Myth: Vaping causes Popcorn Lung: Difference between revisions

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=Why are some experts claiming vaping causes Popcorn Lung?=
=Why are some experts claiming vaping causes Popcorn Lung?=
In 2015 the paper "[https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.1510185 Flavoring Chemicals in E-Cigarettes: Diacetyl, 2,3-Pentanedione, and Acetoin in a Sample of 51 Products, Including Fruit-, Candy-, and Cocktail-Flavored E-Cigarettes]" was published. The authors found Diacetyl in some of the e-liquids they tested. They concluded, "Our findings confirm the presence of diacetyl and other flavoring chemicals in flavored e-cigarettes. Because of the associations between diacetyl and bronchiolitis obliterans and other severe respiratory diseases among workers inhaling heated vapors containing diacetyl, urgent action is recommended to further evaluate the extent of this new exposure to diacetyl and related flavoring compounds in e-cigarettes." (The vapors that workers inhaled were not vapor from an e-cigarette.) [https://twitter.com/j_g_allen/status/1751230489615126963 Twitter thread about study]  
In 2015 the paper "[https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.1510185 Flavoring Chemicals in E-Cigarettes: Diacetyl, 2,3-Pentanedione, and Acetoin in a Sample of 51 Products, Including Fruit-, Candy-, and Cocktail-Flavored E-Cigarettes"] was published. The authors found Diacetyl in some of the e-liquids they tested. They concluded, "Our findings confirm the presence of diacetyl and other flavoring chemicals in flavored e-cigarettes. Because of the associations between diacetyl and bronchiolitis obliterans and other severe respiratory diseases among workers inhaling heated vapors containing diacetyl, urgent action is recommended to further evaluate the extent of this new exposure to diacetyl and related flavoring compounds in e-cigarettes." (The vapors that workers inhaled were not vapor from an e-cigarette.) [https://twitter.com/j_g_allen/status/1751230489615126963 Twitter thread about study]  


Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health issued a press release about the study, "[https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/e-cigarette-flavoring-chemicals-linked-to-respiratory-disease/ Chemicals linked with severe respiratory disease found in common e-cigarette flavors]" (Link saved on [https://web.archive.org/web/20151212202826/https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/e-cigarette-flavoring-chemicals-linked-to-respiratory-disease/ Wayback Machine]). While the safety of e-cigarettes does need to be monitored, the study and the press release did not compare the levels of the chemicals found to what is inhaled from smoking a combustible cigarette. Neither the paper nor the press release said people will get Popcorn Lung from vaping. They just raised concern about the possibility.
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health issued a press release about the study, "[https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/e-cigarette-flavoring-chemicals-linked-to-respiratory-disease/ Chemicals linked with severe respiratory disease found in common e-cigarette flavors"](Link saved on [https://web.archive.org/web/20151212202826/https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/e-cigarette-flavoring-chemicals-linked-to-respiratory-disease/ Wayback Machine.)]While the safety of e-cigarettes does need to be monitored, the study and the press release did not compare the levels of the chemicals found to what is inhaled from smoking a combustible cigarette. Neither the paper nor the press release said people will get Popcorn Lung from vaping. They just raised concern about the possibility.


While Dr. Farsalinos is strongly opposed to the use of Diacetyl in e-liquids, he is [http://www.ecigarette-research.org/research/index.php/whats-new/whatsnew-2015/236-da2 concerned] about the study because "the article is creating false impressions and exaggerates the potential risk from diacetyl and acetyl propionyl exposure through e-cigarettes. They failed to mention that these chemicals are present in tobacco cigarette smoke and violated a classical toxicological principle that the amount determines the toxicity and the risk."
While Dr. Farsalinos is strongly opposed to the use of Diacetyl in e-liquids, he is [http://www.ecigarette-research.org/research/index.php/whats-new/whatsnew-2015/236-da2 concerned]about the study because "the article is creating false impressions and exaggerates the potential risk from diacetyl and acetyl propionyl exposure through e-cigarettes. They failed to mention that these chemicals are present in tobacco cigarette smoke and violated a classical toxicological principle that the amount determines the toxicity and the risk."


