Nicotine therapeutic benefits: Difference between revisions

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6018192/pdf/CN-16-403.pdf PDF Version]

*Citation: Valentine G, Sofuoglu M. Cognitive Effects of Nicotine: Recent Progress. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2018;16(4):403-414. doi: 10.2174/1570159X15666171103152136. PMID: 29110618; PMCID: PMC6018192.

===2017: [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10826084.2017.1334066 Causal Factors of Increased Smoking in ADHD: A Systematic Review]===

*In contrast, the positive relation between ADHD and nicotine dependence is currently best explained by the self-medication hypothesis. This hypothesis has a clear pharmacological rationale and is supported by ample evidence, but awaits confirmation from longitudinal naturalistic studies.

*Citation: Jan van Amsterdam, Bauke van der Velde, Mieke Schulte & Wim van den Brink (2018) Causal Factors of Increased Smoking in ADHD: A Systematic Review, Substance Use & Misuse, 53:3, 432-445, DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2017.1334066  

===2014: [https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/827544_1 Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Nicotine Use: A Qualitative Study of Patient Perceptions]===

*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1186/1471-244x-14-141 Alternative Link]

*Citation: Liebrenz, M., Frei, A., Fisher, C. E., Gamma, A., Buadze, A., & Eich, D. (2014). Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and nicotine use: a qualitative study of patient perceptions. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1). doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-141  

===2011 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3353150/ Cognitive enhancers for the treatment of ADHD]===

*Together, these findings have led to the hypothesis that individuals with ADHD may smoke in order to alleviate requisite symptoms of the disorder and further suggest nicotine and/or nicotinic agonists can be used to improve aspects of cognitive function in these patients (McClernon and Kollins, 2008). Some support for this hypothesis has been provided by studies which have shown positive effects of nicotine on ADHD symptoms (Gehricke et al., 2009; Shytle et al., 2002) and cognitive performance (Levin et al., 1996; Potter and Newhouse, 2004) in non-smokers with ADHD. Whereas there are currently no FDA-approved nicotinic agonists to treat ADHD, laboratory and small-scale clinical trials have been conducted in recent years, and novel nicotinic pharmacotherapies are on the horizon.

*Citation: Bidwell LC, McClernon FJ, Kollins SH. Cognitive enhancers for the treatment of ADHD. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2011 Aug;99(2):262-74. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.05.002. Epub 2011 May 10. PMID: 21596055; PMCID: PMC3353150.

===2009 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20025370/ Effects of transdermal nicotine on symptoms, moods, and cardiovascular activity in the everyday lives of smokers and nonsmokers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder]===

*Nicotine reduced reports of ADHD symptoms by 8% and negative moods by 9%, independent of smoking status. In addition, nicotine increased cardiovascular activity during the first 3 to 6 hours after nicotine patch administration. The results support the self-medication hypothesis for nicotine in adults with ADHD and suggest that smoking cessation and prevention efforts for individuals with ADHD will need to address both the symptom reducing and mood enhancing effects of nicotine.

*Citation: Gehricke, J. G., Hong, N., Whalen, C. K., Steinhoff, K., & Wigal, T. L. (2009). Effects of transdermal nicotine on symptoms, moods, and cardiovascular activity in the everyday lives of smokers and nonsmokers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 23(4), 644–655. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017441

===2009 [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/15622970209150616 A Pilot Controlled Trial of Transdermal Nicotine in the Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder]===

*All 10 subjects enrolled (six males, four females; mean age = 10 years, SEM = 0.8) completed the study. As assessed by the 48-item Conners Parent Rating Scale at endpoint and during the trial, there was a significantly greater reduction in ADHD symptoms on “Learning Problems” and “Hyperactivity” subfactors. Nausea, stomach ache, itching under patch and dizziness were the most frequently reported adverse effects associated with transdermal nicotine.

*Citation: R. Douglas Shytle, Archie A. Silver, Berney J. Wilkinson & Paul R. Sanberg (2002) A Pilot Controlled Trial of Transdermal Nicotine in the Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 3:3, 150-155, DOI: 10.3109/15622970209150616

===2008 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0091305707003048?via%3Dihub Acute nicotine improves cognitive deficits in young adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder]===  

*Citation: Alexandra S. Potter, Paul A. Newhouse, Acute nicotine improves cognitive deficits in young adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, Volume 88, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 407-417, ISSN 0091-3057, doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2007.09.014.

*Acknowledgements: This work was supported by: GCRC M01-00109 and Targacept Inc.

===2007 [https://www.academia.edu/2412620/Smoking_to_self_medicate_attentional_and_emotional_dysfunctions Smoking to self-medicate attentional and emotional dysfunctions]===

*The data from diverse studies are generally consistent with the self-medication hypothesis and suggest that individuals with ADHD may smoke to alleviate symptoms associated with attention deficit, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. More studies on larger samples are necessary to assess the differential risks for adolescent smoking initiation that are associated with ADHD subtypes and with ODD and CD comorbidities.

