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=Studies - Not Catagorized=
=Studies - Not Catagorized=
===2016: [https://www.bmj.com/content/354/bmj.i4645 Association between electronic cigarette use and changes in quit attempts, success of quit attempts, use of smoking cessation pharmacotherapy, and use of stop smoking services in England: time series analysis of population trends]===
*Changes in prevalence of e-cigarette use in England have been positively associated with the success rates of quit attempts. No clear association has been found between e-cigarette use and the rate of quit attempts or the use of other quitting aids, except for NRT obtained on prescription, where the association has been negative.
*[https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/354/bmj.i4645.full.pdf PDF Version]
===2016: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5896829/ Patterns of Electronic Cigarette Use Among Adults in the United States]===
*Results: Current e-cigarette use is extremely low among never cigarette smokers (0.4%) and former smokers who quit cigarettes 4 or more years ago (0.8%). Although e-cigarette experimentation is most common among current cigarette smokers and young adults, daily use is highest among former smokers who quit in the past year (13.0%) and older adults. Compared to daily cigarette smokers, recently quit smokers were more than four times as likely to be daily users of e-cigarettes.
*Conclusion: Extremely low e-cigarette use among never-smokers and longer term former smokers suggest that e-cigarettes neither promote widespread initiation nor relapse among adults. Recognition of the heterogeneity of smokers, including the time since quitting, is critical to draw accurate conclusions about patterns of e-cigarette use at the population level and its potential for public health benefit or harm.
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5896829/pdf/ntv237.pdf PDF Version]
===2016: [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/add.13506 Electronic cigarette use in the European Union: analysis of a representative sample of 27 460 Europeans from 28 countries]===
*E‐cigarette use in the European Union appears to be largely confined to current or former smokers, while current use and nicotine use by people who have never smoked is rare. More than one‐third of current e‐cigarette users polled reported smoking cessation and reduction.
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1111/add.13506 PDF Version]
===2016: [https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/13/11/1110 Patterns of Smoking and Snus Use in Sweden: Implications for Public Health]===
*“Snus has both contributed to decreasing initiation of smoking and ...appears to facilitate smoking cessation. ...Snus has been a major factor behind Sweden’s record-low prevalence of smoking and lowest tobacco-related mortality among men in Europe.”
*[https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/13/11/1110/pdf PDF Version]
===2015: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4378973/ E-Cigarettes and Smoking Cessation: Evidence from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis]===
*“This systematic review and meta-analyses assessed the findings of six studies which reported smoking cessation after using e-cigarettes. We found an association between nicotine-enriched e-cigarette use and smoking cessation, suggesting that the devices may be an effective alternative smoking cessation method. We also found that use of e-cigarettes was also associated with a reduction in the number of cigarettes used, suggesting they may also have a role in tobacco harm reduction programs. To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive evidence to date on this issue, and while there are a number of important implications for further research, these findings provide timely information to inform regulatory strategies.”
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4378973/pdf/pone.0122544.pdf PDF Version]


===2015: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4375383/ A Longitudinal Study of Electronic Cigarette Use Among a Population-Based Sample of Adult Smokers: Association With Smoking Cessation and Motivation to Quit]===
===2015: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4375383/ A Longitudinal Study of Electronic Cigarette Use Among a Population-Based Sample of Adult Smokers: Association With Smoking Cessation and Motivation to Quit]===
*Results: At follow-up, 23% were intensive users, 29% intermittent users, 18% had used once or twice, and 30% had not tried e-cigarettes. Logistic regression controlling for demographics and tobacco dependence indicated that intensive users of e-cigarettes were 6 times more likely than non-users/triers to report that they quit smoking. Daily use of electronic cigarettes for at least 1 month is strongly associated with quitting smoking at follow-up. Further investigation of the underlying reasons for intensive versus intermittent use will help shed light on the mechanisms underlying the associations between e-cigarette use, motivation to quit, and smoking cessation.
*Results: At follow-up, 23% were intensive users, 29% intermittent users, 18% had used once or twice, and 30% had not tried e-cigarettes. Logistic regression controlling for demographics and tobacco dependence indicated that intensive users of e-cigarettes were 6 times more likely than non-users/triers to report that they quit smoking. Daily use of electronic cigarettes for at least 1 month is strongly associated with quitting smoking at follow-up. Further investigation of the underlying reasons for intensive versus intermittent use will help shed light on the mechanisms underlying the associations between e-cigarette use, motivation to quit, and smoking cessation.
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4375383/pdf/ntu200.pdf PDF Version]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4375383/pdf/ntu200.pdf PDF Version]


