Nicotine - Addiction/Dependence: Difference between revisions

*Citation: Shiffman S, Goldenson NI. Changes in dependence over one year among US adults who smoke cigarettes and switched completely or partially to use of the JUUL-brand electronic nicotine delivery system. Drug Alcohol Depend Rep. 2023 Jan 26;6:100137. doi: 10.1016/j.dadr.2023.100137. PMID: 36994368; PMCID: PMC10040328.

*Acknowledgment: The study was funded by Juul Labs, Inc. SS is a senior advisor to PinneyAssociates, Inc, through which he provides consulting services on tobacco harm reduction on an exclusive basis to Juul Labs, Inc. NIG is a full-time employee of Juul Labs, Inc. The authors would like to acknowledge the Centre for Substance Use Research (CSUR), an independent research consultancy, for designing the ADJUSST study and collecting the data used in this manuscript.

*Citation: Jackson, S. E., Brown, J., and Jarvis, M. J. (2021) Dependence on nicotine in US high school students in the context of changing patterns of tobacco product use. Addiction, 116: 1859– 1870. doi: 10.1111/add.15403

*Acknowledgement: Cancer Research UK (C1417/A22962) supported S.J. andJ.B.’s salaries.*

*Citation: Shiffman S, Goldenson NI, Hatcher C, Augustson EM. Changes in Dependence as Smokers Switch from Cigarettes to JUUL in Two Nicotine Concentrations. Am J Health Behav. 2021 May 1;45(3):563-575. doi: 10.5993/AJHB.45.3.10. PMID: 33894800.

*Acknowledgement: NIG, CH, and EMA are full-time employees of Juul Labs Inc. Through Pinney Associates, SS provides consulting services on tobacco harm reduction on an exclusive basis to Juul Labs Inc. Within the last 2 years, PinneyAssociates has consulted for British American Tobacco and Reynolds American Inc and subsidiaries on tobacco harm reduction. Under contract to JUUL Labs Inc, the Centre for Substance Use Research, an independent research consultancy, designed the study and assessments and oversaw collection of data through Dacima, Inc. CSUR managed, cleaned, and summarized the data. CH performed the statistical analyses under the direction of SS and NG. All of the authors contributed to writing and review of the paper, and had access to the data. The sponsor approved the research plan and provided comment on a nearfinal draft of the paper. Funding for this study was provided by Juul Labs Inc.

*Citation: Goldenson NI, Buchhalter AR, Augustson EM, Rubinstein ML, Henningfield JE. Abuse liability assessment of the JUUL system in four flavors relative to combustible cigarette, nicotine gum and a comparator electronic nicotine delivery system among adult smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020 Dec 1;217:108395. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108395. Epub 2020 Nov 4. PMID: 33176942.

*Acknowledgment: The study was funded by Juul Labs, Inc. NIG, EMA and MLR are full-time employees of Juul Labs, Inc., JEH and ARB are full-time employees of PinneyAssociates, Inc. PinneyAssociates provides consulting services on tobacco harm reduction on an exclusive basis to Juul Labs, Inc. Within the last two years, PinneyAssociates has consulted for British American Tobacco and Reynolds American Inc and subsidiaries on tobacco harm reduction. JEH co-holds a patent for a novel nicotine medication that has not been developed or commercialized. There are no other interests declared by authors.

*Acknowledgment: The study was funded by Juul Labs, Inc. NIG, EMA, DVH and MLR are full-time employees of Juul Labs, Inc., JEH and ARB are full-time employees of PinneyAssociates, Inc. PinneyAssociates provides consulting services on tobacco harm reduction on an exclusive basis to Juul Labs, Inc. Within the last two years, PinneyAssociates has consulted for British American Tobacco and Reynolds American Inc and subsidiaries on tobacco harm reduction. JEH co-holds a patent for a novel nicotine medication that has not been developed or commercialized. There are no other interests declared by authors.

*Citation: Yingst J, Foulds J, Hobkirk AL. Dependence and Use Characteristics of Adult JUUL Electronic Cigarette Users. Subst Use Misuse. 2021;56(1):61-66. doi: 10.1080/10826084.2020.1834582. Epub 2020 Oct 29. PMID: 33118854; PMCID: PMC7905831.

*Acknowledgment: This study was funded by internal funds provided by the Penn State College of Medicine Department of Psychiatry. ALH is supported by a career development award from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (K23 DA045081). JY and JF are supported by NIH grants (R01 DA048428, U01 DA045517). The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. JF has done paid consulting for pharmaceutical companies involved in producing smoking cessation medications, including GSK, Pfizer, Novartis, J&J, and Cypress Bioscience. The other authors have no disclosures to report related to this publication.

