan;76:113-121. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.07.034. Epub 2017 Jul 28. PMID: 28780356.
 ***Acknowledgement: Research was supported by block funding to the School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University
+===2018: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29065204/ The Role of Nicotine Dependence in E-Cigarettes' Potential for Smoking Reduction]===
+*"These findings offer possible support that e-cigarettes may act as a smoking reduction method among highly nicotine-dependent young adult cigarette smokers."
+**Citation: Selya AS, Dierker L, Rose JS, Hedeker D, Mermelstein RJ. The Role of Nicotine Dependence in E-Cigarettes' Potential for Smoking Reduction. Nicotine Tob Res. 2018 Sep 4;20(10):1272-1277. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntx160. PMID: 29065204; PMCID: PMC6121914.
+***Acknowledgment: Grants and funding, P01 CA098262/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States, P50 DA039838/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
 ===2017 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28389330/ A comparison of nicotine dependence among exclusive E-cigarette and cigarette users in the PATH study]===
@@ Line 136: / Line 150: @@
 **Citation: González Roz A, Secades Villa R, Weidberg S. Evaluating nicotine dependence levels in e-cigarette users. Adicciones. 2017 Jan 11;29(2):136-138. English, Spanish. doi: 10.20882/adicciones.905. PMID: 28170058.
 ***Acknowledgment: Funding for this study was provided by the BBVA foundation (SV-14-FBBVA-1). This institution had no role in the study design, collection, analysis or interpretation of the data, writing the manuscript, or the decision to submit the paper for publication. No conflicts reported.
+===2017: [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/add.14013 Evaluating the mutual pathways among electronic cigarette use, conventional smoking and nicotine dependence]===
+*Conclusion: "Nicotine dependence is not a significant mechanism for e-cigarettes’ purported effect on heavier future conventional smoking among young adults. Nicotine dependence may be a mechanism for increases in e-cigarette use among heavier conventional smokers, consistent with e-cigarettes as a smoking reduction tool. Overall, conventional smoking and, to a lesser extent, its resulting nicotine dependence, are the strongest drivers or signals of later cigarette and e-cigarette use."
+**Citation: Selya AS, Rose JS, Dierker L, Hedeker D, Mermelstein RJ. Evaluating the mutual pathways among electronic cigarette use, conventional smoking and nicotine dependence. Addiction. 2018 Feb;113(2):325-333. doi: 10.1111/add.14013. Epub 2017 Sep 25. PMID: 28841780; PMCID: PMC5760290.
+***Acknowledgment: Grants and funding, L40 DA042431/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States, P01 CA098262/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States, P30 DK092949/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States, P50 DA039838/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
 ===2017 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28780356/ Then and now: Consumption and dependence in e-cigarette users who formerly smoked cigarettes]===
@@ Line 184: / Line 203: @@
 **Citation: Etter JF. Explaining the effects of electronic cigarettes on craving for tobacco in recent quitters. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015 Mar 1;148:102-8. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.030. Epub 2015 Jan 3. PMID: 25592454.
 ***Acknowledgment: This study was partly funded by the Swiss Tobacco Prevention Fund (Swiss Federal Office of Public Health), grant 12.000189 to JFE. The Swiss Tobacco Prevention Fund had no role in the design or conduct of the study, interpretation of the data or decision to submit the paper for publication... JFE was reimbursed by Dekang, a manufacturer of e-cigarettes and e-liquids for traveling to London and to China, to visit e-cigarette factories, but he received no honoraria for these meetings. JFE's salary is paid by the University of Geneva... Vincent Baujard, from the HON Foundation, Geneva, Switzerland developed the software for data collection. Thomas Eissenberg (Virginia Commonwealth University, USA), was a consultant for this study...
 ='''Heated Tobacco Product (HTP)'''=
@@ Line 324: / Line 342: @@
 ='''Suggestions to add to this page'''=
+===2024: [https://osf.io/rf74g Chapter 26 Tobacco smoking addiction and nicotine dependence]===
+*Sharon Cox
 ===2016 [https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00126/full Belief about Nicotine Modulates Subjective Craving and Insula Activity in Deprived Smokers]===