Nicotine - Effects of Messaging: Difference between revisions

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**Citation: Lillian Brinken, Kate Shiells, Stuart G Ferguson, Stefania Franja, Anna Blackwell, Claire Braboszcz, Olivia M Maynard, Harnessing hope and bolstering knowledge of how to quit: a qualitative investigation of including efficacy content in tobacco risk communication via daily SMS, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2024;, ntae297, https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntae297

***Acknowledgement: This study was supported by an ESRC New Investigator‘s Award, awarded to Dr Olivia Maynard (ES/R003424/1) and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol (MC_UU_00011/7). Stuart Ferguson has provided expert advice to various pharmaceutical companies and has received researcher-initiated project grant funding (through the GRAND initiative) and travel funds from Pfizer. These companies are not involved in the current study. All other project team members report no conflicts of interest.

===2024: [https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/early/2024/11/28/tc-2024-058858 ‘Authentic’ or ‘corny’: LGBTQ+ young adults respond to visual, thematic and semantic elements of culturally targeted tobacco public education advertisements]===

*"Tobacco public education ads featuring ‘every-day’ LGBTQ+people in candid or unposed shots, personal stories with gain-framed messaging, and subtle Pride iconography and colours may increase acceptability among LGBTQ+YA. Researchers should focus on cultivating authenticity in ads and avoid outdated trends by consulting with the community and moving with speed from development to implementation."

**Citation: Ennis AC, Meadows A, Jankowski E, et al‘Authentic’ or ‘corny’: LGBTQ+ young adults respond to visual, thematic and semantic elements of culturally targeted tobacco public education advertisementsTobacco Control Published Online First: 28 November 2024. doi: 10.1136/tc-2024-058858

***Acknowledgement: Research reported in this publication was funded by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Tobacco Products under Award Number K99CA260718 and R00CA260718 (PI: JGP). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH or the FDA. Research reported in this publication was supported by The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center and the OSU College of Public Health.

===2020: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306460319308846#ab005 Communicating the relative health risks of E-cigarettes: An online experimental study exploring the effects of a comparative health message versus the EU nicotine addiction warnings on smokers’ and non-smokers’ risk perceptions and behavioural intentions]===

*"This study investigated the effects of the European Union Tobacco Products Directive [EU-TPD] Article 20 E-cigarette (EC) health warnings (“This product contains nicotine which is a highly addictive substance. [It is not recommended for non-smokers.]”) and a comparative harm message (“Use of this product is much less harmful than smoking” [COMP]) on smokers’ and non-smokers’ perceptions and behavioural intentions."

*"The findings suggest that messages such as the COMP can help redress harm perceptions associated with EC and encourage smokers to switch to EC. When communicating health risks, it is important that messages are clear and unambiguous. Any future communication strategy to include a comparative message, such as the one developed here, has greater potential to impact as a stand-alone message."

**Citation: Kimber C, Frings D, Cox S, Albery IP, Dawkins L. Communicating the relative health risks of E-cigarettes: An online experimental study exploring the effects of a comparative health message versus the EU nicotine addiction warnings on smokers' and non-smokers' risk perceptions and behavioural intentions. Addict Behav. 2020 Feb;101:106177. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106177. Epub 2019 Nov 4. PMID: 31753541; PMCID: PMC6891257.

***Acknowledgement: This study was funded by Cancer Research UK's Tobacco Advisory Group (CRUK Grant Number: 25855). The funder played no role in the design of the study and drafting of the manuscript. CK has no conflict of interest to declare. DF is principal investigator on a randomised controlled trial funded by Allen Carr’s Easyway Ltd (ISRCN number: ISRCTN23584477). This trial is comparing the Allen Carr Easyway stop-smoking method to local NHS 1-1 stop smoking counselling service. The trial is being conducted independently, the protocol and analysis plan are both pre-registered and the research team are contractually free to independently publish the results of the trial regardless of the study outcome. DF has no other conflicts of interest to declare. SC has provided consultancy services to UK life insurers on smoking cessation and reduce risk products prevalence rates. IA is an investigator on a randomised controlled trial funded by Allen Carr’s Easyway Ltd (ISRCN number: ISRCTN23584477). This trial is comparing the Allen Carr Easyway stop-smoking method to local NHS 1-1 stop smoking counselling service. The trial is being conducted independently, the protocol and analysis plan are both pre-registered and the research team are contractually free to independently publish the results of the trial regardless of the study outcome. LD has provided consultancy for the pharmaceutical industry (2015, 2017) and acted as an expert witness for an EC patent infringement case (2015). Between 2011 and 2013 she conducted research for several independent electronic cigarette companies for which the University of East London received funds. The EC companies involved had no input into the design, conduct or write up of these projects.