*Citation: Gehricke, J.-G., Loughlin, S., Whalen, C., Potkin, S., Fallon, J., Jamner, L., … Leslie, F. (2007). Smoking to self-medicate attentional and emotional dysfunctions. Nicotine  Tobacco Research, 9, 523–536. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200701685039

===2006 [https://www.academia.edu/17983526/The_reinforcing_effects_of_nicotine_and_stimulant_medication_in_the_everyday_lives_of_adult_smokers_with_ADHD_A_preliminary_examination The reinforcing effects of nicotine and stimulant medication in the everyday lives of adult smokers with ADHD: A preliminary examination]===

*The findings suggest that smokers with ADHD experience nicotine-related reductions in ADHD symptoms during their everyday lives.

*Citation: Gehricke, J. G., Whalen, C., Jamner, L., Wigal, T., & Steinhoff, K. (2006). The reinforcing effects of nicotine and stimulant medication in the everyday lives of adult smokers with ADHD: A preliminary examination. Nicotine  Tobacco Research, 8(1), 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200500431619

===2006 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031938405005627?via%3Dihub Effects of transdermal nicotine on attention in adult non-smokers with and without attentional deficits]===

*[https://sci-hub.st/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.12.011 PDF Version]

*Citation: D.V. Poltavski, T. Petros, Effects of transdermal nicotine on attention in adult non-smokers with and without attentional deficits, Physiology & Behavior, Volume 87, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 614-624, ISSN 0031-9384, doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.12.011.

===2003: [https://www.academia.edu/2412608/Is_There_a_Link_Between_Adolescent_Cigarette_Smoking_and_Pharmacotherapy_for_ADHD  Is There a Link Between Adolescent Cigarette Smoking and pharmacotherapy for ADHD?]===

*Self-report surveys, electronic diaries, and salivary cotinine all indicated that adolescents treated with pharmacotherapy for ADHD smoked less than their untreated counterparts over 2 years of high school. These convergent findings from 3 disparate indicators lend support to the self-medication hypothesis over the gateway hypothesis, although alternative explanations need further study. The findings also suggest that early treatment of psychological and behavioral problems may prevent or delay smoking initiation

*Citation: Whalen, C. K., Jamner, L. D., Henker, B., Gehricke, J.-G., & King, P. S. (2003). Is There a Link Between Adolescent Cigarette Smoking and Pharmacotherapy for ADHD? Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17(4), 332–335. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.17.4.332

===2002 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12769614/ Nicotinic treatment for cognitive dysfunction]===

*For development of nicotinic treatments we are fortunate to have a well characterized lead compound, nicotine. Transdermal nicotine patches offer a way to deliver measured doses of nicotine in a considerably safer fashion than the more traditional means of administration, tobacco smoking. We have found that transdermal nicotine significantly improves attentional function in people with Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia or ADHD as well as normal nonsmoking adults.

*Citation: Levin ED, Rezvani AH. Nicotinic treatment for cognitive dysfunction. Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord. 2002 Aug;1(4):423-31. doi: 10.2174/1568007023339102. PMID: 12769614.

===2001 [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2001-14365-012 Effects of chronic nicotine and methylphenidate in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.]===

*This small study (40 participants) provided evidence that nicotine treatment can reduce severity of attentional deficit symptoms and produce improvement on an objective computerized attention task.

*Citation: Levin, E. D., Conners, C. K., Silva, D., Canu, W., & March, J. (2001). Effects of chronic nicotine and methylphenidate in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 9(1), 83–90. https://doi.org/10.1037/1064-1297.9.1.83

===1998 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9860103/ Transdermal nicotine effects on attention]===  

*Citation: Levin ED, Conners CK, Silva D, Hinton SC, Meck WH, March J, Rose JE. Transdermal nicotine effects on attention. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1998 Nov;140(2):135-41. doi: 10.1007/s002130050750. PMID: 9860103

*Acknowledgement: The authors thank R.J. Reynolds for financial support of the project. Work on this article was partially supported by Career Science Award (K05MH0122903) to Dr. Conners and Research Scientist Development Award (K02MH00981–02) to Dr. March

===1996 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8741955/ Nicotine effects on adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder]===  

*Citation: Levin ED, Conners CK, Sparrow E, Hinton SC, Erhardt D, Meck WH, Rose JE, March J. Nicotine effects on adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1996 Jan;123(1):55-63. doi: 10.1007/BF02246281. PMID: 8741955.

*Acknowledgement: The authors thank Dr. Allen Frances, Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Meidcal Center for his finanical support of the project. Work on this article was partially supported by Career Science Award (K05MH01229-03) to Dr. Conners and Research Scientist Development Award (K20MH00981-02) to Dr. March and a Young Investigator Award from the National Alliance for Research Schizophenia and Depression to Dr. Levin.

===1996: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8927677/ Nicotine and attention in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)]===

*Citation: Conners CK, Levin ED, Sparrow E, Hinton SC, Erhardt D, Meck WH, Rose JE, March J. Nicotine and attention in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Psychopharmacol Bull. 1996;32(1):67-73. PMID: 8927677.

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