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| | | Please see this page for gateway information: [https://safernicotine.wiki/mediawiki/index.php/Myth:_Alternative_nicotine_products_are_a_gateway_to_smoking Myth: Alternative nicotine products are a gateway to smoking] |
| ===2022: [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.15838 Association of quarterly prevalence of e-cigarette use with ever regular smoking among young adults in England: a time–series analysis between 2007 and 2018]===
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| ===2021: [https://academic.oup.com/ntr/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/ntr/ntab102/6276227 High School Seniors Who Used E-Cigarettes May Have Otherwise Been Cigarette Smokers: Evidence From Monitoring the Future (United States, 2009–2018)]=== <!--T:7-->
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| ===2021: [https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003555 Association of genetic liability to smoking initiation with e-cigarette use in young adults: A cohort study]=== <!--T:9-->
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| ===2021: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33394529/ Trends in electronic cigarette use and conventional smoking: quantifying a possible 'diversion' effect among US adolescents]=== <!--T:11-->
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| ===2021: [https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/30/2/212 Association of initial e-cigarette and other tobacco product use with subsequent cigarette smoking in adolescents: a cross-sectional, matched control study]=== <!--T:13-->
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| ===2021: Testimony in Netherlands pertaining to a potential flavour / flavor ban: [https://www.clivebates.com/documents/NLFlavoursResponseJan2021.pdf Regulation of e-cigarette flavours – a response]=== <!--T:15-->
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| *Signed by 24 experts from around the world
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| *Covers 12 key points including the theory of a gateway effect
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| ===2020: Association of initial e-cigarette and other tobacco product use with subsequent cigarette smoking in adolescents: a cross-sectional, matched control study=== <!--T:17-->
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| In conclusion, this matched control analysis of NYTS data from 2014 to 2017 suggests that for adolescents initiation with e-cigarettes is associated with a reduced risk of subsequent cigarette smoking compared with initiators with other combustible and non-combustible tobacco products use, and propensity score matched adolescents without initial e-cigarette use. This suggests that, over the time period considered, e-cigarettes were unlikely to have acted as an important gateway towards cigarette smoking and may, in fact, have acted as a gateway away from smoking for vulnerable adolescents; this is consistent with the decrease in youth cigarette smoking prevalence over the same time period that youth e-cigarette use increased between 2014 and 2017.
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| ===2020: [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2773464 Trends in Tobacco Use Among Adolescents by Grade, Sex, and Race, 1991-2019]===
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| *This cross-sectional study suggests that, despite the increase in the prevalence of e-cigarette use among adolescents between 2011 and 2019, the prevalence of cigarette and smokeless tobacco use has decreased more rapidly during the same period compared with earlier years.
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| *Link to PDF on study page
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| *Citation: Meza R, Jimenez-Mendoza E, Levy DT. Trends in Tobacco Use Among Adolescents by Grade, Sex, and Race, 1991-2019. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(12):e2027465. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.27465
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| *Acknowledgement: Research reported in this publication was supported by award U54CA229974 from the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health and the US Food and Drug Administration Center for Tobacco Products.
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| ===2020: [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/add.15099 Electronic cigarettes, nicotine use trends and use initiation ages among US adolescents from 1999 to 2018]=== <!--T:19-->
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| ===2020: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871620300181 Does e-cigarette experimentation increase the transition to daily smoking among young ever-smokers in France?]=== <!--T:21-->
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| ===2019: [https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/28/6/629 Examining the relationship of vaping to smoking initiation among US youth and young adults: a reality check]=== <!--T:23-->
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| ===2019: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291806/ The Relationship Between Electronic Cigarette Use and Conventional Cigarette Smoking Is Largely Attributable to Shared Risk Factors]=== <!--T:25-->
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| ===2019 The Impact of Electronic Cigarettes on Cigarette Smoking By Americans and Its Health and Economic Implications=== <!--T:27-->
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| In this study, we examined the growing use of electronic cigarettes and its implications. The wide use of e-cigarettes is a very recent development, and issues regarding their long-term effects and significance cannot be fully analyzed at this time. Using CDC and other data covering the last decade, however, we examined the relationship between the recent sharp increase in e-cigarette use among Americans and the contemporaneous acceleration in the declining rate of cigarette smoking. We found that the sharp increase in e-cigarette use across many groups can explain as much as 70 percent of the accelerating decline in smoking rates. We also found no reasonable evidential basis for concerns that e-cigarettes are a gateway to cigarette smoking. We further found that e-cigarettes are highly effective in helping people stop smoking cigarettes.
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| Finally, we analyzed the impact of the sharp increase in e-cigarette use and the accelerating decline in cigarette smoking on healthcare costs and economic productivity. We found that while e-cigarette users incur lower healthcare costs than cigarette smokers or ex-smokers, the longer lifespans of e-cigarette users and ex-smokers who used e-cigarettes to quit smoking result in higher lifetime healthcare costs. However, we also found that the value of the additional years of life associated with using e-cigarettes instead of smoking is much greater than the additional healthcare costs. Lastly, we found that the increase in e-cigarette use and the associated reduction in smoking rates results in large productivity benefits, mainly from lower rates of illness.
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| ===2015: [https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article-abstract/17/10/1255/1028251?redirectedFrom=fulltext The Impact of Flavor Descriptors on Nonsmoking Teens’ and Adult Smokers’ Interest in Electronic Cigarettes]=== <!--T:29-->
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| *Nonsmoking teens’ interest in e-cigarettes was very low.
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| *Adult smokers’ interest was significantly higher overall and for each flavor.
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| *Teen interest did not vary by flavor, but adult interest did.
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| *Past-30-day adult e-cigarette users had the greatest interest in e-cigarettes, and their interest was most affected by flavor.
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| *'''Nonsmoking teens who had never tried e-cigarettes had the lowest interest in flavors''', followed by adults who had never tried e-cigarettes
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| *[https://www.casaa.org/wp-content/uploads/Shiffman-on-flavors-1255-62.pdf PDF Version]
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| *Citation: Saul Shiffman, PhD, Mark A Sembower, MS, Janine L Pillitteri, PhD, Karen K Gerlach, PhD, MPH, Joseph G Gitchell, BA, The Impact of Flavor Descriptors on Nonsmoking Teens’ and Adult Smokers’ Interest in Electronic Cigarettes, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, Volume 17, Issue 10, October 2015, Pages 1255–1262, doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntu333
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| *Acknowledgement: This work was supported by NJOY, a company that markets electronic cigarettes, but does not make or sell any combustible tobacco products. All authors work for Pinney Associates and provide consulting services to GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare on their stop-smoking medications and to NJOY, Inc. on electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). SS and JGG also own an interest in a novel nicotine medication in development. The study sponsor was involved in discussion of the study design, but had no role in study execution, data collection, data analysis, or writing of the manuscript, nor did the sponsor review the manuscript prior to submission.
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