Nicotine - Addiction/Dependence: Difference between revisions

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***Acknowledgment: Supported by grants from the Flight Attendants Medical Research Institute and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (U.S. Public Health Service grants DA02277 and DA20830).

='''ENDS/E-Cigarettes/NVP/Vaping'''=

='''ENDS/E-Cigarettes/NVP/Vaping vs Smoking Tobacco'''=

*ENDS = Electronic Nicotine Delivery System

*NVP = Nicotine Vapor Product

~~===2024 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38800771/ Nicotine Dependency Levels Among Adult Electronic Cigarette Smokers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study]===~~

*Conclusion: "Most exclusive EC users in the study developed a moderate nicotine dependence level. The EC device type and nicotine concentration were significant drivers of nicotine dependence."

**Citation: Yahya L, Mandoura N, Harere R. Nicotine Dependency Levels Among Adult Electronic Cigarette Smokers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus. 2024 May 25;16(5):e61038. doi: 10.7759/cureus.61038. PMID: 38800771; PMCID: PMC11127123.

***Acknowledgment: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. (No funding mentioned.)

===2023 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36994368/ Changes in dependence over one year among US adults who smoke cigarettes and switched completely or partially to use of the JUUL-brand electronic nicotine delivery system]===

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**Citation: Jones DM, Guy MC, Fairman BJ, Soule E, Eissenberg T, Fagan P. Nicotine Dependence among Current Cigarette Smokers Who Use E-Cigarettes and Cannabis. Subst Use Misuse. 2023;58(5):618-628. doi: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2177961. Epub 2023 Feb 27. PMID: 36852436; PMCID: PMC10249428.

***Acknowledgment: Funding; K01 DA055088/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States and U54 DA036105/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States. COI; Thomas Eissenberg is a paid consultant in litigation against the tobacco industry and also the electronic cigarette industry and is named on one patent for a device that measures the puffing behavior of electronic cigarette users, on another patent application for a smartphone app that determines electronic cigarette device and liquid characteristics, and a third patent application for a smoking cessation intervention. Eric Soule is named on a patent application for a smartphone app that determines electronic cigarette device and liquid characteristics. The other authors declare they have no conflicts of interest.

===2022 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35305014/ The Role of Nicotine and Flavor in the Abuse Potential and Appeal of Electronic Cigarettes for Adult Current and Former Cigarette and Electronic Cigarette Users: A Systematic Review]===

*"Implications: E-cigarettes may provide a reduced-harm alternative to cigarettes for smokers unwilling/unable to quit or serve as a path for quitting all nicotine products. Higher nicotine concentrations and flavor variety are associated with higher abuse potential and appeal of e-cigarettes. Higher abuse potential and appeal products may help facilitate complete switching from cigarettes to e-cigarettes. Regulation of nicotine concentration and flavors aimed at decreasing naïve uptake may inadvertently decrease uptake and complete switching among smokers, reducing the harm reduction potential of e-cigarettes. Evidence-based effects of regulating nicotine concentration and flavors must be considered for the population as a whole, including smokers."

**Citation: Gades MS, Alcheva A, Riegelman AL, Hatsukami DK. The Role of Nicotine and Flavor in the Abuse Potential and Appeal of Electronic Cigarettes for Adult Current and Former Cigarette and Electronic Cigarette Users: A Systematic Review. Nicotine Tob Res. 2022 Aug 6;24(9):1332-1343. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntac073. PMID: 35305014; PMCID: PMC9356694.

***Acknowledgment: This work was supported by the National Institute of Drug Abuse (T32 DA007097 and R36 DA050000 to MSG); and the National Institutes of Health (P01 CA217806 to DKH). No COI declared.

===2022 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36543869/ Part one: abuse liability of Vuse Solo (G2) electronic nicotine delivery system relative to combustible cigarettes and nicotine gum]===

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**Citation: Maloney SF, Breland A, Soule EK, Hiler M, Ramôa C, Lipato T, Eissenberg T. Abuse liability assessment of an electronic cigarette in combustible cigarette smokers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019 Oct;27(5):443-454. doi: 10.1037/pha0000261. Epub 2019 Feb 18. PMID: 30777773; PMCID: PMC6754311.