===2017: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6319257/ Internalized smoking stigma in relation to quit intentions, quit attempts, and current e-cigarette use]===

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**Citation: Lillian Brinken, Kate Shiells, Stuart G Ferguson, Stefania Franja, Anna Blackwell, Claire Braboszcz, Olivia M Maynard, Harnessing hope and bolstering knowledge of how to quit: a qualitative investigation of including efficacy content in tobacco risk communication via daily SMS, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2024;, ntae297, https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntae297

***Acknowledgement: This study was supported by an ESRC New Investigator‘s Award, awarded to Dr Olivia Maynard (ES/R003424/1) and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol (MC_UU_00011/7). Stuart Ferguson has provided expert advice to various pharmaceutical companies and has received researcher-initiated project grant funding (through the GRAND initiative) and travel funds from Pfizer. These companies are not involved in the current study. All other project team members report no conflicts of interest.

===2024: [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dar.13812 Harm perceptions of vaping nicotine relative to cigarette smoking among sexual and gender minority young adults]===

*"Moreover, findings illustrate that public health messages regarding the risks of e-cigarette use may have unintended consequences of increasing cigarette use to replace e-cigarette use for some SGM young adults, a practice that is incongruent with scientific evidence demonstrating that cigarettes and other combustible tobacco products are riskier than e-cigarettes and other forms of NT use."

**Citation: Lipperman-Kreda S, Sanders E, Annechino R, Peterkin E, Antin TMJ. Harm perceptions of vaping nicotine relative to cigarette smoking among sexual and gender minority young adults. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2024 Feb;43(2):371-380. doi: 10.1111/dar.13812. Epub 2024 Jan 23. PMID: 38258463.

***Acknowledgements: Unknown, paper is paywalled.

===2022: [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10077926/ Unintended Consequences: Testing the Effects of Adolescent-Targeted Anti-vaping Media Upon Adult Smokers]===

*Sensationalized youth-oriented anti-vaping messages may have unintended public health consequences upon adult audiences.

*Exposure to the PSA resulted in overall more negative expectancies about e-cigarettes, as well as increased perceived harmfulness and reduced effectiveness of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation. Findings showed that these PSAs could deter adult smokers from utilization of e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation or harm reduction strategy.

**Citation: Sawyer LE, Brandon TH. Unintended Consequences: Testing the Effects of Adolescent-Targeted Anti-vaping Media Upon Adult Smokers. Nicotine Tob Res. 2023 Apr 6;25(5):967-974. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntac277. PMID: 36482754; PMCID: PMC10077926.

***Acknowledgement: This research was supported by funding from the University of South Florida and the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, a comprehensive cancer center designated by the National Cancer Institute (grant P30-CA076292).

===2021: [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17538068.2020.1860671 Content analysis of the use of fear in The Real Cost Youth E-cigarette Prevention Campaign]===

*Campaigns with ineffective use of fear may produce an unwanted effect, such as making the target audience continue with their unhealthy behavior. Furthermore, exposure to these campaigns may even have boomerang effects. One study found that the frequent exposure to the campaign ads created a ‘meta-message’ among the audience that the youth drug use was prevalent and led to an increase in uses as a result.

*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1080/17538068.2020.1860671 PDF Full Version]

**Citation: Citation: Ziming Xuan & Jasmin N. Choi (2021) Content analysis of the use of fear in the real cost youth e-cigarette prevention campaign, Journal of Communication in Healthcare, DOI: 10.1080/17538068.2020.1860671

***Acknowledgement: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). (No funding mentioned)

===2020: [https://cei.org/studies/perverse-psychology/ Perverse Psychology How Anti-Vaping Campaigners Created the Youth Vaping “Epidemic”]===

*"Teen vaping did not escalate despite the increased anti-vaping messaging. Adolescents’ curiosity and subsequent experimentation with vaping rose because of anti-vaping messaging."

