Nicotine - Addiction/Dependence: Difference between revisions

Line 15:

='''Background Information'''=

===2011 [https://research.med.psu.edu/smoking/dependence-index/ Penn State Nicotine Dependence Index]===

*The Penn State Nicotine Dependence Index was developed by Dr. Jonathan Foulds in 2011. This 10-item scale (with scores ranging from 0 to 20) was developed to measure nicotine dependence across all nicotine product types, and an adapted version was the first dependence measure designed to evaluate electronic cigarette dependence.

===2009 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2798587/ Abuse liability assessment of tobacco products including potential reduced exposure products]===

*" In the 2009 law giving FDA regulation over tobacco products, FDA is now required to evaluate new tobacco products including MRTP/PREPs to determine their risk for abuse and toxicity at the population level. This article describes the traditional tools and methods of ALA that can be used to evaluate new tobacco and nicotine products including MRTP/PREPs. Such ALA data could contribute to the scientific foundation on which future public policy decisions are based."

*In the 2009 law giving FDA regulation over tobacco products, FDA is now required to evaluate new tobacco products including MRTP/PREPs to determine their risk for abuse and toxicity at the population level. This article describes the traditional tools and methods of ALA that can be used to evaluate new tobacco and nicotine products including MRTP/PREPs. Such ALA data could contribute to the scientific foundation on which future public policy decisions are based.

**Citation: ~~Carter LP, Stitzer ML, Henningfield JE, O'Connor RJ, Cummings KM, Hatsukami DK~~. ~~Abuse liability assessment of tobacco products including potential reduced exposure products~~. ~~Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009 Dec;18(12)~~:~~3241~~-62. ~~doi~~: 10.~~1158~~/~~1055~~-~~9965.EPI~~-09-~~0948. PMID: 19959676; PMCID: PMC2798587.~~

***Acknowledgment: Supported by National Cancer Institute contract N01-PC-64402 - Laboratory Assessment of Tobacco Use Behavior and Exposure to Toxins Among Users of New Tobacco Products. This article is ~~one in~~ a ~~series of articles on the methods and measures~~ for the ~~evaluation~~ of ~~potential reduced exposure products. Jack E~~. ~~Henningfield provides consulting support~~ to ~~GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare through Pinney Associates on~~ an ~~exclusive basis regarding tobacco~~ dependence treatment (GSK had no editorial input into this manuscript), has a financial interest in a potential new oral nicotine replacement therapy product, and serves an expert witness in litigation against the tobacco industry. ~~Dorothy Hatsukami has received a research grant from NabiBiopharmaceuticals to conduct a trial on~~ the ~~nicotine vaccine. Mike Cummnings has received payments as a paid expert witness for plaintiffs in litigation against~~ the ~~tobacco industry and consulting and/or speaker fees from Novartis Corporation (~~to ~~attend two meetings they have sponsored on the topic of smoking cessation)~~ and ~~Pfizer Corporation (to give talks to health professionals on the subject of smoking cessation). Maxine Stitzer has received funding from Pfizer for an investigator-initiated study~~.

===2003 [https://www.nature.com/articles/1300030 A Self-Administered Questionnaire to Measure Dependence on Cigarettes: The Cigarette Dependence Scale]===

*The aim of this study was to develop a new, self-administered measure of cigarette dependence.

===1991 [https://cde.nida.nih.gov/instrument/d7c0b0f5-b865-e4de-e040-bb89ad43202b Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence]===

*The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence is a standard instrument for assessing the intensity of physical addiction to nicotine. The test was designed to provide an ordinal measure of nicotine dependence related to cigarette smoking. It contains six items that evaluate the quantity of cigarette consumption, the compulsion to use, and dependence.

='''Smoking - Combustible Tobacco'''=

@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 ='''Background Information'''=
+===2011 [https://research.med.psu.edu/smoking/dependence-index/ Penn State Nicotine Dependence Index]===
+*The Penn State Nicotine Dependence Index was developed by Dr. Jonathan Foulds in 2011. This 10-item scale (with scores ranging from 0 to 20) was developed to measure nicotine dependence across all nicotine product types, and an adapted version was the first dependence measure designed to evaluate electronic cigarette dependence.
 ===2009 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2798587/ Abuse liability assessment of tobacco products including potential reduced exposure products]===
-*" In the 2009 law giving FDA regulation over tobacco products, FDA is now required to evaluate new tobacco products including MRTP/PREPs to determine their risk for abuse and toxicity at the population level. This article describes the traditional tools and methods of ALA that can be used to evaluate new tobacco and nicotine products including MRTP/PREPs. Such ALA data could contribute to the scientific foundation on which future public policy decisions are based."
+*In the 2009 law giving FDA regulation over tobacco products, FDA is now required to evaluate new tobacco products including MRTP/PREPs to determine their risk for abuse and toxicity at the population level. This article describes the traditional tools and methods of ALA that can be used to evaluate new tobacco and nicotine products including MRTP/PREPs. Such ALA data could contribute to the scientific foundation on which future public policy decisions are based.
-**Citation: Carter LP, Stitzer ML, Henningfield JE, O'Connor RJ, Cummings KM, Hatsukami DK. Abuse liability assessment of tobacco products including potential reduced exposure products. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009 Dec;18(12):3241-62. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0948. PMID: 19959676; PMCID: PMC2798587.
-***Acknowledgment: Supported by National Cancer Institute contract N01-PC-64402 - Laboratory Assessment of Tobacco Use Behavior and Exposure to Toxins Among Users of New Tobacco Products. This article is one in a series of articles on the methods and measures for the evaluation of potential reduced exposure products. Jack E. Henningfield provides consulting support to GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare through Pinney Associates on an exclusive basis regarding tobacco dependence treatment (GSK had no editorial input into this manuscript), has a financial interest in a potential new oral nicotine replacement therapy product, and serves an expert witness in litigation against the tobacco industry. Dorothy Hatsukami has received a research grant from NabiBiopharmaceuticals to conduct a trial on the nicotine vaccine. Mike Cummnings has received payments as a paid expert witness for plaintiffs in litigation against the tobacco industry and consulting and/or speaker fees from Novartis Corporation (to attend two meetings they have sponsored on the topic of smoking cessation) and Pfizer Corporation (to give talks to health professionals on the subject of smoking cessation). Maxine Stitzer has received funding from Pfizer for an investigator-initiated study.
+===2003 [https://www.nature.com/articles/1300030 A Self-Administered Questionnaire to Measure Dependence on Cigarettes: The Cigarette Dependence Scale]===
+*The aim of this study was to develop a new, self-administered measure of cigarette dependence.
+===1991 [https://cde.nida.nih.gov/instrument/d7c0b0f5-b865-e4de-e040-bb89ad43202b Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence]===
+*The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence is a standard instrument for assessing the intensity of physical addiction to nicotine. The test was designed to provide an ordinal measure of nicotine dependence related to cigarette smoking. It contains six items that evaluate the quantity of cigarette consumption, the compulsion to use, and dependence.
 ='''Smoking - Combustible Tobacco'''=