***Acknowledgment: Funding; This study was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number P50DA036105 and U54DA036105 and the Center for Tobacco Products of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health or the Food and Drug Administration. COI; Dr. Eissenberg is a paid consultant in litigation against the tobacco industry and is named on a patent for a device that measures the puffing behavior of ECIG users.

~~===2019 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31375364/ Changes in E-Cigarette Use Behaviors and Dependence in Long-term E-Cigarette Users]===~~

*"Results: A total of 494 subjects provided complete data on both surveys. At baseline, 402 subjects (81.4%) were exclusive e-cigarette users, and 71 subjects (14.4%) were poly users. Among baseline exclusive e-cigarette users, the majority (88.3%) continued using e-cigarettes exclusively, but 37 users (9.2%) became poly users and 1 returned to cigarette smoking at follow-up. Among baseline poly users, 60.6% became exclusive e-cigarette users at follow-up. The mean PSECDI score remained similar over time (8.4 at baseline vs 8.3 at follow-up)."

*NOTE: For information on the Penn State Ecigarette Dependence Index see this [https://research.med.psu.edu/smoking/dependence-index/ link]. Scores: 4 to 8 is low dependence and 9 to 12 is a medium dependence.

**Citation: Du P, Fan T, Yingst J, Veldheer S, Hrabovsky S, Chen C, Foulds J. Changes in E-Cigarette Use Behaviors and Dependence in Long-term E-Cigarette Users. Am J Prev Med. 2019 Sep;57(3):374-383. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.04.021. Epub 2019 Jul 31. PMID: 31375364; PMCID: PMC9811611.

***Acknowledgment: This work was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of NIH and the Center for Tobacco Products of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (P50-DA-036107). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH or the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Jonathan Foulds has acted as a paid consultant for pharmaceutical companies involved in producing smoking-cessation medications, including GSK, Pfizer, Novartis, and J&J and received a research grant and study products from Pfizer Inc. No other financial disclosures were reported.

===2018 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29725702/ Assessment of the abuse liability of three menthol Vuse Solo electronic cigarettes relative to combustible cigarettes and nicotine gum]===

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**Citation: Etter JF, Eissenberg T. Dependence levels in users of electronic cigarettes, nicotine gums and tobacco cigarettes. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015 Feb 1;147:68-75. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.007. Epub 2014 Dec 18. PMID: 25561385; PMCID: PMC4920051.

***This study was partly funded by the Swiss Tobacco Prevention Fund (Swiss Federal Office of Public Health), grant 12.000189 to JFE. The Swiss Tobacco Prevention Fund had no role in the design or conduct of the study, interpretation of the data or decision to submit the paper for publication. TE is supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the U.S. National Institutes of Health under Award Number P50DA036105 and the Center for Tobacco Products of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health or the Food and Drug Administration.

~~===2015 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25592454/ Explaining the effects of electronic cigarettes on craving for tobacco in recent quitters]===~~

*Conclusion: "From a public health perspective, there is a trade-off between e-cigarettes that provide high levels of nicotine, high satisfaction and more effects on craving for tobacco, but may also be addictive, and e-cigarettes that contain less nicotine and are less addictive, but are also less satisfactory and less efficient at relieving craving and at helping dependent smokers quit smoking. This trade-off must be kept in mind when regulating e-cigarettes."

**Citation: Etter JF. Explaining the effects of electronic cigarettes on craving for tobacco in recent quitters. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015 Mar 1;148:102-8. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.030. Epub 2015 Jan 3. PMID: 25592454.

***Acknowledgment: This study was partly funded by the Swiss Tobacco Prevention Fund (Swiss Federal Office of Public Health), grant 12.000189 to JFE. The Swiss Tobacco Prevention Fund had no role in the design or conduct of the study, interpretation of the data or decision to submit the paper for publication... JFE was reimbursed by Dekang, a manufacturer of e-cigarettes and e-liquids for traveling to London and to China, to visit e-cigarette factories, but he received no honoraria for these meetings. JFE's salary is paid by the University of Geneva... Vincent Baujard, from the HON Foundation, Geneva, Switzerland developed the software for data collection. Thomas Eissenberg (Virginia Commonwealth University, USA), was a consultant for this study...

