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='''Snus'''= | ='''Snus'''= | ||
===2022: [https://f1000research.com/articles/9-1225#f1 Nicotine products relative risk assessment: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations<nowiki>]</nowiki> Previously titled: Nicotine products relative risk assessment: a systematic review and meta-analysis]=== | |||
*In this update, 70 new studies were added to the synthesis, making a total of 123 studies included. All combustible tobacco products score between 40 and 100, with bidis and smokeless (rest of world) also in this range. All other products have a combined risk score of 10 or less, including U.S. chewing tobacco, U.S. dipping tobacco, snus, heat-not-burn tobacco, electronic cigarettes, non-tobacco pouches and nicotine replacement therapy. | |||
*Citation: Murkett R, Rugh M and Ding B. Nicotine products relative risk assessment: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2022, 9:1225 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.26762.2) | |||
===2019: [https://harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12954-019-0335-1 Snus: a compelling harm reduction alternative to cigarettes]=== | ===2019: [https://harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12954-019-0335-1 Snus: a compelling harm reduction alternative to cigarettes]=== | ||
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===2024: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024001154 E-cigarettes and heated tobacco products impact on dental color parameters]=== | ===2024: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024001154 E-cigarettes and heated tobacco products impact on dental color parameters]=== | ||
*Conclusion: "Exclusive use of ECs and HTPs is associated with better dental color measurements than current smoking, suggesting that tar-free nicotine delivery technologies are unlikely to have negative effects on dental appearance." | *Conclusion: "Exclusive use of ECs and HTPs is associated with better dental color measurements than current smoking, suggesting that tar-free nicotine delivery technologies are unlikely to have negative effects on dental appearance." | ||
*Citation: | *Citation: Gupta, Shipra & Sahni, Vaibhav & Emma, Rosalia & Gospodaru, Stefan & Bordeniuc, Gheorghe & Fala, Valeriu & Amaliya, Amaliya & La Rosa, Giusy & Pacino, Sebastiano & Urso, Salvatore & Yilmaz, Hasan & Zucchelli, Giovanni & Polosa, Riccardo. (2024). E-cigarettes and heated tobacco products impact on dental color parameters. Heliyon. 10. e24084. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24084. | ||
===2022: [https://f1000research.com/articles/9-1225#f1 Nicotine products relative risk assessment: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations<nowiki>]</nowiki> Previously titled: Nicotine products relative risk assessment: a systematic review and meta-analysis]=== | |||
*In this update, 70 new studies were added to the synthesis, making a total of 123 studies included. All combustible tobacco products score between 40 and 100, with bidis and smokeless (rest of world) also in this range. All other products have a combined risk score of 10 or less, including U.S. chewing tobacco, U.S. dipping tobacco, snus, heat-not-burn tobacco, electronic cigarettes, non-tobacco pouches and nicotine replacement therapy. | |||
*Citation: Murkett R, Rugh M and Ding B. Nicotine products relative risk assessment: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2022, 9:1225 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.26762.2) | |||
===2022: [https://www.thejpd.org/article/S0022-3913(20)30444-3/fulltext Effects of conventional and heated tobacco product smoking on discoloration of artificial denture teeth]=== | ===2022: [https://www.thejpd.org/article/S0022-3913(20)30444-3/fulltext Effects of conventional and heated tobacco product smoking on discoloration of artificial denture teeth]=== | ||
*Conventional cigarette and heated tobacco product smoke can change the color of denture teeth. Heated tobacco product smoke causes less discoloration of denture teeth. | *Conventional cigarette and heated tobacco product smoke can change the color of denture teeth. Heated tobacco product smoke causes less discoloration of denture teeth. | ||
*Citation: | *Citation: Yuankun Wang;Ri Ryu;Jae-Min Seo;Jung-Jin Lee; (2021). Effects of conventional and heated tobacco product smoking on discoloration of artificial denture teeth . The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, (), –. doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.05.031 | ||
===2021: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8371723/ Impact of exclusive e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products use on muco-ciliary clearance]=== | ===2021: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8371723/ Impact of exclusive e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products use on muco-ciliary clearance]=== | ||
*Former smokers who have switched to exclusive regular use of combustion-free nicotine delivery systems (i.e., ECs and HTPs) exhibit similar saccharin transit time as never and former smokers. This suggests that combustion-free nicotine delivery technologies are unlikely to have detrimental effects on MCC function. Former smokers who have switched to exclusive regular use of combustion-free nicotine delivery systems (i.e., ECs and HTPs) exhibit similar saccharin transit time as never and former smokers. This suggests that combustion-free nicotine delivery technologies are unlikely to have detrimental effects on MCC function. | *Former smokers who have switched to exclusive regular use of combustion-free nicotine delivery systems (i.e., ECs and HTPs) exhibit similar saccharin transit time as never and former smokers. This suggests that combustion-free nicotine delivery technologies are unlikely to have detrimental effects on MCC function. Former smokers who have switched to exclusive regular use of combustion-free nicotine delivery systems (i.e., ECs and HTPs) exhibit similar saccharin transit time as never and former smokers. This suggests that combustion-free nicotine delivery technologies are unlikely to have detrimental effects on MCC function. | ||
*Citation: Polosa R, Emma R, Cibella F, Caruso M, Conte G, Benfatto F, Ferlito S, Gulino A, Malerba M, Caponnetto P. Impact of exclusive e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products use on muco-ciliary clearance. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2021 Aug 12;12:20406223211035267. doi: 10.1177/20406223211035267. PMID: 34422253; PMCID: PMC8371723. | *Citation: Polosa R, Emma R, Cibella F, Caruso M, Conte G, Benfatto F, Ferlito S, Gulino A, Malerba M, Caponnetto P. Impact of exclusive e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products use on muco-ciliary clearance. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2021 Aug 12;12:20406223211035267. doi: 10.1177/20406223211035267. PMID: 34422253; PMCID: PMC8371723. | ||
===2021: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11739-021-02674-3 Health outcomes in COPD smokers using heated tobacco products: a 3-year follow-up]=== | |||
* This study is the first to describe the long-term health effects of HTP use in COPD patients. Consistent improvements in respiratory symptoms, exercise tolerance, quality of life, and rate of disease exacerbations were observed in patients with COPD who abstained from smoking or substantially reduced their cigarette consumption by switching to HTP use. | |||
*Citation: Polosa, R., Morjaria, J.B., Prosperini, U. et al. Health outcomes in COPD smokers using heated tobacco products: a 3-year follow-up. Intern Emerg Med 16, 687–696 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-021-02674-3 | |||
===2021: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11739-021-02798-6 Changes in biomarkers after 180 days of tobacco heating product use: a randomised trial]=== | |||
*Our findings support the notion that the deleterious health impacts of cigarette smoking may be reduced in smokers who completely switch to using THPs. | |||
*Citation: Gale, N., McEwan, M., Camacho, O.M. et al. Changes in biomarkers after 180 days of tobacco heating product use: a randomised trial. Intern Emerg Med 16, 2201–2212 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-021-02798-6 | |||