Dr. Brad Rodu has concerns about the methods used in this study and said in his [https://rodutobaccotruth.blogspot.com/2015/12/is-harvard-e-cigarette-buttery-flavor.html blog], "As I advised previously, vapers should only use liquids that are certified to be free of buttery flavors that are suspected respiratory toxicants.  However, laboratory investigations of e-cigarettes should use validated methods to assure credibility. The results of the Harvard Buttery Flavor Study do not meet this standard."
Dr. Brad Rodu has concerns about the methods used in this study and said in his [https://rodutobaccotruth.blogspot.com/2015/12/is-harvard-e-cigarette-buttery-flavor.html blog,]"As I advised previously, vapers should only use liquids that are certified to be free of buttery flavors that are suspected respiratory toxicants.  However, laboratory investigations of e-cigarettes should use validated methods to assure credibility. The results of the Harvard Buttery Flavor Study do not meet this standard."


Science writer Carrie Arnold [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892907/ commented] on this study and said, "This study did not assess levels of diacetyl, 2,3-pentanedione, and acetoin in actual users, much less health effects. So it’s premature to assume that exposure to these chemicals via e-cigarettes causes health problems."
Science writer Carrie Arnold [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892907/ commented]on this study and said, "This study did not assess levels of diacetyl, 2,3-pentanedione, and acetoin in actual users, much less health effects. So it’s premature to assume that exposure to these chemicals via e-cigarettes causes health problems."


The study and [https://www.vox.com/2015/12/9/9880926/e-cigarettes-popcorn-lung-harms alarm] over the [https://time.com/4139335/e-cigarettes-chemicals-diacetyl/ potential] danger of vaping made [https://tobaccoanalysis.blogspot.com/2015/12/new-study-finds-that-average-diacetyl.html headlines] across the US and [https://healingoracle.ch/2017/04/03/confirmed-e-cigarettes-cause-a-horrible-incurable-disease-called-popcorn-lung-worse-than-lung-cancer/ globally.] Most of the articles failed to mention there are [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892705/ more] of these chemicals in [https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/53/2/1801151 combustible cigarettes], and there are no [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/684963/Evidence_review_of_e-cigarettes_and_heated_tobacco_products_2018.pdf documented] cases of Popcorn Lung being caused by [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892932/ smoking] or [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5693960/ vaping].  
The study and [https://www.vox.com/2015/12/9/9880926/e-cigarettes-popcorn-lung-harms alarm]over the [https://time.com/4139335/e-cigarettes-chemicals-diacetyl/ potential]danger of vaping made [https://tobaccoanalysis.blogspot.com/2015/12/new-study-finds-that-average-diacetyl.html headlines]across the US and [https://healingoracle.ch/2017/04/03/confirmed-e-cigarettes-cause-a-horrible-incurable-disease-called-popcorn-lung-worse-than-lung-cancer/ globally.]Most of the articles failed to mention there are [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892705/ more]of these chemicals in [https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/53/2/1801151 combustible cigarettes,]and there are no [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/684963/Evidence_review_of_e-cigarettes_and_heated_tobacco_products_2018.pdf documented]cases of Popcorn Lung being caused by [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892932/ smoking]or [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5693960/ vaping].  


A chemical of concern that might pose potential harm swiftly morphed into known harm, and word began to [https://us.blastingnews.com/opinion/2015/12/new-e-cig-study-reveals-crisis-in-journalism-00691827.html spread] that vaping causes Popcorn Lung, even though there were no documented cases of it actually occurring. A 2015 report published in the [https://www.jsonline.com/story/archives/2019/09/18/diacetyl-popcorn-lung-chemical-e-cigarettes-coffee-roasting-plants/2078765002/ Milwaukee Journal Sentinal] gave a historical run-down of cases of Popcorn Lung in the food industry and questioned why Diacetyl was allowed in e-cigarettes.  
A chemical of concern that might pose potential harm swiftly morphed into known harm, and word began to [https://us.blastingnews.com/opinion/2015/12/new-e-cig-study-reveals-crisis-in-journalism-00691827.html spread]that vaping causes Popcorn Lung, even though there were no documented cases of it actually occurring. A 2015 report published in the [https://www.jsonline.com/story/archives/2019/09/18/diacetyl-popcorn-lung-chemical-e-cigarettes-coffee-roasting-plants/2078765002/ Milwaukee Journal Sentinal]gave a historical run-down of cases of Popcorn Lung in the food industry and questioned why Diacetyl was allowed in e-cigarettes.  