='''Heated Tobacco Product (HTP)'''=

@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 ***Acknowledgment: Supported by grants from the Flight Attendants Medical Research Institute and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (U.S. Public Health Service grants DA02277 and DA20830).
-='''ENDS/E-Cigarettes/NVP/Vaping'''=
+='''ENDS/E-Cigarettes/NVP/Vaping vs Smoking Tobacco'''=
 *ENDS = Electronic Nicotine Delivery System
 *NVP = Nicotine Vapor Product
-===2024 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38800771/ Nicotine Dependency Levels Among Adult Electronic Cigarette Smokers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study]===
-*Conclusion: "Most exclusive EC users in the study developed a moderate nicotine dependence level. The EC device type and nicotine concentration were significant drivers of nicotine dependence."
-**Citation: Yahya L, Mandoura N, Harere R. Nicotine Dependency Levels Among Adult Electronic Cigarette Smokers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus. 2024 May 25;16(5):e61038. doi: 10.7759/cureus.61038. PMID: 38800771; PMCID: PMC11127123.
-***Acknowledgment: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. (No funding mentioned.)
 ===2023 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36994368/ Changes in dependence over one year among US adults who smoke cigarettes and switched completely or partially to use of the JUUL-brand electronic nicotine delivery system]===
@@ Line 54: / Line 49: @@
 **Citation: Jones DM, Guy MC, Fairman BJ, Soule E, Eissenberg T, Fagan P. Nicotine Dependence among Current Cigarette Smokers Who Use E-Cigarettes and Cannabis. Subst Use Misuse. 2023;58(5):618-628. doi: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2177961. Epub 2023 Feb 27. PMID: 36852436; PMCID: PMC10249428.
 ***Acknowledgment: Funding; K01 DA055088/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States and U54 DA036105/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States. COI; Thomas Eissenberg is a paid consultant in litigation against the tobacco industry and also the electronic cigarette industry and is named on one patent for a device that measures the puffing behavior of electronic cigarette users, on another patent application for a smartphone app that determines electronic cigarette device and liquid characteristics, and a third patent application for a smoking cessation intervention. Eric Soule is named on a patent application for a smartphone app that determines electronic cigarette device and liquid characteristics. The other authors declare they have no conflicts of interest.
-===2022 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35305014/ The Role of Nicotine and Flavor in the Abuse Potential and Appeal of Electronic Cigarettes for Adult Current and Former Cigarette and Electronic Cigarette Users: A Systematic Review]===
-*"Implications: E-cigarettes may provide a reduced-harm alternative to cigarettes for smokers unwilling/unable to quit or serve as a path for quitting all nicotine products. Higher nicotine concentrations and flavor variety are associated with higher abuse potential and appeal of e-cigarettes. Higher abuse potential and appeal products may help facilitate complete switching from cigarettes to e-cigarettes. Regulation of nicotine concentration and flavors aimed at decreasing naïve uptake may inadvertently decrease uptake and complete switching among smokers, reducing the harm reduction potential of e-cigarettes. Evidence-based effects of regulating nicotine concentration and flavors must be considered for the population as a whole, including smokers."
-**Citation: Gades MS, Alcheva A, Riegelman AL, Hatsukami DK. The Role of Nicotine and Flavor in the Abuse Potential and Appeal of Electronic Cigarettes for Adult Current and Former Cigarette and Electronic Cigarette Users: A Systematic Review. Nicotine Tob Res. 2022 Aug 6;24(9):1332-1343. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntac073. PMID: 35305014; PMCID: PMC9356694.
-***Acknowledgment: This work was supported by the National Institute of Drug Abuse (T32 DA007097 and R36 DA050000 to MSG); and the National Institutes of Health (P01 CA217806 to DKH). No COI declared.
 ===2022 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36543869/ Part one: abuse liability of Vuse Solo (G2) electronic nicotine delivery system relative to combustible cigarettes and nicotine gum]===
@@ Line 120: / Line 110: @@
 **Citation: Maloney SF, Breland A, Soule EK, Hiler M, Ramôa C, Lipato T, Eissenberg T. Abuse liability assessment of an electronic cigarette in combustible cigarette smokers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019 Oct;27(5):443-454. doi: 10.1037/pha0000261. Epub 2019 Feb 18. PMID: 30777773; PMCID: PMC6754311.
 ***Acknowledgment: Funding; This study was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number P50DA036105 and U54DA036105 and the Center for Tobacco Products of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health or the Food and Drug Administration. COI; Dr. Eissenberg is a paid consultant in litigation against the tobacco industry and is named on a patent for a device that measures the puffing behavior of ECIG users.
-===2019 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31375364/ Changes in E-Cigarette Use Behaviors and Dependence in Long-term E-Cigarette Users]===