===2020: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00204-020-02924-x Cancer potencies and margin of exposure used for comparative risk assessment of heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes aerosols with cigarette smoke]=== | ===2020: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00204-020-02924-x Cancer potencies and margin of exposure used for comparative risk assessment of heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes aerosols with cigarette smoke]=== | ||
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*Citation: Rodrigo, G., Jaccard, G., Tafin Djoko, D. et al. Cancer potencies and margin of exposure used for comparative risk assessment of heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes aerosols with cigarette smoke. Arch Toxicol 95, 283–298 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02924-x | *Citation: Rodrigo, G., Jaccard, G., Tafin Djoko, D. et al. Cancer potencies and margin of exposure used for comparative risk assessment of heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes aerosols with cigarette smoke. Arch Toxicol 95, 283–298 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02924-x | ||
===2020: [https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/02/10/news/top-stories/expert-sounds-alarm-on-oral-cancer/681916 Expert sounds alarm on oral cancer]=== | ===2020: Article: [https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/02/10/news/top-stories/expert-sounds-alarm-on-oral-cancer/681916 Expert sounds alarm on oral cancer]=== | ||
*A dental expert urged smokers to switch to electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) and heated tobacco products (HTPs) as a “harm reduction measure,” saying smoking is the leading cause of oral cancer. “We warn our patients who are smokers that smoking is the leading cause of oral cancer and strongly advise them to quit smoking. For those who cannot or do not want to quit smoking by themselves or with currently approved methods, we convince them to switch to non-combustible alternatives,” said Fernando Fernandez, president of the Philippine College of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (Pcoms) during the Scientific Conversations on Tobacco Harm Reduction held recently at the Shangri-La at the Fort in Taguig City. | *A dental expert urged smokers to switch to electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) and heated tobacco products (HTPs) as a “harm reduction measure,” saying smoking is the leading cause of oral cancer. “We warn our patients who are smokers that smoking is the leading cause of oral cancer and strongly advise them to quit smoking. For those who cannot or do not want to quit smoking by themselves or with currently approved methods, we convince them to switch to non-combustible alternatives,” said Fernando Fernandez, president of the Philippine College of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (Pcoms) during the Scientific Conversations on Tobacco Harm Reduction held recently at the Shangri-La at the Fort in Taguig City. | ||
===2020: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304389420314060 Comparison of the chemical composition of aerosols from heated tobacco products, electronic cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes and their toxic impacts on the human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells]=== | ===2020: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304389420314060 Comparison of the chemical composition of aerosols from heated tobacco products, electronic cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes and their toxic impacts on the human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells]=== | ||
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===2019: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30564805/ Effects of cigarette smoke and tobacco heating aerosol on color stability of dental enamel, dentin, and composite resin restorations]=== | ===2019: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30564805/ Effects of cigarette smoke and tobacco heating aerosol on color stability of dental enamel, dentin, and composite resin restorations]=== | ||
*The findings of the current study indicate that CS causes discoloration of dental hard tissues and color mismatch of esthetic composite resin restorations. THS 2.2 induces much less discoloration in dental hard tissues and dental composite restorations in comparison with CS. These results are consistent with available evidence that THS 2.2 generates an aerosol with a different chemical composition from CS and with no combustion-related solid particles typically found in CS tar. | *The findings of the current study indicate that CS causes discoloration of dental hard tissues and color mismatch of esthetic composite resin restorations. THS 2.2 induces much less discoloration in dental hard tissues and dental composite restorations in comparison with CS. These results are consistent with available evidence that THS 2.2 generates an aerosol with a different chemical composition from CS and with no combustion-related solid particles typically found in CS tar. | ||
*Citation: | *Citation: Zanetti F, Zhao X, Pan J, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J, Ren Y. Effects of cigarette smoke and tobacco heating aerosol on color stability of dental enamel, dentin, and composite resin restorations. Quintessence Int. 2019 Jan 25;50(2):156-166. doi: 10.3290/j.qi.a41601. Epub 2018 Dec 18. PMID: 30564805. | ||
===2018: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30346667/ Assessment of enamel discoloration in vitro following exposure to cigarette smoke and emissions from novel vapor and tobacco heating products]=== | ===2018: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30346667/ Assessment of enamel discoloration in vitro following exposure to cigarette smoke and emissions from novel vapor and tobacco heating products]=== | ||
*For the first time, diverse NGPs [next generation tobacco and nicotine products] across the risk continuum were assessed in vitro for their impact on enamel staining. CS exposure significantly increased the level of bovine enamel sample discoloration, whereas THP1.0 [tobacco heated product] or NVP [nicotine vapor product] exposure resulted in values comparable to the controls. | *For the first time, diverse NGPs [next generation tobacco and nicotine products] across the risk continuum were assessed in vitro for their impact on enamel staining. CS exposure significantly increased the level of bovine enamel sample discoloration, whereas THP1.0 [tobacco heated product] or NVP [nicotine vapor product] exposure resulted in values comparable to the controls. | ||
*Citation: | *Citation: Dalrymple A, Badrock TC, Terry A, Barber M, Hall PJ, Thorne D, Gaca MD, Coburn S, Proctor C. Assessment of enamel discoloration in vitro following exposure to cigarette smoke and emissions from novel vapor and tobacco heating products. Am J Dent. 2018 Oct;31(5):227-233. PMID: 30346667. | ||
===2018: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29920842/ Carbonyl emissions from a novel heated tobacco product (IQOS): comparison with an e-cigarette and a tobacco cigarette]=== | ===2018: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29920842/ Carbonyl emissions from a novel heated tobacco product (IQOS): comparison with an e-cigarette and a tobacco cigarette]=== | ||
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*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1111/add.14365 PDF Version] | *[https://sci-hub.se/10.1111/add.14365 PDF Version] | ||
*Citation: Farsalinos KE, Yannovits N, Sarri T, Voudris V, Poulas K, Leischow SJ. Carbonyl emissions from a novel heated tobacco product (IQOS): comparison with an e-cigarette and a tobacco cigarette. Addiction. 2018 Nov;113(11):2099-2106. doi: 10.1111/add.14365. Epub 2018 Jul 10. PMID: 29920842. | *Citation: Farsalinos KE, Yannovits N, Sarri T, Voudris V, Poulas K, Leischow SJ. Carbonyl emissions from a novel heated tobacco product (IQOS): comparison with an e-cigarette and a tobacco cigarette. Addiction. 2018 Nov;113(11):2099-2106. doi: 10.1111/add.14365. Epub 2018 Jul 10. PMID: 29920842. | ||
<br> | |||
='''Nicotine Pouches'''= | |||
===2024: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10944327/ Tobacco-Free Nicotine Pouches and Their Potential Contribution to Tobacco Harm Reduction: A Scoping Review]=== | |||
*Based on the reviewed evidence, TFNPs contain significantly fewer and lower levels of harmful chemicals, have a reduced toxicological impact compared to cigarette smoke, and may convey lower health risks compared to smoking. | |||
