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*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s11739-019-02247-5 PDF Version] | *[https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s11739-019-02247-5 PDF Version] | ||
===2016: [https:// | ===2016: [https://www.discoverymedicine.com/Riccardo-Polosa/2016/02/persisting-long-term-benefits-of-smoking-abstinence-and-reduction-in-asthmatic-smokers-who-have-switched-to-electronic-cigarettes/ Persisting long term benefits of smoking abstinence and reduction in asthmatic smokers who have switched to electronic cigarettes]=== | ||
*This prospective study confirms that EC use ameliorates objective and subjective asthma outcomes and shows that these beneficial effects may persist in the long term. EC use can reverse harm from tobacco smoking in asthma patients who smoke. The evidence-based notion that substitution of conventional cigarettes with EC is unlikely to raise significant respiratory concerns, can improve counseling between physicians and their asthmatic patients who are using or intend to use ECs. | *This prospective study confirms that EC use ameliorates objective and subjective asthma outcomes and shows that these beneficial effects may persist in the long term. EC use can reverse harm from tobacco smoking in asthma patients who smoke. The evidence-based notion that substitution of conventional cigarettes with EC is unlikely to raise significant respiratory concerns, can improve counseling between physicians and their asthmatic patients who are using or intend to use ECs. | ||
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*Even if they should not be considered as risk-free products, however, HTPs and ECs lead to an appreciable risk reduction in comparison to cigarettes, both for cancer and non-cancer diseases. According to the current knowledge, and more specifically to the data presented here, HTPs and ECs might be considered as an acceptable reduced risk substitute for cigarettes for legal-age smokers who would otherwise continue smoking cigarettes. | *Even if they should not be considered as risk-free products, however, HTPs and ECs lead to an appreciable risk reduction in comparison to cigarettes, both for cancer and non-cancer diseases. According to the current knowledge, and more specifically to the data presented here, HTPs and ECs might be considered as an acceptable reduced risk substitute for cigarettes for legal-age smokers who would otherwise continue smoking cigarettes. | ||
*A more pronounced cancer risk reduction was observed when comparing the mean lifetime cancer risk for the considered ECs with that for cigarette smoke. This reduction was about two orders of magnitude (ratio of 0.009 and 0.014) with 2.42·10–4 and 3.95·10–4 for ECs compared to 2.73·10–2 for cigarettes. In terms of consumers, this would mean that 1 out of 36 cigarette smokers vs. 1 out of 4132 or 1 out of 2531 EC consumers may develop a cancer if the cancer root cause would be only associated with exposure to the considered HPHCs. | *A more pronounced cancer risk reduction was observed when comparing the mean lifetime cancer risk for the considered ECs with that for cigarette smoke. This reduction was about two orders of magnitude (ratio of 0.009 and 0.014) with 2.42·10–4 and 3.95·10–4 for ECs compared to 2.73·10–2 for cigarettes. In terms of consumers, this would mean that 1 out of 36 cigarette smokers vs. 1 out of 4132 or 1 out of 2531 EC consumers may develop a cancer if the cancer root cause would be only associated with exposure to the considered HPHCs. | ||
===2018 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0021850217301155 Measurements of electronic cigarette-generated particles for the evaluation of lung cancer risk of active and passive users]=== | |||
*In this study, we have demonstrated that no clinically relevant, product-related safety findings were observed for smokers of Combustible Cigarettes (CC) switching to an [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|Electronic Vapor Product (EVP)]] for 12 weeks under real-life settings. Adverse Effects (AEs) reported by subjects switching to the EVP occurred primarily within the first week after switching, and only 1.3% of all AEs reported were considered to be almost definitely related to the product. Up to a third of all reported AEs in the EVP group were related to nicotine withdrawal symptoms, which were observed to decrease after the first two weeks from product switch. EVP use was associated with significant decreases in exposure to nicotine and other chemicals such as benzene and acrolein, typically found in CC smoke. Changes were also observed in the level of WBC, haemoglobin, RBC and LDL cholesterol, which although minor, were consistent with those observed after smoking cessation. The data presented in this study shows the potential that EVPs may offer to smokers looking for an alternative to CCs. | |||
*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2017.10.006 PDF Version] | |||
===2017: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5429854/ Reduced biological effect of e-cigarette aerosol compared to cigarette smoke evaluated in vitro using normalized nicotine dose and RNA-seq-based toxicogenomics]=== | ===2017: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5429854/ Reduced biological effect of e-cigarette aerosol compared to cigarette smoke evaluated in vitro using normalized nicotine dose and RNA-seq-based toxicogenomics]=== | ||