The American Lung Association added [https://web.archive.org/web/20160709232304/http://www.lung.org/about-us/blog/2016/07/popcorn-lung-risk-ecigs.html information] about Popcorn Lung and vaping on their website in 2016.  
The American Lung Association added [https://web.archive.org/web/20160709232304/http://www.lung.org/about-us/blog/2016/07/popcorn-lung-risk-ecigs.html information]about Popcorn Lung and vaping on their website in 2016, leading the public to believe that vaping causes Popcorn lung when there have been no biopsy confirmed cases that can be confirmed to be caused by vaping.  


In 2018, [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/05/14/the-promise-of-vaping-and-the-rise-of-juul Jonathan Winickoff], the former chair of the American Academy of Pediatrics Tobacco Consortium, a pediatrician at Massachusetts General Hospital and a professor at Harvard Medical School, said that he "believes that the vape industry is co-opting the national wellness trend—when, in fact, vaping can cause something called bronchiolitis obliterans, or popcorn lung."
In 2018, [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/05/14/the-promise-of-vaping-and-the-rise-of-juul Jonathan Winickoff,]the former chair of the American Academy of Pediatrics Tobacco Consortium, a pediatrician at Massachusetts General Hospital and a professor at Harvard Medical School, said that he "believes that the vape industry is co-opting the national wellness trend—when, in fact, vaping can cause something called bronchiolitis obliterans, or popcorn lung."


Schools, in an [https://www.theedadvocate.org/teaching-students-about-popcorn-lungs-disease/ attempt] to keep teens safe and discourage them from experimenting with vaping began telling [https://web.archive.org/web/20200806010833/https://www.minnetonkabreezes.com/sports/2019/12/20/popcorn-lung/ students] they could get Popcorn Lung from vaping.
Schools, in an [https://www.theedadvocate.org/teaching-students-about-popcorn-lungs-disease/ attempt]to keep teens safe and discourage them from experimenting with vaping began telling [https://web.archive.org/web/20200806010833/https://www.minnetonkabreezes.com/sports/2019/12/20/popcorn-lung/ students]they could get Popcorn Lung from vaping.


Misperceptions about the risk of getting Popcorn Lung from vaping can lead some people who smoke to [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871623000443 avoid] trying this safer alternative to help them quit smoking. A point that was made by Jennifer Pierce, Anders Abelmann, and Brent Finley in their [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892932/ commentary] about the 2015 flavoring study.
Misperceptions about the risk of getting Popcorn Lung from vaping can lead some people who smoke to [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871623000443 avoid]trying this safer alternative to help them quit smoking. A point that was made by Jennifer Pierce, Anders Abelmann, and Brent Finley in their [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892932/ commentary]about the 2015 flavoring study.


=What actions were taken to protect consumers after the study was released?=
=What actions were taken to protect consumers after the study was released?=

Revision as of 05:33, 4 May 2025



What is Popcorn Lung?

The technical term for this illness is Bronchiolitis obliterans. It can be referred to as obliterative bronchiolitis or bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. It has also been called “Silo-fillers Lung” due to people becoming ill after breathing the gasses from sillage.

Bronchiolitis obliterans is a rare lung condition that affects the small airways, blocking air movement by causing constriction and scarring.

Most patients with Bronchiolitis obliterans are treated with medications and therapy by a multidisciplinary team. Those patients will experience a poor quality of life, and the majority of them will die prematurely from respiratory failure.

What causes Popcorn Lung / Bronchiolitis Obliterans?

Bronchiolitis obliterans is rare. It was first mentioned in 1835, and it was not until 1901 that it was mentioned again in medical writings. At that time, inhalation of toxic fumes or foreign bodies and respiratory infections were attributed to causing Bronchiolitis obliterans.

Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome afflicts about 50% of lung transplant patients within five years and 2% - 6% of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients. Some patients with autoimmune diseases are prone to it, too.

Bronchiolitis obliterans can occur after chemical agent exposure, which has been an occupational hazard in agriculture and manufacturing. It has affected workers who make microwave popcorn, coffee, flavorings, etc. It has been found in employees of textile and other industries. Veterans exposed to gasses and burn pits, along with people exposed to the dust and fumes from the collapse of the World Trade Center, have also experienced bronchiolitis obliterans. Some viral infections can cause bronchiolitis obliterans.

If it has a scientific name, why is it called Popcorn Lung?

