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*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4940751/pdf/12889_2016_Article_3236.pdf PDF Version]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4940751/pdf/12889_2016_Article_3236.pdf PDF Version]
*Citation: D'Ruiz CD, Graff DW, Robinson E. Reductions in biomarkers of exposure, impacts on smoking urge and assessment of product use and tolerability in adult smokers following partial or complete substitution of cigarettes with electronic cigarettes. BMC Public Health. 2016 Jul 11;16:543. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3236-1. PMID: 27401980; PMCID: PMC4940751.
*Citation: D'Ruiz CD, Graff DW, Robinson E. Reductions in biomarkers of exposure, impacts on smoking urge and assessment of product use and tolerability in adult smokers following partial or complete substitution of cigarettes with electronic cigarettes. BMC Public Health. 2016 Jul 11;16:543. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3236-1. PMID: 27401980; PMCID: PMC4940751.
*Acknowledgement: This study was funded by Fontem Ventures B.V., a fully owned subsidiary of Imperial Brands plc, and the manufacturer of the e-cigarette products used in this study.


===2016 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383571816301711?via%3Dihub The mutagenic assessment of an electronic-cigarette and reference cigarette smoke using the Ames assay in strains TA98 and TA100]=== <!--T:45-->
===2016 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383571816301711?via%3Dihub The mutagenic assessment of an electronic-cigarette and reference cigarette smoke using the Ames assay in strains TA98 and TA100]=== <!--T:45-->
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*Under the conditions tested, Vype ePen e-cigarette aerosol was significantly less cytotoxic than reference 3R4F cigarette smoke.
*Under the conditions tested, Vype ePen e-cigarette aerosol was significantly less cytotoxic than reference 3R4F cigarette smoke.
*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1080/15376516.2016.1217112 PDF Version]
*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1080/15376516.2016.1217112 PDF Version]
*Citation: Azzopardi, D., Patel, K., Jaunky, T., Santopietro, S., Camacho, O. M., McAughey, J., & Gaça, M. (2016). Electronic cigarette aerosol induces significantly less cytotoxicity than tobacco smoke. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 26(6), 477–491. doi:10.1080/15376516.2016.1217112  
*Citation: Azzopardi, D., Patel, K., Jaunky, T., Santopietro, S., Camacho, O. M., McAughey, J., & Gaça, M. (2016). Electronic cigarette aerosol induces significantly less cytotoxicity than tobacco smoke. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 26(6), 477–491. doi:10.1080/15376516.2016.1217112
*Acknowledgement: This study was funded by BAT. The authors are employees of British American Tobacco (BAT). Nicoventures Ltd., UK, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of British American Tobacco.
 
 


===2015 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0887233315001228?via%3Dihub Development of an in vitro cytotoxicity model for aerosol exposure using 3D reconstructed human airway tissue; application for assessment of e-cigarette aerosol]=== <!--T:49-->
===2015 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0887233315001228?via%3Dihub Development of an in vitro cytotoxicity model for aerosol exposure using 3D reconstructed human airway tissue; application for assessment of e-cigarette aerosol]=== <!--T:49-->
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*Mainstream cigarette smoke HPHCs (∼3000 μg/puff) were 1500 times higher than e-cigarette HPHCs.
*No significant contribution of tested HPHC classes was found for the e-cigarettes.
*No significant contribution of tested HPHC classes was found for the e-cigarettes.
*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.10.010 PDF Version]
*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.10.010 PDF Version]
*Citation: Tayyarah, R., & Long, G. A. (2014). Comparison of select analytes in aerosol from e-cigarettes with smoke from conventional cigarettes and with ambient air. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 70(3), 704–710. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.10.010  
*Citation: Tayyarah, R., & Long, G. A. (2014). Comparison of select analytes in aerosol from e-cigarettes with smoke from conventional cigarettes and with ambient air. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 70(3), 704–710. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.10.010
*Acknowledgements: The company for which the study authors work and the companies that manufacture the e-cigarettes tested for this study are owned by the same parent company (Lorillard Tobacco Company)
 
 


===2014 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4110871/ Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review]=== <!--T:53-->
===2014 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4110871/ Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review]=== <!--T:53-->
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*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4110871/pdf/10.1177_2042098614524430.pdf PDF Version]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4110871/pdf/10.1177_2042098614524430.pdf PDF Version]
*Citation: Farsalinos KE, Polosa R. Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2014 Apr;5(2):67-86. doi: 10.1177/2042098614524430. PMID: 25083263; PMCID: PMC4110871.
*Citation: Farsalinos KE, Polosa R. Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2014 Apr;5(2):67-86. doi: 10.1177/2042098614524430. PMID: 25083263; PMCID: PMC4110871.
*Acknowledegement: Riccardo Polosa is a Professor of Medicine and is supported by the University of Catania, Italy. He has received lecture fees and research funding from GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer, manufacturers of stop smoking medications. He has also served as a consultant for Pfizer and Arbi Group Srl (Milano, Italy), the distributor of Categoria™ e-Cigarettes. His research on electronic cigarettes is currently supported by LIAF (Lega Italiana AntiFumo).
*Acknowledgement: Konstantinos Farsalinos is a researcher at Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center. He has never been funded by the pharmaceutical or the tobacco industry. For some of his studies, the institution has received financial compensation from electronic cigarette companies for the studies’ cost. His salary is currently being paid by a scholarship grant from the Hellenic Society of Cardiology.


===2014 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4154473/ Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapor from electronic cigarettes]=== <!--T:55-->
===2014 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4154473/ Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapor from electronic cigarettes]=== <!--T:55-->
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*This study indicates that EC vapor is significantly less cytotoxic compared to tobacco CS.
*This study indicates that EC vapor is significantly less cytotoxic compared to tobacco CS.
*[https://sci-hub.se/10.3109/08958378.2013.793439 PDF Version]
*[https://sci-hub.se/10.3109/08958378.2013.793439 PDF Version]
*Citation: Romagna, G., Allifranchini, E., Bocchietto, E., Todeschi, S., Esposito, M., & Farsalinos, K. E. (2013). Cytotoxicity evaluation of electronic cigarette vapor extract on cultured mammalian fibroblasts (ClearStream-LIFE): comparison with tobacco cigarette smoke extract. Inhalation Toxicology, 25(6), 354–361. doi:10.3109/08958378.2013.793439  
*Citation: Romagna, G., Allifranchini, E., Bocchietto, E., Todeschi, S., Esposito, M., & Farsalinos, K. E. (2013). Cytotoxicity evaluation of electronic cigarette vapor extract on cultured mammalian fibroblasts (ClearStream-LIFE): comparison with tobacco cigarette smoke extract. Inhalation Toxicology, 25(6), 354–361. doi:10.3109/08958378.2013.793439
*Acknowledgement: The study was funded by FlavourArt s.r.l. No author has received any financial compensation for this study. The study was investigator-initiated and investigator-driven. The sponsor had no involvement in the study design, data collection, analysis and interpretation, writing or approving the manuscript and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
*Keywords: Cytotoxicity, electronic cigarette, fibroblasts, in vitro, nicotine, smoking, tobacco harm reduction
 
 


=ENDS (without comparison to other products)= <!--T:61-->
=ENDS (without comparison to other products)= <!--T:61-->
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