ENDS Respiratory System: Difference between revisions

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==COPD==

===2023: [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17476348.2023.2167716 Health impact of e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Current and emerging evidence]===

===[https://safernicotine.wiki/mediawiki/index.php/Copd See our COPD page for more info]===

*Compared with conventional cigarettes, HTPs and ECs offer substantial reduction in exposure to toxic chemicals and have the potential to reduce harm from cigarette smoke when used as tobacco cigarette substitutes. In this review, we examine the available clinical studies and population surveys on the respiratory health effects of ECs and HTPs in COPD patients.

*As many COPD smokers prefer to smoke, conventional cigarette substitution should be considered as a valuable solution to the persistent problem of smoking, and combustion-free nicotine delivery technologies should be weight as a component of this strategy.

*Our analysis of existing human studies on the respiratory health impact of ECs/HTPs substitution for COPD patients who smoke, fails to reach a clear conclusion because of the discordant findings and unreliable interpretations driven from surveys and clinical studies of modest quality.

*This review article highlights the need for large, carefully designed, adequately controlled, long- term follow-up clinical trials to assess the true potential of combustion-free nicotine delivery technologies for sustained smoking cessation and reducing risk of harm from smoking, particularly among smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

===2022: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9526897/ Association of tobacco product use with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) prevalence and incidence in Waves 1 through 5 (2013–2019) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study]===

*E-cigarettes and all use categories involving cigarettes were associated with higher COPD prevalence compared to never use, reflecting, in part, the high burden of cigarette exposure in these groups. Cigarette—but not exclusive e-cigarette—use was also strongly associated with higher COPD incidence. Compared to cigarette use, only quitting tobacco was protective against COPD development.

~~===2022:~~ [https://~~ascpjournal.biomedcentral~~.~~com~~/~~articles~~/10.~~1186~~/~~s13722-021-00284-0 Electronic cigarettes as a harm reduction strategy among patients with~~ COPD~~: protocol~~ for ~~an open-label two arm randomized controlled pilot trial]===~~

*A harm reduction approach with the goal of achieving CC switching may be a more pragmatic approach, making EC use particularly appropriate with COPD. EC represent a potentially effective harm reduction tool that is safer than smoking CC [18, 23, 24]. Smokers with COPD, however, tend to be older and may have a higher level of addiction to nicotine than the average smoker and the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of an EC harm-reduction strategy in a COPD population has not been explored.

*Our study protocol has a few limitations. First, as a pilot study the protocol is not powered to detect small differences in CPD or CAT Scores between the NRT and EC arms. Second, CAT Score is not the gold standard for the assessment of respiratory health.

~~===2021: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11739-021-02674-3 Health outcomes in COPD smokers using heated tobacco products: a 3-year follow-up]===~~

*This study is the first to describe the long-term health effects of HTP use in COPD patients. Consistent improvements in respiratory symptoms, exercise tolerance, quality of life, and rate of disease exacerbations were observed in patients with COPD who abstained from smoking or substantially reduced their cigarette consumption by switching to HTP use.

*Nearly 60% of COPD patients using HTPs abstained completely from cigarette smoking throughout the duration of the study, whereas those continuing to smoke (dual users) showed a consistent decline in their daily cigarette consumption from the baseline of at least 70% at all study visits.

~~===2020: [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2040622320961617 COPD smokers who switched to e-cigarettes: health outcomes at 5-year follow up]===~~

*The present study suggests that EC use may ameliorate objective and subjective COPD outcomes, and that the benefits gained appear to persist long term. EC use for abstinence and smoking reduction may ameliorate some of the harm resulting from tobacco smoking in COPD patients.

===2018: [https://www.dovepress.com/health-effects-in-copd-smokers-who-switch-to-electronic-cigarettes-a-r-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-COPD Health effects in COPD smokers who switch to electronic cigarettes: a retrospective-prospective 3-year follow-up]===

*The present study suggests that EC use may ameliorate objective and subjective COPD outcomes and that the benefits gained may persist long-term. EC use may reverse some of the harm resulting from tobacco smoking in COPD patients.

===2018: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5799303/ In vitro RNA-seq-based toxicogenomics assessment shows reduced biological effect of tobacco heating products when compared to cigarette smoke]===

*The relationship between the identified RNA features and gene ontologies were mapped showing a strong association with stress response, xenobiotics metabolism, and COPD-related terms for 3R4F [combustible cigarette]. In contrast, fewer ontologies were found enriched for the THPs [heated tobacco product] aerosols. “Response to wounding” was a common COPD-related term over-represented for the two THPs but at a reduced significance. Quantification of a cytokine panel post-exposure confirmed a pro-inflammatory effect of cigarette smoke but not for THPs. In conclusion, THPs have a reduced impact on gene expression compared to 3R4F.