-*"Results: A total of 494 subjects provided complete data on both surveys. At baseline, 402 subjects (81.4%) were exclusive e-cigarette users, and 71 subjects (14.4%) were poly users. Among baseline exclusive e-cigarette users, the majority (88.3%) continued using e-cigarettes exclusively, but 37 users (9.2%) became poly users and 1 returned to cigarette smoking at follow-up. Among baseline poly users, 60.6% became exclusive e-cigarette users at follow-up. The mean PSECDI score remained similar over time (8.4 at baseline vs 8.3 at follow-up)."
-*NOTE: For information on the Penn State Ecigarette Dependence Index see this [https://research.med.psu.edu/smoking/dependence-index/ link]. Scores: 4 to 8 is low dependence and 9 to 12 is a medium dependence.
-**Citation: Du P, Fan T, Yingst J, Veldheer S, Hrabovsky S, Chen C, Foulds J. Changes in E-Cigarette Use Behaviors and Dependence in Long-term E-Cigarette Users. Am J Prev Med. 2019 Sep;57(3):374-383. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.04.021. Epub 2019 Jul 31. PMID: 31375364; PMCID: PMC9811611.
-***Acknowledgment: This work was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of NIH and the Center for Tobacco Products of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (P50-DA-036107). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH or the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Jonathan Foulds has acted as a paid consultant for pharmaceutical companies involved in producing smoking-cessation medications, including GSK, Pfizer, Novartis, and J&J and received a research grant and study products from Pfizer Inc. No other financial disclosures were reported.
 ===2018 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29725702/ Assessment of the abuse liability of three menthol Vuse Solo electronic cigarettes relative to combustible cigarettes and nicotine gum]===
@@ Line 162: / Line 146: @@
 **Citation: Etter JF, Eissenberg T. Dependence levels in users of electronic cigarettes, nicotine gums and tobacco cigarettes. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015 Feb 1;147:68-75. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.007. Epub 2014 Dec 18. PMID: 25561385; PMCID: PMC4920051.
 ***This study was partly funded by the Swiss Tobacco Prevention Fund (Swiss Federal Office of Public Health), grant 12.000189 to JFE. The Swiss Tobacco Prevention Fund had no role in the design or conduct of the study, interpretation of the data or decision to submit the paper for publication. TE is supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the U.S. National Institutes of Health under Award Number P50DA036105 and the Center for Tobacco Products of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health or the Food and Drug Administration.
-===2015 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25592454/ Explaining the effects of electronic cigarettes on craving for tobacco in recent quitters]===
-*Conclusion: "From a public health perspective, there is a trade-off between e-cigarettes that provide high levels of nicotine, high satisfaction and more effects on craving for tobacco, but may also be addictive, and e-cigarettes that contain less nicotine and are less addictive, but are also less satisfactory and less efficient at relieving craving and at helping dependent smokers quit smoking. This trade-off must be kept in mind when regulating e-cigarettes."
-**Citation: Etter JF. Explaining the effects of electronic cigarettes on craving for tobacco in recent quitters. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015 Mar 1;148:102-8. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.030. Epub 2015 Jan 3. PMID: 25592454.
-***Acknowledgment: This study was partly funded by the Swiss Tobacco Prevention Fund (Swiss Federal Office of Public Health), grant 12.000189 to JFE. The Swiss Tobacco Prevention Fund had no role in the design or conduct of the study, interpretation of the data or decision to submit the paper for publication... JFE was reimbursed by Dekang, a manufacturer of e-cigarettes and e-liquids for traveling to London and to China, to visit e-cigarette factories, but he received no honoraria for these meetings. JFE's salary is paid by the University of Geneva... Vincent Baujard, from the HON Foundation, Geneva, Switzerland developed the software for data collection. Thomas Eissenberg (Virginia Commonwealth University, USA), was a consultant for this study...
 ='''Heated Tobacco Product (HTP)'''=