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*Collectively, the results predict that room air levels and exposure of the selected analytes to non-users were relatively low and several-fold below regulatory PELs and AIHA limit under the modeled space and use conditions. | *Collectively, the results predict that room air levels and exposure of the selected analytes to non-users were relatively low and several-fold below regulatory PELs and AIHA limit under the modeled space and use conditions. | ||
*...room air levels of nicotine, formaldehyde, acrolein, and acetaldehyde levels were significantly below OSHA PELs or American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) limit... | *...room air levels of nicotine, formaldehyde, acrolein, and acetaldehyde levels were significantly below OSHA PELs or American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) limit... | ||
===2020: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7504617/ Comparative Indoor Pollution from Glo, Iqos, and Juul, Using Traditional Combustion Cigarettes as Benchmark: Evidence from the Randomized SUR-VAPES AIR Trial]=== | |||
*Glo, Iqos, and Juul have significantly less intense and persistent effects on indoor pollution in comparison to combustible tobacco cigarettes. | |||
===2018: [https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article/21/10/1371/5040053 Characterization of the Spatial and Temporal Dispersion Differences Between Exhaled E-Cigarette Mist and Cigarette Smoke]=== | ===2018: [https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article/21/10/1371/5040053 Characterization of the Spatial and Temporal Dispersion Differences Between Exhaled E-Cigarette Mist and Cigarette Smoke]=== | ||
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*This study, although conducted under very high exposure conditions in a small, non-ventilated vape shop with many employees and customers vaping and clouds of vapor visible, did not document any dangerous levels of exposure to any hazardous chemical. Nicotine exposure was essentially non-existent. *Formaldehyde exposure was no different than in many indoor and outdoor environments at baseline. Acetone, acetoin, other aldehydes, toluene, benzene, and xylene were not detected. Chemicals that have been associated with "popcorn lung" were also not detected by the standard method. | *This study, although conducted under very high exposure conditions in a small, non-ventilated vape shop with many employees and customers vaping and clouds of vapor visible, did not document any dangerous levels of exposure to any hazardous chemical. Nicotine exposure was essentially non-existent. *Formaldehyde exposure was no different than in many indoor and outdoor environments at baseline. Acetone, acetoin, other aldehydes, toluene, benzene, and xylene were not detected. Chemicals that have been associated with "popcorn lung" were also not detected by the standard method. | ||
*This study adds to the evidence that under real-life conditions, "secondhand vaping" does not appear to pose any significant health risks. | *This study adds to the evidence that under real-life conditions, "secondhand vaping" does not appear to pose any significant health risks. | ||
===2015: [https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.094 A rapid method for the chromatographic analysis of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath of tobacco cigarette and electronic cigarette smokers]=== | |||
*Tobacco cigarette smoke provided the samples containing highest concentrations of all compounds analyzed. Besides nicotine it contained benzene, toluene, xylenes, ethylbenzene and naphthalene in high abundance as well as other compounds such as isoprene, pent-1-ene, n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane and others. | |||
*This composition was in strong contrast with that of vapor from the e-cigarettes in which all these compounds were virtually absent except nicotine | |||
===2014: [https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-14-18 Peering through the mist: systematic review of what the chemistry of contaminants in electronic cigarettes tells us about health risks]=== | ===2014: [https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-14-18 Peering through the mist: systematic review of what the chemistry of contaminants in electronic cigarettes tells us about health risks]=== | ||
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*There was no evidence of potential for exposures of e-cigarette users to contaminants that are associated with risk to health at a level that would warrant attention if it were an involuntary workplace exposures. | *There was no evidence of potential for exposures of e-cigarette users to contaminants that are associated with risk to health at a level that would warrant attention if it were an involuntary workplace exposures. | ||
*Exposures of bystanders are likely to be orders of magnitude less, and thus pose no apparent concern. | *Exposures of bystanders are likely to be orders of magnitude less, and thus pose no apparent concern. | ||