**Citation: Michelle Minton - Competitive Enterprise Institute

===2019: [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/add.14696 The ironic effects of stigmatizing smoking: combining stereotype threat theory with behavioral pharmacology]===

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 **Citation: Lillian Brinken, Kate Shiells, Stuart G Ferguson, Stefania Franja, Anna Blackwell, Claire Braboszcz, Olivia M Maynard, Harnessing hope and bolstering knowledge of how to quit: a qualitative investigation of including efficacy content in tobacco risk communication via daily SMS, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2024;, ntae297, https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntae297
 ***Acknowledgement: This study was supported by an ESRC New Investigator‘s Award, awarded to Dr Olivia Maynard (ES/R003424/1) and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol (MC_UU_00011/7). Stuart Ferguson has provided expert advice to various pharmaceutical companies and has received researcher-initiated project grant funding (through the GRAND initiative) and travel funds from Pfizer. These companies are not involved in the current study. All other project team members report no conflicts of interest.
+===2024: [https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/early/2024/11/28/tc-2024-058858 ‘Authentic’ or ‘corny’: LGBTQ+ young adults respond to visual, thematic and semantic elements of culturally targeted tobacco public education advertisements]===
+*"Tobacco public education ads featuring ‘every-day’ LGBTQ+people in candid or unposed shots, personal stories with gain-framed messaging, and subtle Pride iconography and colours may increase acceptability among LGBTQ+YA. Researchers should focus on cultivating authenticity in ads and avoid outdated trends by consulting with the community and moving with speed from development to implementation."
+**Citation: Ennis AC, Meadows A, Jankowski E, et al‘Authentic’ or ‘corny’: LGBTQ+ young adults respond to visual, thematic and semantic elements of culturally targeted tobacco public education advertisementsTobacco Control Published Online First: 28 November 2024. doi: 10.1136/tc-2024-058858
+***Acknowledgement: Research reported in this publication was funded by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Tobacco Products under Award Number K99CA260718 and R00CA260718 (PI: JGP). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH or the FDA. Research reported in this publication was supported by The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center and the OSU College of Public Health.
+===2020: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306460319308846#ab005 Communicating the relative health risks of E-cigarettes: An online experimental study exploring the effects of a comparative health message versus the EU nicotine addiction warnings on smokers’ and non-smokers’ risk perceptions and behavioural intentions]===
+*"This study investigated the effects of the European Union Tobacco Products Directive [EU-TPD] Article 20 E-cigarette (EC) health warnings (“This product contains nicotine which is a highly addictive substance. [It is not recommended for non-smokers.]”) and a comparative harm message (“Use of this product is much less harmful than smoking” [COMP]) on smokers’ and non-smokers’ perceptions and behavioural intentions."
+*"The findings suggest that messages such as the COMP can help redress harm perceptions associated with EC and encourage smokers to switch to EC. When communicating health risks, it is important that messages are clear and unambiguous. Any future communication strategy to include a comparative message, such as the one developed here, has greater potential to impact as a stand-alone message."
+**Citation: Kimber C, Frings D, Cox S, Albery IP, Dawkins L. Communicating the relative health risks of E-cigarettes: An online experimental study exploring the effects of a comparative health message versus the EU nicotine addiction warnings on smokers' and non-smokers' risk perceptions and behavioural intentions. Addict Behav. 2020 Feb;101:106177. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106177. Epub 2019 Nov 4. PMID: 31753541; PMCID: PMC6891257.
+***Acknowledgement: This study was funded by Cancer Research UK's Tobacco Advisory Group (CRUK Grant Number: 25855). The funder played no role in the design of the study and drafting of the manuscript. CK has no conflict of interest to declare. DF is principal investigator on a randomised controlled trial funded by Allen Carr’s Easyway Ltd (ISRCN number: ISRCTN23584477). This trial is comparing the Allen Carr Easyway stop-smoking method to local NHS 1-1 stop smoking counselling service. The trial is being conducted independently, the protocol and analysis plan are both pre-registered and the research team are contractually free to independently publish the results of the trial regardless of the study outcome. DF has no other conflicts of interest to declare. SC has provided consultancy services to UK life insurers on smoking cessation and reduce risk products prevalence rates. IA is an investigator on a randomised controlled trial funded by Allen Carr’s Easyway Ltd (ISRCN number: ISRCTN23584477). This trial is comparing the Allen Carr Easyway stop-smoking method to local NHS 1-1 stop smoking counselling service. The trial is being conducted independently, the protocol and analysis plan are both pre-registered and the research team are contractually free to independently publish the results of the trial regardless of the study outcome. LD has provided consultancy for the pharmaceutical industry (2015, 2017) and acted as an expert witness for an EC patent infringement case (2015). Between 2011 and 2013 she conducted research for several independent electronic cigarette companies for which the University of East London received funds. The EC companies involved had no input into the design, conduct or write up of these projects.