From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: "In 2000, a physician reported that eight former microwave-popcorn factory workers had developed a rare and disabling lung disease, bronchiolitis obliterans. Four of the eight workers were ill and put on lung transplant waiting lists. After investigating numerous possible sources, researchers ultimately determined the cause of lung damage: a vapor from butter flavoring added to the popcorn."

Diacetyl is the chemical that gave the microwave popcorn its buttery flavor.

How is bronchiolitis obliterans (Popcorn Lung) diagnosed?

"If you have some of the symptoms of bronchiolitis obliterans, your doctor might recommend a computerized tomography (CT) scan of your chest. Several X-rays are taken from different angles and are put together to make a more complete picture. They'll probably also want to test how well your lungs are working.

A chest X-ray might tell your doctor if your lungs are holding in too much air, but the best way to confirm you have bronchiolitis obliterans is to have a biopsy. This is most often done with surgery." (Source: WebMD) (Emphasis added)

Is Popcorn Lung the same thing as EVALI?

The two diseases are often conflated but are not the same.

While a variety of things can cause bronchiolitis obliterans (Popcorn Lung), it has been determined that E-cigarette, or Vaping, product use-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI) can be attributed to the addition of Vitamin Eto make unregulated vape cartridges containing tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) from marijuana look thick and of higher quality. The additive was used for a brief period of time in 2019-2020. These thickeners were pulled from the market by their manufacturers as news of the EVALI outbreak spread.

Nicotine vapor products did not cause EVALI. Leading experts requested the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) change the name of EVALI to help consumers better understand the difference between vaping THC and nicotine. The CDC declined to make that change.

Why are some experts claiming vaping causes Popcorn Lung?

In 2015 the paper "Flavoring Chemicals in E-Cigarettes: Diacetyl, 2,3-Pentanedione, and Acetoin in a Sample of 51 Products, Including Fruit-, Candy-, and Cocktail-Flavored E-Cigarettes" was published. The authors found Diacetyl in some of the e-liquids they tested. They concluded, "Our findings confirm the presence of diacetyl and other flavoring chemicals in flavored e-cigarettes. Because of the associations between diacetyl and bronchiolitis obliterans and other severe respiratory diseases among workers inhaling heated vapors containing diacetyl, urgent action is recommended to further evaluate the extent of this new exposure to diacetyl and related flavoring compounds in e-cigarettes." (The vapors that workers inhaled were not vapor from an e-cigarette.) Twitter thread about study

Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health issued a press release about the study, "Chemicals linked with severe respiratory disease found in common e-cigarette flavors"(Link saved on Wayback Machine.)While the safety of e-cigarettes does need to be monitored, the study and the press release did not compare the levels of the chemicals found to what is inhaled from smoking a combustible cigarette. Neither the paper nor the press release said people will get Popcorn Lung from vaping. They just raised concern about the possibility.

While Dr. Farsalinos is strongly opposed to the use of Diacetyl in e-liquids, he is concernedabout the study because "the article is creating false impressions and exaggerates the potential risk from diacetyl and acetyl propionyl exposure through e-cigarettes. They failed to mention that these chemicals are present in tobacco cigarette smoke and violated a classical toxicological principle that the amount determines the toxicity and the risk."

Dr. Brad Rodu has concerns about the methods used in this study and said in his blog,"As I advised previously, vapers should only use liquids that are certified to be free of buttery flavors that are suspected respiratory toxicants. However, laboratory investigations of e-cigarettes should use validated methods to assure credibility. The results of the Harvard Buttery Flavor Study do not meet this standard."

Science writer Carrie Arnold commentedon this study and said, "This study did not assess levels of diacetyl, 2,3-pentanedione, and acetoin in actual users, much less health effects. So it’s premature to assume that exposure to these chemicals via e-cigarettes causes health problems."

The study and alarmover the potentialdanger of vaping made headlinesacross the US and globally.Most of the articles failed to mention there are moreof these chemicals in combustible cigarettes,and there are no documentedcases of Popcorn Lung being caused by smokingor vaping.

A chemical of concern that might pose potential harm swiftly morphed into known harm, and word began to spreadthat vaping causes Popcorn Lung, even though there were no documented cases of it actually occurring. A 2015 report published in the Milwaukee Journal Sentinalgave a historical run-down of cases of Popcorn Lung in the food industry and questioned why Diacetyl was allowed in e-cigarettes.