===2012: [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/08958378.2012.724728?scroll=top&needAccess=true&journalCode=iiht20 Comparison of the effects of e-cigarette vapor and cigarette smoke on indoor air quality]=== | |||
*Comparisons of pollutant concentrations were made between e-cigarette vapor and tobacco smoke samples. Pollutants included VOCs, carbonyls, PAHs, nicotine, TSNAs, and glycols. | |||
*Non-cancer risk analysis revealed “No Significant Risk” of harm to human health for vapor samples from e-liquids. | |||
*With regard to cancer risk analysis, no vapor sample from e-liquids exceeded the risk limit for either children or adults. | |||
=Misinformation About Nicotine and Lung Health= | =Misinformation About Nicotine and Lung Health= | ||
===2023: [https://www.smokefreeworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/China-Final-SERMO-Doctors-Survey-7-19-2023.pdf Doctors’ Survey: China results]=== | ===2023: [https://www.smokefreeworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/China-Final-SERMO-Doctors-Survey-7-19-2023.pdf Doctors’ Survey: China results]=== | ||
*Physicians Have Misperceptions About Nicotine | *Physicians Have Misperceptions About Nicotine. Participants were asked: “To what extent do you agree that nicotine by itself directly causes each of the smoking-related conditions below. The results include responses from “moderately agree” to “completely agree.” 92% - Nicotine causes COPD. 91% - Nicotine causes lung cancer | ||
===2023: [https://www.smokefreeworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Germany-Final-Doctors-Survey-7-19-2023.pdf Doctors' Survey: Germany results]=== | ===2023: [https://www.smokefreeworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Germany-Final-Doctors-Survey-7-19-2023.pdf Doctors' Survey: Germany results]=== | ||
*Physicians Have Misperceptions About Nicotine | *Physicians Have Misperceptions About Nicotine. Participants were asked: “To what extent do you agree that nicotine by itself directly causes each of the smoking-related conditions below. The results include responses from “moderately agree” to “completely agree.” 78% - Nicotine causes COPD. 77% - Nicotine causes lung cancer | ||
===2023: [https://www.smokefreeworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Greece-Final-SERMO-Doctors-Survey-7-19-2023.pdf Doctors’ Survey: Greece results]=== | ===2023: [https://www.smokefreeworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Greece-Final-SERMO-Doctors-Survey-7-19-2023.pdf Doctors’ Survey: Greece results]=== | ||
*Physicians Have Misperceptions About Nicotine | *Physicians Have Misperceptions About Nicotine. Participants were asked: “To what extent do you agree that nicotine by itself directly causes each of the smoking-related conditions below. The results include responses from “moderately agree” to “completely agree.” 65% - Nicotine causes lung cancer. 64% - Nicotine causes COPD | ||
===2023: [https://www.smokefreeworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/India-Final-SERMO-Doctors-Survey-7-19-2023.pdf Doctors’ Survey: India results]=== | ===2023: [https://www.smokefreeworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/India-Final-SERMO-Doctors-Survey-7-19-2023.pdf Doctors’ Survey: India results]=== | ||
*Physicians Have Misperceptions About Nicotine | *Physicians Have Misperceptions About Nicotine. Participants were asked: “To what extent do you agree that nicotine by itself directly causes each of the smoking-related conditions below. The results include responses from “moderately agree” to “completely agree.” 88% - Nicotine causes lung cancer. 86% - Nicotine causes COPD | ||
===2023: [https://www.smokefreeworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Indonesia-Final-SERMO-Doctors-Survey-7-19-2023.pdf Doctors’ Survey: Indonesia results]=== | ===2023: [https://www.smokefreeworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Indonesia-Final-SERMO-Doctors-Survey-7-19-2023.pdf Doctors’ Survey: Indonesia results]=== | ||
*Physicians Have Misperceptions About Nicotine | *Physicians Have Misperceptions About Nicotine. Participants were asked: “To what extent do you agree that nicotine by itself directly causes each of the smoking-related conditions below. The results include responses from “moderately agree” to “completely agree.” 97% - Nicotine causes lung cancer. 92% - Nicotine causes COPD | ||
===2023: [https://www.smokefreeworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Israel-Final-SERMO-Doctors-Survey-7-19-2023.pdf Doctors’ Survey: Israel results ]=== | ===2023: [https://www.smokefreeworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Israel-Final-SERMO-Doctors-Survey-7-19-2023.pdf Doctors’ Survey: Israel results ]=== | ||
*Physicians Have Misperceptions About Nicotine | *Physicians Have Misperceptions About Nicotine. Participants were asked: “To what extent do you agree that nicotine by itself directly causes each of the smoking-related conditions below. The results include responses from “moderately agree” to “completely agree.” 69% - Nicotine causes lung cancer. 66% - Nicotine causes COPD | ||
===2023: [https://www.smokefreeworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Italy-Final-Sermo-Doctors-Survey-7-19-2023.pdf Doctors’ Survey: Italy results]=== | ===2023: [https://www.smokefreeworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Italy-Final-Sermo-Doctors-Survey-7-19-2023.pdf Doctors’ Survey: Italy results]=== | ||
