Copd: Difference between revisions

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==Studies with comments or retracted studies==

===2022: Comments RE: [https://pubpeer.com/publications/075B90E6B4FEB1AF3BB188690C317F Association Between E-Cigarette Use and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease by Smoking Status: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2016 and 2017]===

*"The study by Osei et al. is deficient and unreliable, because it used the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, which contains no information about when participants started to smoke or vape, or when they were diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)." (Rodu)

*Referring to: Osei, A. D., Mirbolouk, M., Orimoloye, O. A., Dzaye, O., Uddin, S. M. I., Benjamin, E. J., Hall, M.E., DeFilippis, A.P., Bhatnagar, A., Biswal, S.S., Blaha, M. J. (2020). Association Between E-Cigarette Use and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease by Smoking Status: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2016 and 2017. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. [https://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(19)30479-9/fulltext https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.10.014]

===2022: Comments RE: [https://pubpeer.com/publications/8993443E1BA20DF0D8F4E1F51DFB79 Tests for confounding with cigarette smoking in the association of E-cigarette use with respiratory disorder: 2020 National-Sample Data]===

*"The study by Wills et al. is deficient and unreliable, because it used the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, which contains no information about when participants started to smoke or vape, or when they were diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)." (Rodu)

*Referring to: Wills TA, Choi K, Pokhrel P, Pagano I. Tests for confounding with cigarette smoking in the association of E-cigarette use with respiratory disorder: 2020 National-Sample Data. Prev Med. 2022 Aug;161:107137. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0091743522001864 doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107137]. Epub 2022 Jul 9. PMID: 35820496; PMCID: PMC9328844.

===2020: Comments RE: [https://pubpeer.com/publications/EF05B531214379DD314797A20F2D9D Are Electronic Cigarette Users at Risk for Lipid-mediated Lung Injury?]===

*"The problem is that vegetable glycerin (glycerol) is not a lipid it is an alcohol. It cannot cause the lipoid pneumonia symptoms mentioned." (Bates)

*"Endogenous lipoid pneumonia from VG (or PG) inhalation is a speculation and implausible...The experience in the US over the past several months clearly shows that the culprit for the acute lung intoxication cases are black market THC oils which were sold as THC oils, not e-cigarette products." (Farsalinos)

*"visual assessment of lung HRCT scans showed no pathological findings in people vaping daily for more than 3.5 years. In particular, no CT features compatible with early signs of COPD (i.e. parenchymal micronodules, ground-glass opacity, or macroscopic emphysema) or lipoid pneumonia or popcorn lung disease were present." (Polosa)

*Referring to: Eissenberg T, Maziak W. Are Electronic Cigarette Users at Risk for Lipid-mediated Lung Injury? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020 Apr 15;201(8):1012-1013. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31917600/ doi: 10.1164/rccm.201910-2082LE]. PMID: 31917600; PMCID: PMC7159422.

===2019-2020: Comments RE: [https://pubpeer.com/publications/7571819CEB7A2BC425BE3D7061410D Association of E-Cigarette Use With Respiratory Disease Among Adults: A Longitudinal Analysis]===

*Multiple Comments:

**"One of the essential criteria of causal inference is that exposure to the cause precedes disease onset. Three of the diseases Glantz studies — COPD, chronic bronchitis and emphysema — take decades to become clinically apparent and would have been present, even though undiagnosed, in many of his cases long before his study began in 2014, and indeed even before e-cigarettes first became available in the US in about 2007. His findings are also flawed by the fact that most vapers have smoked, and since smoking is a strong cause of chronic lung disease, vapers inevitably carry an increased risk of lung disease long after quitting smoking. Glantz claims to have allowed for this statistically but his approach is simplistic: he lacks the detail of lifetime duration and intensity of smoking required. On these grounds alone his conclusion is specious." (Britton)

**"Donald Kenkel and colleagues at Cornell University conducted a replication of the analysis using econometric techniques...When we use a more flexible empirical specification, among respondents who had never smoked combustible tobacco, we find no evidence that current or former e-cigarette use is associated with respiratory disease. The statistical associations between e-cigarette use and respiratory disease are driven by e-cigarette users who are also current or former smokers of combustible tobacco. A striking feature of the data is that almost all e-cigarette users were either current or former smokers of combustible tobacco." (Bates)

*Referring to: Bhatta DN, Glantz SA. Association of E-Cigarette Use With Respiratory Disease Among Adults: A Longitudinal Analysis. Am J Prev Med. 2020 Feb;58(2):182-190. [https://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(19)30391-5/fulltext doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.07.028]. Epub 2019 Dec 16. PMID: 31859175; PMCID: PMC6981012.

