(Aphthous ulcers) |
(Alzheimer / Dementia / MCI) |
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==Addiction== | ==Addiction== | ||
==Alzheimer / Dementia / MCI== | ==Alzheimer / Dementia / MCI== | ||
===2013 [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12017-013-8242-1 Nicotine Prevents Synaptic Impairment Induced by Amyloid-β Oligomers Through α7-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Activation]=== | |||
*Animal Study | |||
*Taken together, these results demonstrate that nicotine prevents memory deficits and synaptic impairment induced by Aβ oligomers. In addition, nicotine improves memory in young APP/PS1 transgenic mice before extensive amyloid deposition and senile plaque development, and also in old mice where senile plaques have already formed. | |||
*[https://sci-hub.st/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12017-013-8242-1 PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Inestrosa, N.C., Godoy, J.A., Vargas, J.Y. et al. Nicotine Prevents Synaptic Impairment Induced by Amyloid-β Oligomers Through α7-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Activation. Neuromol Med 15, 549–569 (2013). doi: 10.1007/s12017-013-8242-1 | |||
*Acknowledgements: We thank Dr. Rodrigo Varas for his help with the electrophysiological studies of the α7-nAChR. This work was supported by a grant from FONDECYT No 120156 to N.C.I; predoctoral fellowships from CONICYT to G.G.F., M.S.A. F.G.S., J.A.R. and from Fundación Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho to J.Y.V. The Basal Center of Excellence in Science and Technology CARE was funded by CONICYT/PFB 12/2007. | |||
===2012 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3466669/ Nicotine treatment of mild cognitive impairment A 6-month double-blind pilot clinical trial]=== | |||
*The secondary outcome measures showed significant nicotine-associated improvements in attention, memory, and psychomotor speed, and improvements were seen in patient/informant ratings of cognitive impairment. | |||
*Safety and tolerability for transdermal nicotine were excellent. | |||
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3466669/pdf/znl91.pdf PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Newhouse P, Kellar K, Aisen P, White H, Wesnes K, Coderre E, Pfaff A, Wilkins H, Howard D, Levin ED. Nicotine treatment of mild cognitive impairment: a 6-month double-blind pilot clinical trial. Neurology. 2012 Jan 10;78(2):91-101. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31823efcbb. PMID: 22232050; PMCID: PMC3466669. | |||
===2010 [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13607860220126808 Nicotine's effect on neural and cognitive functioning in an aging population]=== | |||
*Recent advances in nicotine research have pointed to a number of cognitive and neurological benefits that have been linked to the ingestion of nicotine. | |||
*This article examines cognitive decline in the elderly and looks at nicotine's potential role in ameliorating this decline. | |||
*Nicotine’s effects on cognitive functioning have shown it to increase perception, visual attention,and arousal as well as improving the speed and accuracy of motor functioning while decreasing reaction time and inhibiting declines in efficiency. In addition, research has shown nicotine to improve long-term and short-term memory, and to increase the ability to withhold inappropriate responses. | |||
*Research has revealed that chronic exposure to nicotine produces an unusual up-regulation of the nicotinic receptor sites. This increase in receptor sites is thought to provide some protection against neuro-degenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. | |||
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1080/13607860220126808 PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: K. N. Murray & N. Abeles (2002) Nicotine's effect on neural and cognitive functioning in an aging population, Aging & Mental Health, 6:2, 129-138, DOI: 10.1080/13607860220126808 | |||
===2002 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12436427/ Nicotinic receptors in aging and dementia]=== | |||
*Nicotine and nicotinic agonists have been shown to improve cognitive function in aged or impaired subjects. | |||
*Acute nicotine administration can improve performance of patients with AD on cognitive tasks, including verbal learning and memory, attention in a continuous performance task, and accuracy in a visual attention task. | |||
*In addition to its ability to reverse cognitive deficits following aging, nicotine has been shown to protect against neurotoxic insult in vitro and in vivo. This suggests that nicotine has a dual effect on brain function following aging or injury, such that it can rescue function of remaining neurons, as well as saving neurons that might otherwise undergo cell death. | |||
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1002/neu.10102 PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Picciotto MR, Zoli M. Nicotinic receptors in aging and dementia. J Neurobiol. 2002 Dec;53(4):641-55. doi: 10.1002/neu.10102. PMID: 12436427. | |||
*Keywords: nAChR; neuroprotection; Alzheimer’s disease; Parkinson’s disease; acetylcholine | |||
===1996 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9006184/ Does nicotine have beneficial effects in the treatment of certain diseases?]=== | |||
*nicotine may have therapeutic uses in the treatment of [[Abbreviations|'''Alzheimer's disease (AD)''']]. | |||
*Drug companies have often refused to fund legitimate and valid research into the potential therapeutic use of nicotine owing to its association with smoking and its image of an abusable drug. Many in the health profession fail to acknowledge the evidence which suggests that nicotine may have potential therapeutic value. | |||
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.12968/bjon.1996.5.19.1195 PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Birtwistle J, Hall K. Does nicotine have beneficial effects in the treatment of certain diseases? Br J Nurs. 1996 Oct 24-Nov 13;5(19):1195-202. doi: 10.12968/bjon.1996.5.19.1195. PMID: 9006184. | |||
===1992 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1410164/ Effects of acute subcutaneous nicotine on attention, information processing and short-term memory in Alzheimer's disease]=== | |||
*Nicotine significantly improved sustained visual attention (in both RVIP and DRMLO tasks), reaction time (in both FT and RVIP tasks), and perception (CFF task--both ascending and descending thresholds). | |||
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1007/BF02247426 PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Jones GM, Sahakian BJ, Levy R, Warburton DM, Gray JA. Effects of acute subcutaneous nicotine on attention, information processing and short-term memory in Alzheimer's disease. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1992;108(4):485-94. doi: 10.1007/BF02247426. PMID: 1410164. | |||
*Acknowledgements. This research was supported by British-American Tobacco Co. Ltd. BJS thanks the Wellcome Trust and the Eleanor Peel Foundation for support. | |||
===1991 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1859921/ Beneficial effects of nicotine]=== | |||
* When chronically taken, nicotine may result in enhancement of performance, and protection against Alzheimer's disease (other diseases mentioned in study) | |||
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x PDF version] | |||
*Citation: Jarvik ME. Beneficial effects of nicotine. Br J Addict. 1991 May;86(5):571-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x. PMID: 1859921. | |||
*Acknowledgement: Supported by U. C. Tobacco-related Disease program, grant # RT87 and a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. | |||
===1989 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2597885/ The effects of nicotine on attention, information processing, and short-term memory in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type]=== | |||
*Nicotine in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) produced a significant and marked improvement in discriminative sensitivity and reaction times on a computerised test of attention and information processing. Nicotine also improved the ability of DAT patients to detect a flickering light in a critical flicker fusion test. These results suggest that nicotine may be acting on cortical mechanisms involved in visual perception and attention, and support the hypothesis that acetylcholine transmission modulates vigilance and discrimination. Nicotine may therefore be of some value in treating deficits in attention and information processing in DAT patients. | |||
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1192/bjp.154.6.797 PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Sahakian B, Jones G, Levy R, Gray J, Warburton D. The effects of nicotine on attention, information processing, and short-term memory in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Br J Psychiatry. 1989 Jun;154:797-800. doi: 10.1192/bjp.154.6.797. PMID: 2597885. | |||
==Aphthous ulcers== | ==Aphthous ulcers== | ||
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