===~~2017: [https://www.dovepress.com/e-cigarettes-in-patients-with-copd-current-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-COPD E-cigarettes in patients with COPD: current perspectives]===~~

*Although ECs are not risk free, they are much less harmful than conventional tobacco smoking. The emerging clinical evidence suggests that ECs are unlikely to raise significant health concerns for the respiratory tract under normal conditions of use, even in smokers with preexisting lung disease. In particular, recent studies in COPD and chronic asthma suggest that substitution of conventional tobacco cigarettes for ECs can ameliorate subjective and objective disease-related outcomes and exacerbation rates as well as improving success in abstaining from smoking long term.

~~===2016: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5162097/ Evidence for harm reduction in COPD smokers who switch to electronic cigarettes]===~~

*Conclusion: “These findings suggest that ECs use may aid smokers with COPD reduce their cigarette consumption or remain abstinent, which results in marked improvements in annual exacerbation rate as well as subjective and objective COPD outcomes.”

==Lung Cancer/Lung Cancer Screening==

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==General==

===2024: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39112772/ The association of vaping and electronic cigarette use with postoperative hypoxemia and respiratory complications: a retrospective cohort analysis]===

*Conclusion: Vaping/e-cigarette use was neither associated with clinically significant hypoxemia during the first hour in the postanesthesia care unit nor with an increase in pulmonary complications.

**Citation: Saab R, Rivas E, Yalcin EK, Chen L, Montalvo M, Almonacid-Cardenas F, Shah K, Ruetzler K, Turan A. The association of vaping and electronic cigarette use with postoperative hypoxemia and respiratory complications: a retrospective cohort analysis. Can J Anaesth. 2024 Aug 7. English. doi: 10.1007/s12630-024-02801-6. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 39112772.

***Online ahead of print. - No funding/COI information is listed at this time.

===2021: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2213260021000229 Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery system with 0, 8, or 36 mg/mL liquid nicotine versus a cigarette substitute on tobacco-related toxicant exposure: a four-arm, parallel-group, randomised, controlled trial]===

*Use of an ENDS with cigarette-like nicotine delivery can reduce exposure to a major pulmonary carcinogen, NNAL, even with concurrent smoking.

===2020: [https://www.nber.org/papers/w27507 E-Cigarettes and Respiratory Disease: A Replication, Extension, and Future Directions]===

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===2021: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27543458/ Lung function and respiratory symptoms in a randomized smoking cessation trial of electronic cigarettes]===

*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1042/CS20160268 PDF Full version]

===2024: [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(24)00530-3/fulltext Functionally important respiratory symptoms and continued cigarette use versus e-cigarette switching: population assessment of tobacco and health study waves 2-6]===

=More Information=

*Click on the category link below for more studies by topic on ENDS and Nicotine.

[[Category:Studies, Surveys, and Papers]]