*Citation: Grandolfo E, Ogden H, Fearon IM, Malt L, Stevenson M, Weaver S, Nahde T. Tobacco-Free Nicotine Pouches and Their Potential Contribution to Tobacco Harm Reduction: A Scoping Review. Cureus. 2024 Feb 15;16(2):e54228. doi: 10.7759/cureus.54228. PMID: 38496069; PMCID: PMC10944327. | |||
===2022: [https://f1000research.com/articles/9-1225#f1 Nicotine products relative risk assessment: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations<nowiki>]</nowiki> Previously titled: Nicotine products relative risk assessment: a systematic review and meta-analysis]=== | |||
*In this update, 70 new studies were added to the synthesis, making a total of 123 studies included. All combustible tobacco products score between 40 and 100, with bidis and smokeless (rest of world) also in this range. All other products have a combined risk score of 10 or less, including U.S. chewing tobacco, U.S. dipping tobacco, snus, heat-not-burn tobacco, electronic cigarettes, non-tobacco pouches and nicotine replacement therapy. | |||
*Citation: Murkett R, Rugh M and Ding B. Nicotine products relative risk assessment: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2022, 9:1225 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.26762.2) | |||
<br> | |||
='''Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT)'''= | |||
===2022: [https://f1000research.com/articles/9-1225#f1 Nicotine products relative risk assessment: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations<nowiki>]</nowiki> Previously titled: Nicotine products relative risk assessment: a systematic review and meta-analysis]=== | |||
*In this update, 70 new studies were added to the synthesis, making a total of 123 studies included. All combustible tobacco products score between 40 and 100, with bidis and smokeless (rest of world) also in this range. All other products have a combined risk score of 10 or less, including U.S. chewing tobacco, U.S. dipping tobacco, snus, heat-not-burn tobacco, electronic cigarettes, non-tobacco pouches and nicotine replacement therapy. | |||
*Citation: Murkett R, Rugh M and Ding B. Nicotine products relative risk assessment: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2022, 9:1225 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.26762.2) | |||
===2021: [https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006219.pub4/full Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation]=== | |||
*There was moderate‐certainty that NRT reduced weight at end of treatment and moderate‐certainty that the effect may be similar at 12 months, although the estimates are too imprecise to assess long‐term benefit. | |||
*Citation: Hartmann-Boyce J, Theodoulou A, Farley A, Hajek P, Lycett D, Jones LL, Kudlek L, Heath L, Hajizadeh A, Schenkels M, Aveyard P. Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2021, Issue 10. Art. No.: CD006219. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006219.pub4. Accessed 17 March 2024. | |||
===2003: [https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/12/2/124 Estimating the health consequences of replacing cigarettes with nicotine inhalers]=== | |||
*Prevention of tobacco use is historically difficult in spite of clear health hazards. Regulatory responses to the problem are tenuous and subject to reversal or delay as political and economic fortunes change. A lasting reduction in tobacco related illness might result from unleashing clean alternative nicotine delivery systems to compete directly with tobacco products. Even if used very broadly, clean inhaled nicotine might reduce public health problems as much as a very successful tobacco control programme. | |||
*[https://sci-hub.wf/10.2307/20208116 PDF] | |||
*Citation: W. Sumner II (2003). Estimating the Health Consequences of Replacing Cigarettes with Nicotine Inhalers. Tobacco Control, 12(2), 124–132. doi:10.2307/20208116 | |||
<br> | <br> | ||
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===2020: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31688930/ Five-Day Changes in Biomarkers of Exposure Among Adult Smokers After Completely Switching From Combustible Cigarettes to a Nicotine-Salt Pod System]=== | ===2020: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31688930/ Five-Day Changes in Biomarkers of Exposure Among Adult Smokers After Completely Switching From Combustible Cigarettes to a Nicotine-Salt Pod System]=== | ||
The results of this study concorded with evidence that complete switching from combustible cigarettes to vapor products may reduce exposure to key carcinogens and other toxicants known to be associated with tobacco-related diseases. | *The results of this study concorded with evidence that complete switching from combustible cigarettes to vapor products may reduce exposure to key carcinogens and other toxicants known to be associated with tobacco-related diseases. | ||
*Citation: Jay J, Pfaunmiller EL, Huang NJ, Cohen G, Graff DW. Five-Day Changes in Biomarkers of Exposure Among Adult Smokers After Completely Switching From Combustible Cigarettes to a Nicotine-Salt Pod System. Nicotine Tob Res. 2020 Jul 16;22(8):1285-1293. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntz206. PMID: 31688930; PMCID: PMC7364828. | *Citation: Jay J, Pfaunmiller EL, Huang NJ, Cohen G, Graff DW. Five-Day Changes in Biomarkers of Exposure Among Adult Smokers After Completely Switching From Combustible Cigarettes to a Nicotine-Salt Pod System. Nicotine Tob Res. 2020 Jul 16;22(8):1285-1293. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntz206. PMID: 31688930; PMCID: PMC7364828. | ||
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===2024: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024001154 E-cigarettes and heated tobacco products impact on dental color parameters]=== | ===2024: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024001154 E-cigarettes and heated tobacco products impact on dental color parameters]=== | ||
*Conclusion: "Exclusive use of ECs and HTPs is associated with better dental color measurements than current smoking, suggesting that tar-free nicotine delivery technologies are unlikely to have negative effects on dental appearance." | *Conclusion: "Exclusive use of ECs and HTPs is associated with better dental color measurements than current smoking, suggesting that tar-free nicotine delivery technologies are unlikely to have negative effects on dental appearance." | ||
*Citation: | *Citation: Gupta, Shipra & Sahni, Vaibhav & Emma, Rosalia & Gospodaru, Stefan & Bordeniuc, Gheorghe & Fala, Valeriu & Amaliya, Amaliya & La Rosa, Giusy & Pacino, Sebastiano & Urso, Salvatore & Yilmaz, Hasan & Zucchelli, Giovanni & Polosa, Riccardo. (2024). E-cigarettes and heated tobacco products impact on dental color parameters. Heliyon. 10. e24084. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24084. | ||
===2023: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10226679/ The risk profile of electronic nicotine delivery systems, compared to traditional cigarettes, on oral disease: a review]=== | ===2023: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10226679/ The risk profile of electronic nicotine delivery systems, compared to traditional cigarettes, on oral disease: a review]=== | ||
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*Overall, ENDS appear to be more implant-friendly than conventional tobacco cigarettes | *Overall, ENDS appear to be more implant-friendly than conventional tobacco cigarettes | ||
*Many of the carcinogens present in tobacco are not present in the aerosol generated by ENDS, which makes ENDS appear to be less damaging to the oral mucosa. | *Many of the carcinogens present in tobacco are not present in the aerosol generated by ENDS, which makes ENDS appear to be less damaging to the oral mucosa. | ||
*Citation: | *Citation: Zhang Q, Wen C. The risk profile of electronic nicotine delivery systems, compared to traditional cigarettes, on oral disease: a review. Front Public Health. 2023 May 15;11:1146949. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1146949. PMID: 37255760; PMCID: PMC10226679. | ||
===2023: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00784-023-05162-4 The impact of electronic and conventional cigarettes on periodontal health—a systematic review and meta-analysis]=== | ===2023: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00784-023-05162-4 The impact of electronic and conventional cigarettes on periodontal health—a systematic review and meta-analysis]=== | ||
