Nicotine therapeutic benefits: Difference between revisions

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**Citation: Willoughby, J.O., Pope, K.J. and Eaton, V. (2003), Nicotine as an Antiepileptic Agent in ADNFLE: An N‐of‐One Study. Epilepsia, 44: 1238-1240. doi: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2003.58102.x-i1

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='''Septic Peritonitis'''=

===2005 [https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/191/12/2138/842542 The Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway Regulates the Host Response during Septic Peritonitis]===

*Animal Study

*"Initial cytokine release during septic peritonitis was enhanced after previous vagotomy and was decreased after nicotine pretreatment, independently of the integrity of the vagus nerve. Further study established that vagotomy before septic peritonitis resulted in an enhanced influx of neutrophils and a marked increase in proinflammatory cytokine levels and liver damage. Conversely, nicotine pretreatment strongly decreased cell influx, proinflammatory cytokine levels, and liver damage, whereas bacterial clearance and survival were impaired."

**Citation: van Westerloo DJ, Giebelen IA, Florquin S, Daalhuisen J, Bruno MJ, de Vos AF, Tracey KJ, van der Poll T. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway regulates the host response during septic peritonitis. J Infect Dis. 2005 Jun 15;191(12):2138-48. doi: 10.1086/430323. Epub 2005 May 10. PMID: 15898001.

***Acknowledgement: Financial support: Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Potential conflicts of interest: K.J.T. is cofounder of Critical Therapeutics Inc., a pharmaceutical company developing potential future treatment modalities based on the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.

='''Sleep Apnea'''=

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*When chronically taken, nicotine may result in: protection against sleep apnea (other diseases / issues mentioned in study)

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x PDF Version]

*Citation: Jarvik ME. Beneficial effects of nicotine. Br J Addict. 1991 May;86(5):571-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x. PMID: 1859921.

**Citation: Jarvik ME. Beneficial effects of nicotine. Br J Addict. 1991 May;86(5):571-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x. PMID: 1859921.

*Acknowledgement: Supported by U. C. Tobacco-related Disease program, grant # RT87 and a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.

***Acknowledgement: Supported by U. C. Tobacco-related Disease program, grant # RT87 and a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.

===1985: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3965253/ Nicotine: a different approach to treatment of obstructive sleep apnea]===

*Reduced upper airway muscle activity may contribute to the occurrence of obstructive apneas during sleep. There is no uniformly successful treatment of these apneas, and it is possible that agents which increase upper airway muscle activity could reduce the occurrence of obstruction during sleep. Nicotine, a known stimulant of breathing, also increases the activity of muscles which dilate the upper airway proportionally more than it does ventilation. Hence, we evaluated the effect of nicotine on apneas during the first two hours of sleep in eight patients with sleep apnea syndrome. It was concluded that nicotine reduces apneas during the early hours of sleep, and this effect may be caused by its stimulating action on upper airway muscles.

*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1378/chest.87.1.11 PDF Version]

*Citation: Gothe B, Strohl KP, Levin S, Cherniack NS. Nicotine: a different approach to treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Chest. 1985 Jan;87(1):11-7. doi: 10.1378/chest.87.1.11. PMID: 3965253.

**Citation: Gothe B, Strohl KP, Levin S, Cherniack NS. Nicotine: a different approach to treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Chest. 1985 Jan;87(1):11-7. doi: 10.1378/chest.87.1.11. PMID: 3965253.

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@@ Line 1,163: / Line 1,163: @@
 **Citation: Willoughby, J.O., Pope, K.J. and Eaton, V. (2003), Nicotine as an Antiepileptic Agent in ADNFLE: An N‐of‐One Study. Epilepsia, 44: 1238-1240. doi: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2003.58102.x-i1
 <br>
+='''Septic Peritonitis'''=
+===2005 [https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/191/12/2138/842542 The Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway Regulates the Host Response during Septic Peritonitis]===
+*Animal Study
+*"Initial cytokine release during septic peritonitis was enhanced after previous vagotomy and was decreased after nicotine pretreatment, independently of the integrity of the vagus nerve. Further study established that vagotomy before septic peritonitis resulted in an enhanced influx of neutrophils and a marked increase in proinflammatory cytokine levels and liver damage. Conversely, nicotine pretreatment strongly decreased cell influx, proinflammatory cytokine levels, and liver damage, whereas bacterial clearance and survival were impaired."
+**Citation: van Westerloo DJ, Giebelen IA, Florquin S, Daalhuisen J, Bruno MJ, de Vos AF, Tracey KJ, van der Poll T. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway regulates the host response during septic peritonitis. J Infect Dis. 2005 Jun 15;191(12):2138-48. doi: 10.1086/430323. Epub 2005 May 10. PMID: 15898001.
+***Acknowledgement: Financial support: Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Potential conflicts of interest: K.J.T. is cofounder of Critical Therapeutics Inc., a pharmaceutical company developing potential future treatment modalities based on the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.
 ='''Sleep Apnea'''=
@@ Line 1,168: / Line 1,175: @@
 *When chronically taken, nicotine may result in: protection against sleep apnea (other diseases / issues mentioned in study)
 *[https://sci-hub.st/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x PDF Version]
-*Citation: Jarvik ME. Beneficial effects of nicotine. Br J Addict. 1991 May;86(5):571-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x. PMID: 1859921.
+**Citation: Jarvik ME. Beneficial effects of nicotine. Br J Addict. 1991 May;86(5):571-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x. PMID: 1859921.
-*Acknowledgement: Supported by U. C. Tobacco-related Disease program, grant # RT87 and a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.
+***Acknowledgement: Supported by U. C. Tobacco-related Disease program, grant # RT87 and a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.
 ===1985: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3965253/ Nicotine: a different approach to treatment of obstructive sleep apnea]===
 *Reduced upper airway muscle activity may contribute to the occurrence of obstructive apneas during sleep. There is no uniformly successful treatment of these apneas, and it is possible that agents which increase upper airway muscle activity could reduce the occurrence of obstruction during sleep. Nicotine, a known stimulant of breathing, also increases the activity of muscles which dilate the upper airway proportionally more than it does ventilation. Hence, we evaluated the effect of nicotine on apneas during the first two hours of sleep in eight patients with sleep apnea syndrome. It was concluded that nicotine reduces apneas during the early hours of sleep, and this effect may be caused by its stimulating action on upper airway muscles.
 *[https://sci-hub.se/10.1378/chest.87.1.11 PDF Version]
-*Citation: Gothe B, Strohl KP, Levin S, Cherniack NS. Nicotine: a different approach to treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Chest. 1985 Jan;87(1):11-7. doi: 10.1378/chest.87.1.11. PMID: 3965253.
+**Citation: Gothe B, Strohl KP, Levin S, Cherniack NS. Nicotine: a different approach to treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Chest. 1985 Jan;87(1):11-7. doi: 10.1378/chest.87.1.11. PMID: 3965253.
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