*Physicians Have Misperceptions About Nicotine | *Physicians Have Misperceptions About Nicotine. Participants were asked: “To what extent do you agree that nicotine by itself directly causes each of the smoking-related conditions below. The results include responses from “moderately agree” to “completely agree.” 69% - Nicotine causes COPD. 67% - Nicotine causes lung cancer | ||
===2023: [https://www.smokefreeworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Japan-Final-SERMO-Doctors-Survey-7-19-2023.pdf Doctors’ Survey: Japan results]=== | ===2023: [https://www.smokefreeworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Japan-Final-SERMO-Doctors-Survey-7-19-2023.pdf Doctors’ Survey: Japan results]=== | ||
*Physicians Have Misperceptions About Nicotine | *Physicians Have Misperceptions About Nicotine. Participants were asked: “To what extent do you agree that nicotine by itself directly causes each of the smoking-related conditions below. The results include responses from “moderately agree” to “completely agree.” 88% - Nicotine causes lung cancer. 88% - Nicotine causes COPD | ||
===2023: [https://www.smokefreeworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/South-Africa-Final-SERMO-Doctors-Survey-7-19-2023.pdf Doctors' Survey: South Africa results]=== | ===2023: [https://www.smokefreeworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/South-Africa-Final-SERMO-Doctors-Survey-7-19-2023.pdf Doctors' Survey: South Africa results]=== | ||
*Physicians Have Misperceptions About Nicotine | *Physicians Have Misperceptions About Nicotine. Participants were asked: “To what extent do you agree that nicotine by itself directly causes each of the smoking-related conditions below. The results include responses from “moderately agree” to “completely agree.” 82% - Nicotine causes lung cancer. 81% - Nicotine causes COPD | ||
Participants were asked: “To what extent do you agree that nicotine by itself directly causes each of the smoking-related conditions below. The results include responses from “moderately agree” to “completely agree.” | |||
===2023: [https://www.smokefreeworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/UK-SERMO-Doctors-Survey-Final-7-19-2023.pdf Doctors' Survey: UK results]=== | ===2023: [https://www.smokefreeworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/UK-SERMO-Doctors-Survey-Final-7-19-2023.pdf Doctors' Survey: UK results]=== | ||
*Physicians Have Misperceptions About Nicotine | *Physicians Have Misperceptions About Nicotine. Participants were asked: “To what extent do you agree that nicotine by itself directly causes each of the smoking-related conditions below. The results include responses from “moderately agree” to “completely agree.” 60% - Nicotine causes lung cancer. 59% - Nicotine causes COPD | ||
===2023: [https://www.smokefreeworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/USA-Final-SERMO-Doctors-Survey-7-19-2023.pdf Doctors' Survey: USA results]=== | ===2023: [https://www.smokefreeworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/USA-Final-SERMO-Doctors-Survey-7-19-2023.pdf Doctors' Survey: USA results]=== | ||
*Physicians Have Misperceptions About Nicotine | *Physicians Have Misperceptions About Nicotine. Participants were asked: “To what extent do you agree that nicotine by itself directly causes each of the smoking-related conditions below. The results include responses from “moderately agree” to “completely agree.” 67% - Nicotine causes lung cancer. 66% - Nicotine causes COPD | ||
===2023: [https://www.e-cancer.fr/Comprendre-prevenir-depister/Reduire-les-risques-de-cancer/Barometre-cancer/Cigarette-electronique Electronic cigarette: what perceptions in France?]=== | ===2023: [https://www.e-cancer.fr/Comprendre-prevenir-depister/Reduire-les-risques-de-cancer/Barometre-cancer/Cigarette-electronique Electronic cigarette: what perceptions in France?]=== | ||
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**Many (44% UK, 56% Sweden) also wrongly believe that nicotine in tobacco products is associated with cancer, while 15% in the UK and 22% in Sweden believe the same for pharmaceutical nicotine. | **Many (44% UK, 56% Sweden) also wrongly believe that nicotine in tobacco products is associated with cancer, while 15% in the UK and 22% in Sweden believe the same for pharmaceutical nicotine. | ||
=Stigma - Lung Diseases= | |||
===2022: [https://thoracicrad.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/4083-STR-Newsletter-r5.pdf Society of Thoracic Radiology]=== | |||
*STR’S COMMITMENT TO NON-STIGMATIZING LANGUAGE IN LUNG CANCER CARE | |||
*"Whether we as chest imagers realize it or not, our very language can have a negative impact on the care for the patients we serve. As published studies continue to demonstrate, smoking-related language bias often stigmatizes our patients with a smoking history and results in suboptimal care and less than desirable clinical outcomes... Instead of a report stigmatizing the patient as a “smoker,” consider describing the patient as a “person who smokes.” Rather than a “nicotine addict,” an expression such as a “person with a nicotine dependence” attenuates the common stigmatization of these patients. One will notice these alternative descriptors utilize a person-first approach rather than a habit-based one. This approach can and should be adopted in publications, society and conference presentations as well as in daily training with residents and fellows. Ultimately, this language shift more precisely aligns itself with a core underpinning of our approach to care – respect for our patients. | |||