*"The current findings suggest that e-cigarette use might be considered a healthier alternative to cigarette smoking concerning periodontal health. Even so, harmful effects of electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) usage on periodontal health were seen as well. However, a definitive decision on this research question remains elusive due to the absence of randomized controlled trials." | *"The current findings suggest that e-cigarette use might be considered a healthier alternative to cigarette smoking concerning periodontal health. Even so, harmful effects of electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) usage on periodontal health were seen as well. However, a definitive decision on this research question remains elusive due to the absence of randomized controlled trials." | ||
*Citation: | *Citation: Thiem, D.G.E., Donkiewicz, P., Rejaey, R. et al. The impact of electronic and conventional cigarettes on periodontal health—a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Invest 27, 4911–4928 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-023-05162-4 | ||
===2023: [https://www.bsperio.org.uk/news/is-vaping-harmful-to-oral-health Is vaping harmful to oral health?]=== | ===2023: Article: [https://www.bsperio.org.uk/news/is-vaping-harmful-to-oral-health Is vaping harmful to oral health?]=== | ||
*"In summary, the oral health evidence supports the general public health messages and guidance on e-cigarettes. E-cigarette use is far less harmful than tobacco cigarettes, although not risk free – we will likely see oral health consequences of long-term vaping (but less than from tobacco smoking). E-cigarettes are not recommended for non-users, especially young people. For existing smokers, e-cigarettes can be an effective quit aid and dental professionals should support patients who choose to use this method of cessation." | *"In summary, the oral health evidence supports the general public health messages and guidance on e-cigarettes. E-cigarette use is far less harmful than tobacco cigarettes, although not risk free – we will likely see oral health consequences of long-term vaping (but less than from tobacco smoking). E-cigarettes are not recommended for non-users, especially young people. For existing smokers, e-cigarettes can be an effective quit aid and dental professionals should support patients who choose to use this method of cessation." | ||
===2022: [https://www.cdhjournal.org/issues/39-2-june-2022/1124-electronic-cigarettes-an-update-on-products-regulation-public-health-approaches-and-oral-health Electronic cigarettes: an update on products, regulation, public health approaches and oral health]=== | ===2022: [https://www.cdhjournal.org/issues/39-2-june-2022/1124-electronic-cigarettes-an-update-on-products-regulation-public-health-approaches-and-oral-health Electronic cigarettes: an update on products, regulation, public health approaches and oral health]=== | ||
*Regulatory approaches vary considerably around the world but in the UK and Europe, e-cigarettes are regulated as consumer or medicinal product, and their use is permitted. In the UK, e-cigarettes have increasingly been supported by public health institutions for smoking cessation as part of a Tobacco Harm Reduction strategy. | *Regulatory approaches vary considerably around the world but in the UK and Europe, e-cigarettes are regulated as consumer or medicinal product, and their use is permitted. In the UK, e-cigarettes have increasingly been supported by public health institutions for smoking cessation as part of a Tobacco Harm Reduction strategy. | ||
*The potential harms (including to oral health) from e-cigarette use are likely to be much less than from tobacco cigarettes. | *The potential harms (including to oral health) from e-cigarette use are likely to be much less than from tobacco cigarettes. | ||
*Citation: | *Citation: Weke A, Holliday R. Electronic cigarettes: an update on products, regulation, public health approaches and oral health. Community Dental Health. 2022 May;39(2):68-73. DOI: 10.1922/cdh_00215weke06. PMID: 34982860. | ||
===2022: [https://dentistry.co.uk/2022/08/22/vaping-and-oral-health-an-update-for-the-dental-team/ Vaping and oral health – an update for the dental team]=== | ===2022: Article: [https://dentistry.co.uk/2022/08/22/vaping-and-oral-health-an-update-for-the-dental-team/ Vaping and oral health – an update for the dental team]=== | ||
*In summary, e-cigarettes have good evidence to support them as an effective smoking cessation aid for tobacco smokers. Smokers can expect to see substantial improvements in their oral health if they fully switch to an e-cigarette. Longer-term use is a balanced judgement between smoking relapse prevention against the small risk of any detrimental effects from the e-cigarettes themselves. | *In summary, e-cigarettes have good evidence to support them as an effective smoking cessation aid for tobacco smokers. Smokers can expect to see substantial improvements in their oral health if they fully switch to an e-cigarette. Longer-term use is a balanced judgement between smoking relapse prevention against the small risk of any detrimental effects from the e-cigarettes themselves. | ||
===2022: [https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/mbio.00075-22 Electronic Cigarette Use Promotes a Unique Periodontal Microbiome]=== | ===2022: [https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/mbio.00075-22 Electronic Cigarette Use Promotes a Unique Periodontal Microbiome]=== | ||
*Our results demonstrate that the e-cig user’s subgingival microbiome is a unique amalgamation of microbiota, containing similarities to those of both conventional smokers and nonsmokers. Due to many shared features with the conventional smoker’s microbiome and considering the widespread promotion of e-cigarettes as a “healthier” alternative to or replacement for conventional cigarettes, our results show that e-cigarette use may promote a healthier SGP [subgingival plaque] microbiome with respect to that of smokers but not compared to that found with never smoking in the first place. | *Our results demonstrate that the e-cig user’s subgingival microbiome is a unique amalgamation of microbiota, containing similarities to those of both conventional smokers and nonsmokers. Due to many shared features with the conventional smoker’s microbiome and considering the widespread promotion of e-cigarettes as a “healthier” alternative to or replacement for conventional cigarettes, our results show that e-cigarette use may promote a healthier SGP [subgingival plaque] microbiome with respect to that of smokers but not compared to that found with never smoking in the first place. | ||
*Citation: | *Citation: Thomas SC, Xu F, Pushalkar S, Lin Z, Thakor N, Vardhan M, Flaminio Z, Khodadadi-Jamayran A, Vasconcelos R, Akapo A, Queiroz E, Bederoff M, Janal MN, Guo Y, Aguallo D, Gordon T, Corby PM, Kamer AR, Li X, Saxena D. 2022. Electronic Cigarette Use Promotes a Unique Periodontal Microbiome. mBio 13:e00075-22. https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00075-22 | ||
===2019: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6888580/ Influence of Electronic Cigarettes on Selected Antibacterial Properties of Saliva]=== | ===2019: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6888580/ Influence of Electronic Cigarettes on Selected Antibacterial Properties of Saliva]=== | ||
*Lowering the level of IgA in saliva may lead to a weakening of the specific immune response and cause earlier development of more severe periodontitis. In our research, it was observed that the tobacco smokers’ level of salivary IgA was statistically significantly lower in comparison to the values in both the control group and the group of e-cigarette users. IgA content in the saliva of e-cigarette users was not statistically significant lower compared to the control group. This indicates that electronic cigarettes compared to traditional cigarettes have less effect on IgA concentration in saliva. | *Lowering the level of IgA in saliva may lead to a weakening of the specific immune response and cause earlier development of more severe periodontitis. In our research, it was observed that the tobacco smokers’ level of salivary IgA was statistically significantly lower in comparison to the values in both the control group and the group of e-cigarette users. IgA content in the saliva of e-cigarette users was not statistically significant lower compared to the control group. This indicates that electronic cigarettes compared to traditional cigarettes have less effect on IgA concentration in saliva. | ||