===2015: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4580313/ Associations Between E-Cigarette Type, Frequency of Use, and Quitting Smoking: Findings From a Longitudinal Online Panel Survey in Great Britain]===  
===2015: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4580313/ Associations Between E-Cigarette Type, Frequency of Use, and Quitting Smoking: Findings From a Longitudinal Online Panel Survey in Great Britain]===  
*Whether e-cigarette use is associated with quitting depends on type and frequency of use. Compared with respondents not using e-cigarettes, daily tank users were more likely, and non-daily cigalike users were less likely, to have quit. Tanks were more likely to be used by older respondents and respondents with lower education.
*Whether e-cigarette use is associated with quitting depends on type and frequency of use. Compared with respondents not using e-cigarettes, daily tank users were more likely, and non-daily cigalike users were less likely, to have quit. Tanks were more likely to be used by older respondents and respondents with lower education.
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4580313/pdf/ntv078.pdf PDF Version]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4580313/pdf/ntv078.pdf PDF Version]


===2015: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4464650/ Electronic Cigarettes Efficacy and Safety at 12 Months: Cohort Study]===  
===2015: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4464650/ Electronic Cigarettes Efficacy and Safety at 12 Months: Cohort Study]===  
*Follow-up data were available for 236 e-smokers, 491 tobacco smokers, and 232 dual smokers (overall response rate 70.8%). All e-smokers were tobacco ex-smokers. At 12 months, 61.9% of the e-smokers were still abstinent from tobacco smoking; 20.6% of the tobacco smokers and 22.0% of the dual smokers achieved tobacco abstinence. Adjusting for potential confounders, tobacco smoking abstinence or cessation remained significantly more likely among e-smokers...
*Follow-up data were available for 236 e-smokers, 491 tobacco smokers, and 232 dual smokers (overall response rate 70.8%). All e-smokers were tobacco ex-smokers. At 12 months, 61.9% of the e-smokers were still abstinent from tobacco smoking; 20.6% of the tobacco smokers and 22.0% of the dual smokers achieved tobacco abstinence. Adjusting for potential confounders, tobacco smoking abstinence or cessation remained significantly more likely among e-smokers...
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4464650/pdf/pone.0129443.pdf PDF Version]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4464650/pdf/pone.0129443.pdf PDF Version]


===2014: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4171752/ Real-world effectiveness of e-cigarettes when used to aid smoking cessation: a cross-sectional population study]===
===2014: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4171752/ Real-world effectiveness of e-cigarettes when used to aid smoking cessation: a cross-sectional population study]===
*Conclusion: “Among smokers who have attempted to stop without professional support, those who use e-cigarettes are more likely to report continued abstinence than those who used a licensed NRT product bought over-the-counter or no aid to cessation. This difference persists after adjusting for a range of smoker characteristics such as nicotine dependence.”
*Conclusion: “Among smokers who have attempted to stop without professional support, those who use e-cigarettes are more likely to report continued abstinence than those who used a licensed NRT product bought over-the-counter or no aid to cessation. This difference persists after adjusting for a range of smoker characteristics such as nicotine dependence.”
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4171752/pdf/add0109-1531.pdf PDF Version]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4171752/pdf/add0109-1531.pdf PDF Version]


===2014: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4245610/ Effectiveness of the Electronic Cigarette: An Eight-Week Flemish Study with Six-Month Follow-up on Smoking Reduction, Craving and Experienced Benefits and Complaints]===
===2014: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4245610/ Effectiveness of the Electronic Cigarette: An Eight-Week Flemish Study with Six-Month Follow-up on Smoking Reduction, Craving and Experienced Benefits and Complaints]===
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