 ===2017: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6319257/ Internalized smoking stigma in relation to quit intentions, quit attempts, and current e-cigarette use]===
@@ Line 28: / Line 39: @@
 **Citation: Lillian Brinken, Kate Shiells, Stuart G Ferguson, Stefania Franja, Anna Blackwell, Claire Braboszcz, Olivia M Maynard, Harnessing hope and bolstering knowledge of how to quit: a qualitative investigation of including efficacy content in tobacco risk communication via daily SMS, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2024;, ntae297, https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntae297
 ***Acknowledgement: This study was supported by an ESRC New Investigator‘s Award, awarded to Dr Olivia Maynard (ES/R003424/1) and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol (MC_UU_00011/7). Stuart Ferguson has provided expert advice to various pharmaceutical companies and has received researcher-initiated project grant funding (through the GRAND initiative) and travel funds from Pfizer. These companies are not involved in the current study. All other project team members report no conflicts of interest.
+===2024: [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dar.13812 Harm perceptions of vaping nicotine relative to cigarette smoking among sexual and gender minority young adults]===
+*"Moreover, findings illustrate that public health messages regarding the risks of e-cigarette use may have unintended consequences of increasing cigarette use to replace e-cigarette use for some SGM young adults, a practice that is incongruent with scientific evidence demonstrating that cigarettes and other combustible tobacco products are riskier than e-cigarettes and other forms of NT use."
+**Citation: Lipperman-Kreda S, Sanders E, Annechino R, Peterkin E, Antin TMJ. Harm perceptions of vaping nicotine relative to cigarette smoking among sexual and gender minority young adults. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2024 Feb;43(2):371-380. doi: 10.1111/dar.13812. Epub 2024 Jan 23. PMID: 38258463.
+***Acknowledgements: Unknown, paper is paywalled.
+===2022: [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10077926/ Unintended Consequences: Testing the Effects of Adolescent-Targeted Anti-vaping Media Upon Adult Smokers]===
+*Sensationalized youth-oriented anti-vaping messages may have unintended public health consequences upon adult audiences.
+*Exposure to the PSA resulted in overall more negative expectancies about e-cigarettes, as well as increased perceived harmfulness and reduced effectiveness of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation. Findings showed that these PSAs could deter adult smokers from utilization of e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation or harm reduction strategy.
+**Citation: Sawyer LE, Brandon TH. Unintended Consequences: Testing the Effects of Adolescent-Targeted Anti-vaping Media Upon Adult Smokers. Nicotine Tob Res. 2023 Apr 6;25(5):967-974. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntac277. PMID: 36482754; PMCID: PMC10077926.
+***Acknowledgement: This research was supported by funding from the University of South Florida and the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, a comprehensive cancer center designated by the National Cancer Institute (grant P30-CA076292).
+===2021: [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17538068.2020.1860671 Content analysis of the use of fear in The Real Cost Youth E-cigarette Prevention Campaign]===
+*Campaigns with ineffective use of fear may produce an unwanted effect, such as making the target audience continue with their unhealthy behavior. Furthermore, exposure to these campaigns may even have boomerang effects. One study found that the frequent exposure to the campaign ads created a ‘meta-message’ among the audience that the youth drug use was prevalent and led to an increase in uses as a result.
+*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1080/17538068.2020.1860671 PDF Full Version]
+**Citation: Citation: Ziming Xuan & Jasmin N. Choi (2021) Content analysis of the use of fear in the real cost youth e-cigarette prevention campaign, Journal of Communication in Healthcare, DOI: 10.1080/17538068.2020.1860671
+***Acknowledgement: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). (No funding mentioned)
+===2020: [https://cei.org/studies/perverse-psychology/ Perverse Psychology How Anti-Vaping Campaigners Created the Youth Vaping “Epidemic”]===
+*"Teen vaping did not escalate despite the increased anti-vaping messaging. Adolescents’ curiosity and subsequent experimentation with vaping rose because of anti-vaping messaging."
+**Citation: Michelle Minton - Competitive Enterprise Institute
 ===2019: [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/add.14696 The ironic effects of stigmatizing smoking: combining stereotype threat theory with behavioral pharmacology]===