*Citation: | *Citation: Cichońska D, Kusiak A, Kochańska B, Ochocińska J, Świetlik D. Influence of Electronic Cigarettes on Selected Antibacterial Properties of Saliva. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Nov 12;16(22):4433. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16224433. PMID: 31726698; PMCID: PMC6888580. | ||
===2019: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6722047/ A lower impact of an acute exposure to electronic cigarette aerosols than to cigarette smoke in human organotypic buccal and small airway cultures was demonstrated using systems toxicology assessment]=== | ===2019: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6722047/ A lower impact of an acute exposure to electronic cigarette aerosols than to cigarette smoke in human organotypic buccal and small airway cultures was demonstrated using systems toxicology assessment]=== | ||
*Overall, the study demonstrated that exposure to undiluted test mix or base EC aerosols under the testing conditions (an acute 28-min exposure), even at a deposited nicotine concentration that is 200 times greater than that found in the saliva of EC users, had no impact on morphology of buccal and small airway cultures. In contrast, following the same puff number, the already diluted 3R4F CS resulted in overt tissue damage. | *Overall, the study demonstrated that exposure to undiluted test mix or base EC aerosols under the testing conditions (an acute 28-min exposure), even at a deposited nicotine concentration that is 200 times greater than that found in the saliva of EC users, had no impact on morphology of buccal and small airway cultures. In contrast, following the same puff number, the already diluted 3R4F CS resulted in overt tissue damage. | ||
*Citation: | *Citation: Iskandar AR, Zanetti F, Kondylis A, Martin F, Leroy P, Majeed S, Steiner S, Xiang Y, Ortega Torres L, Trivedi K, Guedj E, Merg C, Frentzel S, Ivanov NV, Doshi U, Lee KM, McKinney WJ Jr, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. A lower impact of an acute exposure to electronic cigarette aerosols than to cigarette smoke in human organotypic buccal and small airway cultures was demonstrated using systems toxicology assessment. Intern Emerg Med. 2019 Sep;14(6):863-883. doi: 10.1007/s11739-019-02055-x. Epub 2019 Mar 5. PMID: 30835057; PMCID: PMC6722047. | ||
===2019: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6949915/ A Comparison of Flavorless Electronic Cigarette-Generated Aerosol and Conventional Cigarette Smoke on the Planktonic Growth of Common Oral Commensal Streptococci]=== | ===2019: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6949915/ A Comparison of Flavorless Electronic Cigarette-Generated Aerosol and Conventional Cigarette Smoke on the Planktonic Growth of Common Oral Commensal Streptococci]=== | ||
*A potential implication of these results is that flavorless E-liquids and their generated aerosol induce less tooth decay and periodontal disease than traditional cigarette smoke. | *A potential implication of these results is that flavorless E-liquids and their generated aerosol induce less tooth decay and periodontal disease than traditional cigarette smoke. | ||
*A case for improving oral health (and overall health) could be made by federal health regulatory agencies for promoting the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems over the use of traditional cigarettes as a means of harm reduction. | *A case for improving oral health (and overall health) could be made by federal health regulatory agencies for promoting the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems over the use of traditional cigarettes as a means of harm reduction. | ||
*Citation: | *Citation: Nelson JM, Cuadra GA, Palazzolo DL. A Comparison of Flavorless Electronic Cigarette-Generated Aerosol and Conventional Cigarette Smoke on the Planktonic Growth of Common Oral Commensal Streptococci. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Dec 9;16(24):5004. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16245004. PMID: 31835369; PMCID: PMC6949915. | ||
===2019: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30361795/ Impact of cigarette smoking and vaping on the outcome of full-mouth ultrasonic scaling among patients with gingival inflammation: a prospective study]=== | ===2019: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30361795/ Impact of cigarette smoking and vaping on the outcome of full-mouth ultrasonic scaling among patients with gingival inflammation: a prospective study]=== | ||
*There are no studies that have assessed the oral soft tissue response to full-mouth ultrasonic scaling (FMUS) among cigarette-smokers (CS) (group 1), individuals vaping electronic-cigarettes (E-cigs) (group 2), and never-smokers (NS) (group 3). The aim was to assess the impact of cigarette smoking and vaping on periodontal tissues following FMUS. | *There are no studies that have assessed the oral soft tissue response to full-mouth ultrasonic scaling (FMUS) among cigarette-smokers (CS) (group 1), individuals vaping electronic-cigarettes (E-cigs) (group 2), and never-smokers (NS) (group 3). The aim was to assess the impact of cigarette smoking and vaping on periodontal tissues following FMUS. | ||
*Following FMUS, gingival inflammation is worse in CS compared with individuals vaping E-cigs and NS. | *Following FMUS, gingival inflammation is worse in CS compared with individuals vaping E-cigs and NS. | ||
*Citation: | *Citation: ALHarthi SS, BinShabaib M, Akram Z, Rahman I, Romanos GE, Javed F. Impact of cigarette smoking and vaping on the outcome of full-mouth ultrasonic scaling among patients with gingival inflammation: a prospective study. Clin Oral Investig. 2019 Jun;23(6):2751-2758. doi: 10.1007/s00784-018-2725-2. Epub 2018 Oct 26. PMID: 30361795. | ||
===2019: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31078071/ Clinical periodontal status and gingival crevicular fluid cytokine profile among cigarette-smokers, electronic-cigarette users and never-smokers]=== | ===2019: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31078071/ Clinical periodontal status and gingival crevicular fluid cytokine profile among cigarette-smokers, electronic-cigarette users and never-smokers]=== | ||
*Periodontal status is poorer and GCF levels of proinflammatory cytokines are higher in cigarette-smokers compared with electronic-cigarette smokers and never-smokers. However, the probability of increased periodontal inflammation and GCF proinflammatory cytokine levels in electronic-cigarette users than never-smokers cannot be annulled. | *Periodontal status is poorer and GCF levels of proinflammatory cytokines are higher in cigarette-smokers compared with electronic-cigarette smokers and never-smokers. However, the probability of increased periodontal inflammation and GCF proinflammatory cytokine levels in electronic-cigarette users than never-smokers cannot be annulled. | ||
*Citation: | *Citation: BinShabaib M, ALHarthi SS, Akram Z, Khan J, Rahman I, Romanos GE, Javed F. Clinical periodontal status and gingival crevicular fluid cytokine profile among cigarette-smokers, electronic-cigarette users and never-smokers. Arch Oral Biol. 2019 Jun;102:212-217. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.05.001. Epub 2019 May 3. PMID: 31078071. | ||
===2018: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0278691518303491 Comparative study of the effects of cigarette smoke and electronic cigarettes on human gingival fibroblast proliferation, migration and apoptosis]=== | ===2018: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0278691518303491 Comparative study of the effects of cigarette smoke and electronic cigarettes on human gingival fibroblast proliferation, migration and apoptosis]=== | ||
*The damage to gingival fibroblasts was greater with conventional cigarette smoke condensate than with nicotine-rich e-vapor condensate. | *The damage to gingival fibroblasts was greater with conventional cigarette smoke condensate than with nicotine-rich e-vapor condensate. | ||
*Citation: | *Citation: Alanazi, Humidah; Park, Hyun Jin; Chakir, Jamila; Semlali, Abdelhabib; Rouabhia, Mahmoud (2018). Comparative study of the effects of cigarette smoke and electronic cigarettes on human gingival fibroblast proliferation, migration and apoptosis. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 118(), 390–398. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.049 | ||