The American Lung Association added informationabout Popcorn Lung and vaping on their website in 2016, leading the public to believe that vaping causes Popcorn lung when there have been no biopsy confirmed cases that can be confirmed to be caused by vaping.

In 2018, Jonathan Winickoff,the former chair of the American Academy of Pediatrics Tobacco Consortium, a pediatrician at Massachusetts General Hospital and a professor at Harvard Medical School, said that he "believes that the vape industry is co-opting the national wellness trend—when, in fact, vaping can cause something called bronchiolitis obliterans, or popcorn lung."

Schools, in an attemptto keep teens safe and discourage them from experimenting with vaping began telling studentsthey could get Popcorn Lung from vaping.

Misperceptions about the risk of getting Popcorn Lung from vaping can lead some people who smoke to avoidtrying this safer alternative to help them quit smoking. A point that was made by Jennifer Pierce, Anders Abelmann, and Brent Finley in their commentaryabout the 2015 flavoring study.

What actions were taken to protect consumers after the study was released?

  • Many e-liquid manufacturers switched to Diacetyl-free ingredients.
  • Most flavor manufacturers reformulated their flavoring to Diacetyl-free formulas.
  • As a further precaution to avoid the potential for there to be an issue in the future, some countries have banned the use of Daicetyl in e-liquids. Examples include Australia,Northern Ireland, Great Britain, and member states of the EU Tobacco Products Directive (TPD).
  • A study published in 2021 found "that the mean number of chemicals detected per product has in fact changed over the years; products collected in 2017 and 2018 appear to have a significantly higher number of chemical compounds when compared to those collected in 2019. This trend is observed regardless of flavour category analyzed. Of the 825 samples tested "diacetyl was detected in two vaping liquids acquired prior to 2018, 2,3 pentanedione was not detected in any vaping liquids analyzed in the Open Characterization dataset." No Diacetyl was found in the liquids acquired after 2018.

Where can I get reliable information on vaping and Popcorn Lung?

Are there any articles, videos, or Op-Eds pointing out the misinformation surrounding this myth?

Who has corrected or deleted their incorrect information on Popcorn Lung?

2015

2023

  • In December 2023, Harvard Health tweeted about Popcorn Lung. After a Community Note was post to it, Harvard deleted the tweet.



2024

  • Sometime between December 7 and 18, 2024, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health - Removed this Press Release from their website: Chemicals linked with severe respiratory disease found in common e-cigarette flavors. (Link saved on Wayback Machine.)

2025

  • In April 2025 Raidió Teilifís Éireann, Ireland's National Public Service Media, Tweeted (see screenshot) about popcorn lung and put the information on their website. On May 2, 2025, they deleted the tweet and removed the website page after receiving three community notes. (see archived link to website page)



Who's information can lead people to believe that vaping causes Popcorn Lung?

Some of these websites don't specifically say that people who vape get Popcorn Lung. They mention diacetyl is in e-cigarettes and that diacetyl can cause popcorn lung. Their failure lies in neglecting to point out that popcorn lung is rare, there is more diacetyl in combustible cigarettes than vapor products, and there are no documented cases of popcorn lung that can be directly attributed to smoking or vaping that has been medically verified.

Cites Harvard researcher's study or press release as source

Cites American Lung Association as source

Cites Johns Hopkins as the source (Johns Hopkins doesn't cite their source)

Cites sources other than Harvard or American Lung Association

No Citation of source

(To Do List - SAVE all links on Wayback)

Studies Comparing Diacetyl in Combustible Cigarettes and Vapor Products

2014 - Evaluation of Electronic Cigarette Liquids and Aerosol for the Presence of Selected Inhalation Toxins

  • "As mentioned previously, the median daily levels of DA and AP exposure from EC use were estimated to be 56 μg and 91 μg respectively, which are 100 and 10 times lower compared to smoking (Mann-Whitney p < .001 for DA and p = .020 for AP)."

Addendum

We are not health care practitioners. The information here is not meant to be medical advice. Due to overwhelming amounts of misinformation about nicotine, it is difficult to get accurate medical advice. The best thing you can do is not vape or smoke. Clean (unpolluted) air is the best thing for your lungs. If you wish to inhale nicotine, current evidence shows that while not "safe," vaping is safer than smoking and can help some people stop smoking.

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