===2017: Comments RE: [https://pubpeer.com/publications/41F6EA57D0803EEE9DF65162DF0097 Electronic Cigarette Use in US Adults at Risk for or with COPD: Analysis from Two Observational Cohorts]===

*"It is literally true that they "find no evidence...", but that is because this study is completely ill-suited to drawing any policy conclusions about e-cigarettes and COPD. Despite hinting at the limitations of cross-sectional data, the authors draw a negative-sounding conclusion without addressing the key question of how respiratory health changes for a given smoker who uses e-cigarettes to quit or cut down once they are ill from smoking or as a way of preventing COPD." (Bates)

*Referring to: Bowler RP, Hansel NN, Jacobson S, Graham Barr R, Make BJ, Han MK, O'Neal WK, Oelsner EC, Casaburi R, Barjaktarevic I, Cooper C, Foreman M, Wise RA, DeMeo DL, Silverman EK, Bailey W, Harrington KF, Woodruff PG, Drummond MB; for COPDGene and SPIROMICS Investigators. Electronic Cigarette Use in US Adults at Risk for or with COPD: Analysis from Two Observational Cohorts. J Gen Intern Med. 2017 Dec;32(12):1315-1322. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28884423/ doi: 10.1007/s11606-017-4150-7]. Epub 2017 Sep 7. PMID: 28884423; PMCID: PMC5698219.

===2016: Comments RE: [https://pubpeer.com/publications/566A631490E2222E1E6DE4F44B6989 Chronic electronic cigarette exposure in mice induces features of COPD in a nicotine-dependent manner]===

*"The mice were severely overdosed with nicotine, up to the lethal levels for mice, and a huge amount above what any human vaper would get...Regarding the relevance to human health, nicotine poisoning poses normally no risk to vapers or smokers because if nicotine concentrations start to rise above their usual moderate levels, there is an advance warning in the form of nausea which makes people stop nicotine intake long before any dangerous levels can accrue. (Mice in these types of experiments do not have that option)." (Hajek)

*Referring to: Garcia-Arcos I, Geraghty P, Baumlin N, Campos M, Dabo AJ, Jundi B, Cummins N, Eden E, Grosche A, Salathe M, Foronjy R. Chronic electronic cigarette exposure in mice induces features of COPD in a nicotine-dependent manner. Thorax. 2016 Dec;71(12):1119-1129. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27558745/ doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-208039]. Epub 2016 Aug 24. PMID: 27558745; PMCID: PMC5136722.