*Citation: Kaplan B, Alrumaih F, Breland A, Eissenberg T, Cohen JE. A comparison of product dependence among cigarette only, ENDS only, and dual users: Findings from Wave 3 (2015-2016) of the PATH study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020 Dec 1;217:108347. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108347. Epub 2020 Oct 12. PMID: 33086157; PMCID: PMC7736550.

*Acknowledgment: This research was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U54DA036105 and the Center for Tobacco Products of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the views of the NIH or the FDA. Dr. Eissenberg is a paid consultant in litigation against the tobacco industry and also the electronic cigarette industry and is named on one patent for a device that measures the puffing behavior of electronic cigarette users and on another patent for a smartphone app that determines electronic cigarette device and liquid characteristics. The other co-authors declare no conflict of interests.

*Citation: Goldenson NI, Buchhalter AR, Augustson EM, Rubinstein ML, Henningfield JE. Abuse liability assessment of the JUUL system in four flavors relative to combustible cigarette, nicotine gum and a comparator electronic nicotine delivery system among adult smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020 Dec 1;217:108395. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108395. Epub 2020 Nov 4. PMID: 33176942.

*Acknowledgment: The study was funded by Juul Labs, Inc. NIG, EMA and MLR are full-time employees of Juul Labs, Inc., JEH and ARB are full-time employees of PinneyAssociates, Inc. PinneyAssociates provides consulting services on tobacco harm reduction on an exclusive basis to Juul Labs, Inc. Within the last two years, PinneyAssociates has consulted for British American Tobacco and Reynolds American Inc and subsidiaries on tobacco harm reduction. JEH co-holds a patent for a novel nicotine medication that has not been developed or commercialized. There are no other interests declared by authors.

*Citation: Rhoades DA, Comiford AL, Dvorak JD, Ding K, Hopkins M, Spicer P, Wagener TL, Doescher MP. Vaping patterns, nicotine dependence and reasons for vaping among American Indian dual users of cigarettes and electronic cigarettes. BMC Public Health. 2019 Sep 2;19(1):1211. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-7523-5. PMID: 31477072; PMCID: PMC6721166.

*Acknowledgment: Grants from the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health (P20CA202921 to University of Oklahoma, and 5P20CA202923 to Cherokee Nation) supported this study. The funding body had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, interpretation of data, or writing the manuscript. Content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health or of Cherokee Nation. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

**NOTE: For information on the Penn State Ecigarette Dependence Index see this [https://research.med.psu.edu/smoking/dependence-index/ link]. Scores: 4 to 8 is low dependence and 9 to 12 is a medium dependence.

*Citation: Du P, Fan T, Yingst J, Veldheer S, Hrabovsky S, Chen C, Foulds J. Changes in E-Cigarette Use Behaviors and Dependence in Long-term E-Cigarette Users. Am J Prev Med. 2019 Sep;57(3):374-383. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.04.021. Epub 2019 Jul 31. PMID: 31375364; PMCID: PMC9811611.

*Citation: Stiles MF, Campbell LR, Jin T, Graff DW, Fant RV, Henningfield JE. Assessment of the abuse liability of three menthol Vuse Solo electronic cigarettes relative to combustible cigarettes and nicotine gum. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018 Jul;235(7):2077-2086. doi: 10.1007/s00213-018-4904-x. Epub 2018 May 3. PMID: 29725702; PMCID: PMC6015619.

*Acknowledgement: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02664012. MF Stiles, LR Campbell, and T Jin are full-time employees of RAI Services Company. RAI Services Company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Reynolds American Inc., which is a wholly owned subsidiary of British American Tobacco plc. DW Graff is a full-time employee of Celerion and provided the original draft of the manuscript. RV Fant and JE Henningfield are full-time employees of PinneyAssociates, which provides consulting services on smoking cessation and tobacco harm minimization (including nicotine replacement therapy and electronic vapor products) to Niconovum, USA, Inc., RJ Reynolds Vapor Company, and RAI Services Company (all subsidiaries of Reynolds American Inc.). JE Henningfield also owns an interest in intellectual property for a novel nicotine medication. Through PinneyAssociates, Fant and Henningfield provide consulting services to pharmaceutical companies on abuse potential assessment, and the regulation of substances with a potential for abuse.