===2022: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772628222000103 Reducing stigma triggered by assessing smoking status among patients diagnosed with lung cancer: De-stigmatizing do and don't lessons learned from qualitative interviews]=== | |||
*Patients expressed clear preferences for CCPS to refrain from using judgmental labels when assessing smoking history, including a preference for questions such as ''' “have you smoked cigarettes in the past 30 days” rather than “are you a smoker?” '''. This perspective is consistent with the broader clinical efforts and dissemination of resources to reduce illness-related stigma through the increased use of person-first language and other bias-free language in clinical care and research. [emphasis added] | |||
===2021: [https://www.lungcancercoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Great-Britain-national-data-pack-FINAL.pdf Great Britain: symptom awareness and attitudes to lung cancer Findings from a global study]=== | |||
*One in four (25%) people in the UK agreed that they have less sympathy for people with lung cancer than other forms of cancer. Globally, one in five (21%) people agreed that they have less sympathy for people with lung cancer than other forms of cancer. | |||
===2021: [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/lung-cancer-stigma-holds-back-treatment-research MNT investigates: How lung cancer stigma holds back research and treatment]=== | |||
*Drs. Carter-Harris and Williamson both encourage people to use person-first language when talking about smoking. One example of this is describing someone as “a person who formerly smoked” rather than “a former smoker.” | |||
*“By labeling someone as a smoker, you’ve depersonalized them, and you’ve identified them by a behavior that’s stigmatized,” Dr. Carter-Harris said. | |||
*The National Cancer Institute invested nearly $575 millionTrusted Source in breast cancer research in 2018. They invested only $350 million in lung cancer research that year. Research disparities exist in other countries as well. A global analysis found that lung cancer accounted for roughly 20% of cancer deaths but only 5.6% of cancer research output in 2013. | |||
===2019: [https://www.jto.org/article/S1556-0864(19)30813-5/fulltext ES13.05 Stigma and Impact of Tobacco Control Policy]=== | |||
*The stigma reduces the funding available for lung cancer research. In the US, federal funding for lung cancer research per lung cancer death is only 15% of the funding amount for breast cancer per breast cancer death. | |||
*In a Global Lung Cancer Coalition survey, one in five people (21%) agreed with the statement that they have less sympathy for people with lung cancer than for people with other types of cancer. | |||
*Stigmatization of smokers has the greatest impact on the socioeconomically deprived, the disadvantaged populations. These populations have the highest prevalence of smokers and encounter the stigma of their race or disadvantage (poverty, disability, sexual preference, behavioral health etc.) in addition to the stigma associated with smoking. | |||
*This stigmatization leads people who smoke to be less likely to seek medical care when they have symptoms, more likely to lie about their smoking, more likely to be refused access to care including curative surgery for early stage lung cancer unless they quit smoking, less likely to be offered smoking cessation help if they are uncomfortable disclosing their smoking status due to stigma and bias from their healthcare professional. | |||
===2014: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4634635/ Lung Cancer Stigma, Anxiety, Depression and Quality of Life]=== | |||
*Regardless of smoking status, lung cancer patients have reported stigmatization from clinicians, family members and friends due to strong associations between smoking and lung disease. | |||
*The results of this study confirm our previous findings that LCS [lung cancer stigma] is positively correlated with anxiety and depression and negatively correlated with QOL [quality of life]. | |||
===2014: [https://newrepublic.com/article/116553/smoking-and-stigma-war-smoking-has-gone-too-far Let's Not Wage War on Smokers]=== | |||
*In 2004, a team of health scientists at Oxford interviewed 45 people with lung cancer and found that felt even more stigma than other cancer patients: Participants experienced stigma commonly felt by patients with other types of cancer, but, whether they smoked or not, they felt particularly stigmatized because the disease is so strongly associated with smoking… Some patients concealed their illness, which sometimes had adverse financial consequences or made it hard for them to gain support from other people. | |||
=Suggested studies to add to this page= | =Suggested studies to add to this page= | ||
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