===2018: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30346667/ Assessment of enamel discoloration in vitro following exposure to cigarette smoke and emissions from novel vapor and tobacco heating products]=== | ===2018: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30346667/ Assessment of enamel discoloration in vitro following exposure to cigarette smoke and emissions from novel vapor and tobacco heating products]=== | ||
*For the first time, diverse NGPs [next generation tobacco and nicotine products] across the risk continuum were assessed in vitro for their impact on enamel staining. CS exposure significantly increased the level of bovine enamel sample discoloration, whereas THP1.0 [tobacco heated product] or NVP [nicotine vapor product] exposure resulted in values comparable to the controls. | *For the first time, diverse NGPs [next generation tobacco and nicotine products] across the risk continuum were assessed in vitro for their impact on enamel staining. CS exposure significantly increased the level of bovine enamel sample discoloration, whereas THP1.0 [tobacco heated product] or NVP [nicotine vapor product] exposure resulted in values comparable to the controls. | ||
*Citation: | *Citation: Dalrymple A, Badrock TC, Terry A, Barber M, Hall PJ, Thorne D, Gaca MD, Coburn S, Proctor C. Assessment of enamel discoloration in vitro following exposure to cigarette smoke and emissions from novel vapor and tobacco heating products. Am J Dent. 2018 Oct;31(5):227-233. PMID: 30346667. | ||
===2018: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5933315/ Effects of tobacco smoke and electronic cigarette vapor exposure on the oral and gut microbiota in humans: a pilot study]=== | ===2018: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5933315/ Effects of tobacco smoke and electronic cigarette vapor exposure on the oral and gut microbiota in humans: a pilot study]=== | ||
*In summary, we found that tobacco smoking significantly alters the bacterial profiles in feces, buccal, and saliva samples. Compared to controls, exposure to ECs had no effect on the oral or gut communities. Changes in the gut microbiota of tobacco smokers were associated with increased relative abundance of Prevotella and decreased relative abundance of Bacteroides. From a microbial ecology perspective, this study supports the perception that ECs represent a safer alternative to tobacco smoking. | *In summary, we found that tobacco smoking significantly alters the bacterial profiles in feces, buccal, and saliva samples. Compared to controls, exposure to ECs had no effect on the oral or gut communities. Changes in the gut microbiota of tobacco smokers were associated with increased relative abundance of Prevotella and decreased relative abundance of Bacteroides. From a microbial ecology perspective, this study supports the perception that ECs represent a safer alternative to tobacco smoking. | ||
*Citation: | *Citation: Stewart CJ, Auchtung TA, Ajami NJ, Velasquez K, Smith DP, De La Garza R 2nd, Salas R, Petrosino JF. Effects of tobacco smoke and electronic cigarette vapor exposure on the oral and gut microbiota in humans: a pilot study. PeerJ. 2018 Apr 30;6:e4693. doi: 10.7717/peerj.4693. Erratum in: PeerJ. 2018 Aug 23;6: PMID: 29736335; PMCID: PMC5933315. | ||
===2017: [https://aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1902/jop.2017.170197 Comparison of Periodontal Parameters and Self-Perceived Oral Symptoms Among Cigarette Smokers, Individuals Vaping Electronic Cigarettes, and Never-Smokers]=== | ===2017: [https://aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1902/jop.2017.170197 Comparison of Periodontal Parameters and Self-Perceived Oral Symptoms Among Cigarette Smokers, Individuals Vaping Electronic Cigarettes, and Never-Smokers]=== | ||
*To the authors’ knowledge, there are no studies that have compared periodontal parameters and self-perceived oral symptoms (OSs) among cigarette smokers (CSs) (group 1), individuals exclusively vaping electronic cigarettes (group 2), and never-smokers (NSs) (group 3). | *To the authors’ knowledge, there are no studies that have compared periodontal parameters and self-perceived oral symptoms (OSs) among cigarette smokers (CSs) (group 1), individuals exclusively vaping electronic cigarettes (group 2), and never-smokers (NSs) (group 3). | ||
*Periodontal inflammation and self-perceived OSs were poorer among CSs than among vaping individuals and NSs. | *Periodontal inflammation and self-perceived OSs were poorer among CSs than among vaping individuals and NSs. | ||
*Citation: | *Citation: Javed, F., Abduljabbar, T., Vohra, F., Malmstrom, H., Rahman, I. and Romanos, G.E. (2017), Comparison of Periodontal Parameters and Self-Perceived Oral Symptoms Among Cigarette Smokers, Individuals Vaping Electronic Cigarettes, and Never-Smokers. Journal of Periodontology, 88: 1059-1065. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2017.170197 | ||
===2016: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5068504/ Electronic Cigarette: Role in the Primary Prevention of Oral Cavity Cancer]=== | ===2016: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5068504/ Electronic Cigarette: Role in the Primary Prevention of Oral Cavity Cancer]=== | ||
*Cigarette smoke has been identified as the main cause of oral cavity carcinoma. ...in our in vivo study, the oral cavity cells of e-cigarette smokers showed CMN and TMN values similar to those of healthy controls, indicating the safety of e-cigarettes. The use of electronic cigarettes seems to be safe for oral cells and should be suggested as an aid to smoking cessation. | *Cigarette smoke has been identified as the main cause of oral cavity carcinoma. ...in our in vivo study, the oral cavity cells of e-cigarette smokers showed CMN and TMN values similar to those of healthy controls, indicating the safety of e-cigarettes. The use of electronic cigarettes seems to be safe for oral cells and should be suggested as an aid to smoking cessation. | ||
*Citation: | *Citation: Franco T, Trapasso S, Puzzo L, Allegra E. Electronic Cigarette: Role in the Primary Prevention of Oral Cavity Cancer. Clin Med Insights Ear Nose Throat. 2016 Oct 17;9:7-12. doi: 10.4137/CMENT.S40364. PMID: 27773997; PMCID: PMC5068504. | ||
===2015: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230607145405/https://www.dentalhealth.org/news/british-dental-health-foundation-responds-to-public-health-england-e-cigarette-review Oral Health Foundation: (Formerly known as the British Dental Health Foundation)]=== | ===2015: Article: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230607145405/https://www.dentalhealth.org/news/british-dental-health-foundation-responds-to-public-health-england-e-cigarette-review Oral Health Foundation: (Formerly known as the British Dental Health Foundation)]=== | ||
*"Smoking is the cause of many serious oral health problems, including worsening gum disease, which is one of the most common causes of caries in UK adults. It is also responsible for the majority or mouth cancers and is the direct cause of thousands of deaths every year. Every year almost seven thousand people in the UK are diagnosed with mouth cancer, and it leads to more deaths than testicular and cervical cancer combined." | *"Smoking is the cause of many serious oral health problems, including worsening gum disease, which is one of the most common causes of caries in UK adults. It is also responsible for the majority or mouth cancers and is the direct cause of thousands of deaths every year. Every year almost seven thousand people in the UK are diagnosed with mouth cancer, and it leads to more deaths than testicular and cervical cancer combined." | ||
*"We need to spread the message that e-cigarettes, while not risk free, are much less harmful than smoking, as currently nearly half the population are not aware of this… The British Dental Health Foundation believe that there is a long way to go to before we get to a smoke-free lifestyle but any way which smoking numbers can be cut, and therefore lives saved, is positive and one which we will support.” | *"We need to spread the message that e-cigarettes, while not risk free, are much less harmful than smoking, as currently nearly half the population are not aware of this… The British Dental Health Foundation believe that there is a long way to go to before we get to a smoke-free lifestyle but any way which smoking numbers can be cut, and therefore lives saved, is positive and one which we will support.” | ||