@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 ==COPD==
-===2023: [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17476348.2023.2167716 Health impact of e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Current and emerging evidence]===
+===[https://safernicotine.wiki/mediawiki/index.php/Copd See our COPD page for more info]===
-*Compared with conventional cigarettes, HTPs and ECs offer substantial reduction in exposure to toxic chemicals and have the potential to reduce harm from cigarette smoke when used as tobacco cigarette substitutes. In this review, we examine the available clinical studies and population surveys on the respiratory health effects of ECs and HTPs in COPD patients.
-*As many COPD smokers prefer to smoke, conventional cigarette substitution should be considered as a valuable solution to the persistent problem of smoking, and combustion-free nicotine delivery technologies should be weight as a component of this strategy.
-*Our analysis of existing human studies on the respiratory health impact of ECs/HTPs substitution for COPD patients who smoke, fails to reach a clear conclusion because of the discordant findings and unreliable interpretations driven from surveys and clinical studies of modest quality.
-*This review article highlights the need for large, carefully designed, adequately controlled, long- term follow-up clinical trials to assess the true potential of combustion-free nicotine delivery technologies for sustained smoking cessation and reducing risk of harm from smoking, particularly among smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
-===2022: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9526897/ Association of tobacco product use with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) prevalence and incidence in Waves 1 through 5 (2013–2019) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study]===
-*E-cigarettes and all use categories involving cigarettes were associated with higher COPD prevalence compared to never use, reflecting, in part, the high burden of cigarette exposure in these groups. Cigarette—but not exclusive e-cigarette—use was also strongly associated with higher COPD incidence. Compared to cigarette use, only quitting tobacco was protective against COPD development.
-===2022: [https://ascpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13722-021-00284-0 Electronic cigarettes as a harm reduction strategy among patients with COPD: protocol for an open-label two arm randomized controlled pilot trial]===
-*A harm reduction approach with the goal of achieving CC switching may be a more pragmatic approach, making EC use particularly appropriate with COPD. EC represent a potentially effective harm reduction tool that is safer than smoking CC [18, 23, 24]. Smokers with COPD, however, tend to be older and may have a higher level of addiction to nicotine than the average smoker and the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of an EC harm-reduction strategy in a COPD population has not been explored.
-*Our study protocol has a few limitations. First, as a pilot study the protocol is not powered to detect small differences in CPD or CAT Scores between the NRT and EC arms. Second, CAT Score is not the gold standard for the assessment of respiratory health.
-===2021: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11739-021-02674-3 Health outcomes in COPD smokers using heated tobacco products: a 3-year follow-up]===
-*This study is the first to describe the long-term health effects of HTP use in COPD patients. Consistent improvements in respiratory symptoms, exercise tolerance, quality of life, and rate of disease exacerbations were observed in patients with COPD who abstained from smoking or substantially reduced their cigarette consumption by switching to HTP use.
-*Nearly 60% of COPD patients using HTPs abstained completely from cigarette smoking throughout the duration of the study, whereas those continuing to smoke (dual users) showed a consistent decline in their daily cigarette consumption from the baseline of at least 70% at all study visits.
-===2020: [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2040622320961617 COPD smokers who switched to e-cigarettes: health outcomes at 5-year follow up]===
-*The present study suggests that EC use may ameliorate objective and subjective COPD outcomes, and that the benefits gained appear to persist long term. EC use for abstinence and smoking reduction may ameliorate some of the harm resulting from tobacco smoking in COPD patients.
-===2018: [https://www.dovepress.com/health-effects-in-copd-smokers-who-switch-to-electronic-cigarettes-a-r-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-COPD Health effects in COPD smokers who switch to electronic cigarettes: a retrospective-prospective 3-year follow-up]===
-*The present study suggests that EC use may ameliorate objective and subjective COPD outcomes and that the benefits gained may persist long-term. EC use may reverse some of the harm resulting from tobacco smoking in COPD patients.
-===2018: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5799303/ In vitro RNA-seq-based toxicogenomics assessment shows reduced biological effect of tobacco heating products when compared to cigarette smoke]===
-*The relationship between the identified RNA features and gene ontologies were mapped showing a strong association with stress response, xenobiotics metabolism, and COPD-related terms for 3R4F [combustible cigarette]. In contrast, fewer ontologies were found enriched for the THPs [heated tobacco product] aerosols. “Response to wounding” was a common COPD-related term over-represented for the two THPs but at a reduced significance. Quantification of a cytokine panel post-exposure confirmed a pro-inflammatory effect of cigarette smoke but not for THPs. In conclusion, THPs have a reduced impact on gene expression compared to 3R4F.
-===2017: [https://www.dovepress.com/e-cigarettes-in-patients-with-copd-current-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-COPD E-cigarettes in patients with COPD: current perspectives]===
-*Although ECs are not risk free, they are much less harmful than conventional tobacco smoking. The emerging clinical evidence suggests that ECs are unlikely to raise significant health concerns for the respiratory tract under normal conditions of use, even in smokers with preexisting lung disease. In particular, recent studies in COPD and chronic asthma suggest that substitution of conventional tobacco cigarettes for ECs can ameliorate subjective and objective disease-related outcomes and exacerbation rates as well as improving success in abstaining from smoking long term.
-===2016: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5162097/ Evidence for harm reduction in COPD smokers who switch to electronic cigarettes]===
-*Conclusion: “These findings suggest that ECs use may aid smokers with COPD reduce their cigarette consumption or remain abstinent, which results in marked improvements in annual exacerbation rate as well as subjective and objective COPD outcomes.”
 ==Lung Cancer/Lung Cancer Screening==
@@ Line 98: / Line 68: @@
 ==General==
+===2024: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39112772/ The association of vaping and electronic cigarette use with postoperative hypoxemia and respiratory complications: a retrospective cohort analysis]===
+*Conclusion: Vaping/e-cigarette use was neither associated with clinically significant hypoxemia during the first hour in the postanesthesia care unit nor with an increase in pulmonary complications.
+**Citation: Saab R, Rivas E, Yalcin EK, Chen L, Montalvo M, Almonacid-Cardenas F, Shah K, Ruetzler K, Turan A. The association of vaping and electronic cigarette use with postoperative hypoxemia and respiratory complications: a retrospective cohort analysis. Can J Anaesth. 2024 Aug 7. English. doi: 10.1007/s12630-024-02801-6. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 39112772.
+***Online ahead of print. - No funding/COI information is listed at this time.
 ===2021: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2213260021000229 Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery system with 0, 8, or 36 mg/mL liquid nicotine versus a cigarette substitute on tobacco-related toxicant exposure: a four-arm, parallel-group, randomised, controlled trial]===
 *Use of an ENDS with cigarette-like nicotine delivery can reduce exposure to a major pulmonary carcinogen, NNAL, even with concurrent smoking.
 ===2020: [https://www.nber.org/papers/w27507 E-Cigarettes and Respiratory Disease: A Replication, Extension, and Future Directions]===
@@ Line 293: / Line 268: @@
 ===2021: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27543458/ Lung function and respiratory symptoms in a randomized smoking cessation trial of electronic cigarettes]===
 *[https://sci-hub.se/10.1042/CS20160268 PDF Full version]
+===2024: [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(24)00530-3/fulltext Functionally important respiratory symptoms and continued cigarette use versus e-cigarette switching: population assessment of tobacco and health study waves 2-6]===
 =More Information=
 *Click on the category link below for more studies by topic on ENDS and Nicotine.
 [[Category:Studies, Surveys, and Papers]]