=External Links=

@@ Line 105: / Line 105: @@
 ==Studies with comments or retracted studies==
+===2022: Comments RE: [https://pubpeer.com/publications/075B90E6B4FEB1AF3BB188690C317F Association Between E-Cigarette Use and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease by Smoking Status: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2016 and 2017]===
+*"The study by Osei et al. is deficient and unreliable, because it used the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, which contains no information about when participants started to smoke or vape, or when they were diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)." (Rodu)
+*Referring to: Osei, A. D., Mirbolouk, M., Orimoloye, O. A., Dzaye, O., Uddin, S. M. I., Benjamin, E. J., Hall, M.E., DeFilippis, A.P., Bhatnagar, A., Biswal, S.S., Blaha, M. J. (2020). Association Between E-Cigarette Use and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease by Smoking Status: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2016 and 2017. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. [https://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(19)30479-9/fulltext https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.10.014]
+===2022: Comments RE: [https://pubpeer.com/publications/8993443E1BA20DF0D8F4E1F51DFB79 Tests for confounding with cigarette smoking in the association of E-cigarette use with respiratory disorder: 2020 National-Sample Data]===
+*"The study by Wills et al. is deficient and unreliable, because it used the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, which contains no information about when participants started to smoke or vape, or when they were diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)." (Rodu)
+*Referring to: Wills TA, Choi K, Pokhrel P, Pagano I. Tests for confounding with cigarette smoking in the association of E-cigarette use with respiratory disorder: 2020 National-Sample Data. Prev Med. 2022 Aug;161:107137. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0091743522001864 doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107137]. Epub 2022 Jul 9. PMID: 35820496; PMCID: PMC9328844.
+===2020: Comments RE: [https://pubpeer.com/publications/EF05B531214379DD314797A20F2D9D Are Electronic Cigarette Users at Risk for Lipid-mediated Lung Injury?]===
+*"The problem is that vegetable glycerin (glycerol) is not a lipid it is an alcohol. It cannot cause the lipoid pneumonia symptoms mentioned." (Bates)
+*"Endogenous lipoid pneumonia from VG (or PG) inhalation is a speculation and implausible...The experience in the US over the past several months clearly shows that the culprit for the acute lung intoxication cases are black market THC oils which were sold as THC oils, not e-cigarette products." (Farsalinos)
+*"visual assessment of lung HRCT scans showed no pathological findings in people vaping daily for more than 3.5 years. In particular, no CT features compatible with early signs of COPD (i.e. parenchymal micronodules, ground-glass opacity, or macroscopic emphysema) or lipoid pneumonia or popcorn lung disease were present." (Polosa)
+*Referring to: Eissenberg T, Maziak W. Are Electronic Cigarette Users at Risk for Lipid-mediated Lung Injury? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020 Apr 15;201(8):1012-1013. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31917600/ doi: 10.1164/rccm.201910-2082LE]. PMID: 31917600; PMCID: PMC7159422.
+===2019-2020: Comments RE: [https://pubpeer.com/publications/7571819CEB7A2BC425BE3D7061410D Association of E-Cigarette Use With Respiratory Disease Among Adults: A Longitudinal Analysis]===
+*Multiple Comments:
+**"One of the essential criteria of causal inference is that exposure to the cause precedes disease onset. Three of the diseases Glantz studies — COPD, chronic bronchitis and emphysema — take decades to become clinically apparent and would have been present, even though undiagnosed, in many of his cases long before his study began in 2014, and indeed even before e-cigarettes first became available in the US in about 2007. His findings are also flawed by the fact that most vapers have smoked, and since smoking is a strong cause of chronic lung disease, vapers inevitably carry an increased risk of lung disease long after quitting smoking. Glantz claims to have allowed for this statistically but his approach is simplistic: he lacks the detail of lifetime duration and intensity of smoking required. On these grounds alone his conclusion is specious." (Britton)
+**"Donald Kenkel and colleagues at Cornell University conducted a replication of the analysis using econometric techniques...When we use a more flexible empirical specification, among respondents who had never smoked combustible tobacco, we find no evidence that current or former e-cigarette use is associated with respiratory disease. The statistical associations between e-cigarette use and respiratory disease are driven by e-cigarette users who are also current or former smokers of combustible tobacco. A striking feature of the data is that almost all e-cigarette users were either current or former smokers of combustible tobacco." (Bates)
+*Referring to: Bhatta DN, Glantz SA. Association of E-Cigarette Use With Respiratory Disease Among Adults: A Longitudinal Analysis. Am J Prev Med. 2020 Feb;58(2):182-190. [https://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(19)30391-5/fulltext doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.07.028]. Epub 2019 Dec 16. PMID: 31859175; PMCID: PMC6981012.
+===2017: Comments RE: [https://pubpeer.com/publications/41F6EA57D0803EEE9DF65162DF0097 Electronic Cigarette Use in US Adults at Risk for or with COPD: Analysis from Two Observational Cohorts]===
+*"It is literally true that they "find no evidence...", but that is because this study is completely ill-suited to drawing any policy conclusions about e-cigarettes and COPD. Despite hinting at the limitations of cross-sectional data, the authors draw a negative-sounding conclusion without addressing the key question of how respiratory health changes for a given smoker who uses e-cigarettes to quit or cut down once they are ill from smoking or as a way of preventing COPD." (Bates)
+*Referring to: Bowler RP, Hansel NN, Jacobson S, Graham Barr R, Make BJ, Han MK, O'Neal WK, Oelsner EC, Casaburi R, Barjaktarevic I, Cooper C, Foreman M, Wise RA, DeMeo DL, Silverman EK, Bailey W, Harrington KF, Woodruff PG, Drummond MB; for COPDGene and SPIROMICS Investigators. Electronic Cigarette Use in US Adults at Risk for or with COPD: Analysis from Two Observational Cohorts. J Gen Intern Med. 2017 Dec;32(12):1315-1322. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28884423/ doi: 10.1007/s11606-017-4150-7]. Epub 2017 Sep 7. PMID: 28884423; PMCID: PMC5698219.
+===2016: Comments RE: [https://pubpeer.com/publications/566A631490E2222E1E6DE4F44B6989 Chronic electronic cigarette exposure in mice induces features of COPD in a nicotine-dependent manner]===
+*"The mice were severely overdosed with nicotine, up to the lethal levels for mice, and a huge amount above what any human vaper would get...Regarding the relevance to human health, nicotine poisoning poses normally no risk to vapers or smokers because if nicotine concentrations start to rise above their usual moderate levels, there is an advance warning in the form of nausea which makes people stop nicotine intake long before any dangerous levels can accrue. (Mice in these types of experiments do not have that option)." (Hajek)
+*Referring to: Garcia-Arcos I, Geraghty P, Baumlin N, Campos M, Dabo AJ, Jundi B, Cummins N, Eden E, Grosche A, Salathe M, Foronjy R. Chronic electronic cigarette exposure in mice induces features of COPD in a nicotine-dependent manner. Thorax. 2016 Dec;71(12):1119-1129. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27558745/ doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-208039]. Epub 2016 Aug 24. PMID: 27558745; PMCID: PMC5136722.
 =External Links=