==Respiratory System== | ==Respiratory System== | ||
===2022: [https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.211327 MRI Shows Lung Perfusion Changes after Vaping and Smoking]=== | |||
*MRI Shows Lung Perfusion Changes after Vaping and Smoking. MRI shows that the lungs of vapers have better blood circulation than those of smokers. | |||
*Citation: MRI Shows Lung Perfusion Changes after Vaping and Smoking, Sylvia Nyilas, Grzegorz Bauman, Insa Korten, Orso Pusterla, Florian Singer, Michael Ith, Cindy Groen, Anna Schoeni, Johannes T. Heverhagen, Andreas Christe, Nicolas Rodondi, Oliver Bieri, Thomas Geiser, Reto Auer, Manuela Funke-Chambour, and Lukas Ebner Radiology 2022 304:1, 195-204 | |||
===2021: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8371723/ Impact of exclusive e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products use on muco-ciliary clearance]=== | ===2021: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8371723/ Impact of exclusive e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products use on muco-ciliary clearance]=== | ||
*Former smokers who have switched to exclusive regular use of combustion-free nicotine delivery systems (i.e., ECs and HTPs) exhibit similar saccharin transit time as never and former smokers. This suggests that combustion-free nicotine delivery technologies are unlikely to have detrimental effects on MCC function. Former smokers who have switched to exclusive regular use of combustion-free nicotine delivery systems (i.e., ECs and HTPs) exhibit similar saccharin transit time as never and former smokers. This suggests that combustion-free nicotine delivery technologies are unlikely to have detrimental effects on MCC function. | *Former smokers who have switched to exclusive regular use of combustion-free nicotine delivery systems (i.e., ECs and HTPs) exhibit similar saccharin transit time as never and former smokers. This suggests that combustion-free nicotine delivery technologies are unlikely to have detrimental effects on MCC function. Former smokers who have switched to exclusive regular use of combustion-free nicotine delivery systems (i.e., ECs and HTPs) exhibit similar saccharin transit time as never and former smokers. This suggests that combustion-free nicotine delivery technologies are unlikely to have detrimental effects on MCC function. | ||
*Citation: Polosa R, Emma R, Cibella F, Caruso M, Conte G, Benfatto F, Ferlito S, Gulino A, Malerba M, Caponnetto P. Impact of exclusive e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products use on muco-ciliary clearance. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2021 Aug 12;12:20406223211035267. doi: 10.1177/20406223211035267. PMID: 34422253; PMCID: PMC8371723. | *Citation: Polosa R, Emma R, Cibella F, Caruso M, Conte G, Benfatto F, Ferlito S, Gulino A, Malerba M, Caponnetto P. Impact of exclusive e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products use on muco-ciliary clearance. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2021 Aug 12;12:20406223211035267. doi: 10.1177/20406223211035267. PMID: 34422253; PMCID: PMC8371723. | ||
===2021: [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-03310-y Electronic nicotine delivery systems exhibit reduced bronchial epithelial cells toxicity compared to cigarette: the Replica Project]=== | |||
*Taken together, independent data from multiple laboratories clearly demonstrated the reduced toxicity of ENDS products compared to cigarettes. | |||
*Citation: Caruso, M., Emma, R., Distefano, A. et al. Electronic nicotine delivery systems exhibit reduced bronchial epithelial cells toxicity compared to cigarette: the Replica Project. Sci Rep 11, 24182 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-03310-y | |||
===2021: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33207918/ Cigarette smoke preparations, not electronic nicotine delivery system preparations, induce features of lung disease in a 3D lung repeat-dose model]=== | ===2021: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33207918/ Cigarette smoke preparations, not electronic nicotine delivery system preparations, induce features of lung disease in a 3D lung repeat-dose model]=== | ||
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*...we are now confident that current vaping products are much less harmful than conventional cigarettes as well as earlier EC designs. | *...we are now confident that current vaping products are much less harmful than conventional cigarettes as well as earlier EC designs. | ||
*[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17476348.2019.1649146?needAccess=true PDF] | *[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17476348.2019.1649146?needAccess=true PDF] | ||
*Polosa, Riccardo; O’Leary, Renée; Tashkin, Donald; Emma, Rosalia; Caruso, Massimo (2019). The effect of e-cigarette aerosol emissions on respiratory health: a narrative review. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, (), 1–17. doi:10.1080/17476348.2019.1649146 | *Citation: Polosa, Riccardo; O’Leary, Renée; Tashkin, Donald; Emma, Rosalia; Caruso, Massimo (2019). The effect of e-cigarette aerosol emissions on respiratory health: a narrative review. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, (), 1–17. doi:10.1080/17476348.2019.1649146 | ||
===2018: [https://www.dovepress.com/health-effects-in-copd-smokers-who-switch-to-electronic-cigarettes-a-r-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-COPD Health effects in COPD smokers who switch to electronic cigarettes: a retrospective-prospective 3-year follow-up]=== | ===2018: [https://www.dovepress.com/health-effects-in-copd-smokers-who-switch-to-electronic-cigarettes-a-r-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-COPD Health effects in COPD smokers who switch to electronic cigarettes: a retrospective-prospective 3-year follow-up]=== | ||
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*Although ECs are not risk free, they are much less harmful than conventional tobacco smoking. The emerging clinical evidence suggests that ECs are unlikely to raise significant health concerns for the respiratory tract under normal conditions of use, even in smokers with preexisting lung disease. In particular, recent studies in COPD and chronic asthma suggest that substitution of conventional tobacco cigarettes for ECs can ameliorate subjective and objective disease-related outcomes and exacerbation rates as well as improving success in abstaining from smoking long term. | *Although ECs are not risk free, they are much less harmful than conventional tobacco smoking. The emerging clinical evidence suggests that ECs are unlikely to raise significant health concerns for the respiratory tract under normal conditions of use, even in smokers with preexisting lung disease. In particular, recent studies in COPD and chronic asthma suggest that substitution of conventional tobacco cigarettes for ECs can ameliorate subjective and objective disease-related outcomes and exacerbation rates as well as improving success in abstaining from smoking long term. | ||
*[https://acrobat.adobe.com/link/track?uri=urn%3Aaaid%3Ascds%3AUS%3Aaa3f75b1-853a-484c-b692-f9ca7a5ee2d2&viewer%21megaVerb=group-discover PDF] | *[https://acrobat.adobe.com/link/track?uri=urn%3Aaaid%3Ascds%3AUS%3Aaa3f75b1-853a-484c-b692-f9ca7a5ee2d2&viewer%21megaVerb=group-discover PDF] | ||
*Morjaria JB, Mondati E, Polosa R. E-cigarettes in patients with COPD: current perspectives. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:3203-3210 https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S135323 | *Citation: Morjaria JB, Mondati E, Polosa R. E-cigarettes in patients with COPD: current perspectives. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:3203-3210 https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S135323 | ||
===2017: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5429854/ Reduced biological effect of e-cigarette aerosol compared to cigarette smoke evaluated in vitro using normalized nicotine dose and RNA-seq-based toxicogenomics]=== | ===2017: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5429854/ Reduced biological effect of e-cigarette aerosol compared to cigarette smoke evaluated in vitro using normalized nicotine dose and RNA-seq-based toxicogenomics]=== | ||
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** In studies on ENDS, it may be beneficial to use a panel of biomarkers | ** In studies on ENDS, it may be beneficial to use a panel of biomarkers | ||
