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*Acknowledgement: This research was supported by the grant from Ministry of Science and Technology of China under a contract from the International Science & Technology Cooperation Program Foundation Nr.1019 and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81500859). | *Acknowledgement: This research was supported by the grant from Ministry of Science and Technology of China under a contract from the International Science & Technology Cooperation Program Foundation Nr.1019 and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81500859). | ||
*Citation: An, N., Holl, J., Wang, X., Rausch, M. A., Andrukhov, O., & Rausch-Fan, X. (2021). Potential Suppressive Effect of Nicotine on the Inflammatory Response in Oral Epithelial Cells: An In Vitro Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 483. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020483 | *Citation: An, N., Holl, J., Wang, X., Rausch, M. A., Andrukhov, O., & Rausch-Fan, X. (2021). Potential Suppressive Effect of Nicotine on the Inflammatory Response in Oral Epithelial Cells: An In Vitro Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 483. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020483 | ||
=Nicotine - Aphthous ulcers= | |||
===2015 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4387635/ Use of pure nicotine for the treatment of aphthous ulcers]=== | |||
*The theory that nicotine is known as the protective factor is also supported by three case reports, in which aphthous ulcers were prevented or healed while the patients used nicotine replacement materials. | |||
*https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4387635/?report=printablePrintable Version | |||
*Citation: Motamedi MR, Golestannejad Z. Use of pure nicotine for the treatment of aphthous ulcers. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2015 Mar-Apr;12(2):197-8. PMID: 25878688; PMCID: PMC4387635. | |||
===2011 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306987711001691?via%3Dihub Occurrence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis only on lining mucosa and its relationship to smoking – A possible hypothesis]=== | |||
*In addition, nicotine or its metabolites can result in decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukins 1 and 6, and increase of anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10. Consequently, there is reduced susceptibility to RAS due to immunosuppression and/or reduction in inflammatory response. | |||
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1016/j.mehy.2011.04.006 PDF Version] | |||
*Subramanyam, R. V. (2011). Occurrence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis only on lining mucosa and its relationship to smoking – A possible hypothesis. Medical Hypotheses, 77(2), 185–187. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2011.04.006 | |||
===2002 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12108762/ Minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis and smoking: an epidemiological study measuring plasma cotinine]=== | |||
*NOTE: Safer Nicotine Wiki does NOT endorse smoking for any potential therapeutic benefits. Smoking has too many severe consequences. Studies showing that less people who smoke end up with a specific ailment are included to show the potential benefits of the nicotine. | |||
* This study shows that a group of RAS patients is significantly less likely to contain smokers than a matched control population, and among smokers the level of cigarette use was significantly lower in RAS patients than the control population. The perceived negative association between RAS and smoking was supported by this epidemiological study. | |||
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1034/j.1601-0825.2002.01826.x PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Atkin PA, Xu X, Thornhill MH. Minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis and smoking: an epidemiological study measuring plasma cotinine. Oral Dis. 2002 May;8(3):173-6. doi: 10.1034/j.1601-0825.2002.01826.x. PMID: 12108762. | |||
===2000 [https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM200012143432418?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed Nicotine Patches for Aphthous Ulcers Due to Behçet's Syndrome]=== | |||
*We describe a woman with Behçet's syndrome characterized by recurrent oral and genital aphthous ulcers, severe eye involvement, and the onset of arthritis at the age of 29 years. At the age of 35 several large and extremely painful buccal aphthous ulcers developed. Therapy with a nicotine patch led to a regression of all aphthous ulcers within a few days. A month later, after the patient had stopped using the nicotine patches, four aphthous ulcers developed within a week. These ulcers rapidly regressed once she resumed using the nicotine patches. | |||
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1056/NEJM200012143432418 PDF Version] (Note: Need to scroll down to the correct section) | |||
*Citation: Philippe Scheid, M.D., Abraham Bohadana, M.D., Yves Martinet, M.D., Ph.D., Université Henri Poincaré, 54500 Nancy-Vandoeuvre, France, December 14, 2000, N Engl J Med 2000; 343:1816-1817, DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200012143432418 | |||
===1991 [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb121180.x?sid=nlm%3Apubmed Recurrent aphthous ulcers and nicotine]=== | |||
*The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nicotine, in the form of Nicorette tablets, on aphthous ulcers in non-smoking patients. This preliminary trial shows that nicotine may have a beneficial effect on aphthous ulcers. | |||
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb121180.x PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Bittoun, R. (1991), Recurrent aphthous ulcers and nicotine. Medical Journal of Australia, 154: 471-472. https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb121180.x | |||
=Nicotine Gum= | =Nicotine Gum= | ||
edits