* The biomarker levels of many tobacco-related toxicants measured in biological samples collected from ENDS users did not differ significantly from non-users, except for nicotine metabolites and a small number of biomarkers of exposure to volatile organic compounds and tobacco-specific tobacco nitrosamines. Several studies have shown that while exposed to nicotine, long-term exclusive ENDS users showed significantly lower levels of toxicant biomarkers than cigarette smokers. | * The biomarker levels of many tobacco-related toxicants measured in biological samples collected from ENDS users did not differ significantly from non-users, except for nicotine metabolites and a small number of biomarkers of exposure to volatile organic compounds and tobacco-specific tobacco nitrosamines. Several studies have shown that while exposed to nicotine, long-term exclusive ENDS users showed significantly lower levels of toxicant biomarkers than cigarette smokers. | ||
* Goniewicz ML. Addict Neurosci. 2023 Jun;6:100077. doi: 10.1016/j.addicn.2023.100077. Epub 2023 Feb 26. PMID: 3708924 | *Citation: Goniewicz ML. Addict Neurosci. 2023 Jun;6:100077. doi: 10.1016/j.addicn.2023.100077. Epub 2023 Feb 26. PMID: 3708924 | ||
===2023: [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-44626-1 Cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and genotoxicity of electronic cigarettes emission aerosols compared to cigarette smoke: the REPLICA project]=== | |||
*The results showed high cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and genotoxicity induced by cigarette smoke, but slight or no cytotoxic, mutagenic and genotoxic effects induced by the e-cigarette aerosol. Although the two studies presented some methodological differences, the findings supported those previously presented by Rudd and colleagues. | |||
*Citation: Emma, R., Fuochi, V., Distefano, A., Partsinevelos, K., Rust, S., Zadjali, F., Al Tobi, M., Zadjali, R., Alharthi, Z., Pulvirenti, R., Furneri, P. M., Polosa, R., Sun, A., Caruso, M., & Li Volti, G. (2023). Cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and genotoxicity of electronic cigarettes emission aerosols compared to cigarette smoke: The REPLICA project. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-44626-1 | |||
===2022: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35858275/ Increased Levels of the Acrolein Metabolite 3-Hydroxypropyl Mercapturic Acid in the Urine of e-Cigarette Users]=== | |||
*All analytes were significantly higher in cigarette smokers than in either e-cigarette users or nonsmokers. | |||
*Citation: Chen M, Carmella SG, Lindgren BR, Luo X, Ikuemonisan J, Niesen B, Thomson NM, Murphy SE, Hatsukami DK, Hecht SS. Increased Levels of the Acrolein Metabolite 3-Hydroxypropyl Mercapturic Acid in the Urine of e-Cigarette Users. Chem Res Toxicol. 2023 Apr 17;36(4):583-588. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00145. Epub 2022 Jul 20. PMID: 35858275; PMCID: PMC9852357. | |||
===2022: [https://f1000research.com/articles/9-1225#f1 Nicotine products relative risk assessment: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations<nowiki>]</nowiki> Previously titled: Nicotine products relative risk assessment: a systematic review and meta-analysis]=== | |||
*In this update, 70 new studies were added to the synthesis, making a total of 123 studies included. All combustible tobacco products score between 40 and 100, with bidis and smokeless (rest of world) also in this range. All other products have a combined risk score of 10 or less, including U.S. chewing tobacco, U.S. dipping tobacco, snus, heat-not-burn tobacco, electronic cigarettes, non-tobacco pouches and nicotine replacement therapy. | |||
*Citation: Murkett R, Rugh M and Ding B. Nicotine products relative risk assessment: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2022, 9:1225 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.26762.2) | |||
===2021: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273230021001598 Screening of different cytotoxicity methods for the assessment of ENDS toxicity relative to tobacco cigarettes]=== | ===2021: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273230021001598 Screening of different cytotoxicity methods for the assessment of ENDS toxicity relative to tobacco cigarettes]=== | ||
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*Citation: Caruso M, Emma R, Rust S, Distefano A, Carota G, Pulvirenti R, Polosa R, Li Volti G. Screening of different cytotoxicity methods for the assessment of ENDS toxicity relative to tobacco cigarettes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2021 Oct;125:105018. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105018. Epub 2021 Jul 24. PMID: 34314750. | *Citation: Caruso M, Emma R, Rust S, Distefano A, Carota G, Pulvirenti R, Polosa R, Li Volti G. Screening of different cytotoxicity methods for the assessment of ENDS toxicity relative to tobacco cigarettes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2021 Oct;125:105018. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105018. Epub 2021 Jul 24. PMID: 34314750. | ||
===2020 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0946672X2030167X?via%3Dihub Association of electronic cigarette use with lead, cadmium, barium, and antimony body burden: NHANES 2015-2016]=== | ===2021: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34660535/ The Chemical Complexity of e-Cigarette Aerosols Compared With the Smoke From a Tobacco Burning Cigarette]=== | ||
*Levels of the targeted toxicants in the e-cigarette aerosols were significantly lower than those in cigarette smoke, with 68.5->99% reductions under ISO 3308 puffing conditions and 88.4->99% reductions under ISO 20778 (intense) conditions; reductions against the WHO TobReg 9 priority list were around 99%. | |||
*Citation: Margham J, McAdam K, Cunningham A, Porter A, Fiebelkorn S, Mariner D, Digard H, Proctor C. The Chemical Complexity of e-Cigarette Aerosols Compared With the Smoke From a Tobacco Burning Cigarette. Front Chem. 2021 Sep 30;9:743060. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2021.743060. PMID: 34660535; PMCID: PMC8514950. | |||
===2021: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34289969/ Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress among Adult Former Smoker, Current E-Cigarette Users-Results from Wave 1 PATH Study]=== | |||
*Exclusive e-cigarette users have biomarker concentrations that are similar to those of former smokers who do not currently use tobacco, and lower than those of exclusive cigarette smokers. | |||
*Citation: Christensen CH, Chang JT, Rostron BL, Hammad HT, van Bemmel DM, Del Valle-Pinero AY, Wang B, Mishina EV, Faulcon LM, DePina A, Brown-Baker L, Kimmel HL, Lambert E, Blount BC, Vesper HW, Wang L, Goniewicz ML, Hyland A, Travers MJ, Hatsukami DK, Niaura R, Cummings KM, Taylor KA, Edwards KC, Borek N, Ambrose BK, Chang CM. Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress among Adult Former Smoker, Current E-Cigarette Users-Results from Wave 1 PATH Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2021 Oct;30(10):1947-1955. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-21-0140. Epub 2021 Jul 21. PMID: 34289969; PMCID: PMC8500540. | |||
===2021: [https://accp1.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jcph.1915 Clinical Pharmacology of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS): Implications for Benefits and Risks in the Promotion of the Combusted Tobacco Endgame]=== | |||
*'''“If smokers used ENDS to quit smoking, even if they continued to use ENDS, we expect that there would be an enormous benefit to public health.”''' | |||
*[https://colinmendelsohn.com.au/benowitz/ Summary of paper by Dr. Colin Mendelsohn] | |||
**Nicotine | |||
***Nicotine per se is not harmless, but is much less harmful than combusted tobacco use. The effects of nicotine include ’pleasure, arousal and stimulation, and reduction of anxiety and mood stabilization’ | |||
***Vapers and smokers take in the same amount of nicotine into the body each day | |||
***Daily intake of nicotine is much the same for users of high powered devices with 3-6mg/ml for MTL as for low powered pod devices with 60mg/ml nicotine for MTL | |||
***Experienced users take in more nicotine than new vapers, so satisfaction increases over time | |||
***E-liquids with high levels of propylene glycol deliver more nicotine than those with lower levels with the same nicotine concentration. | |||
***Of the nicotine that is inhaled from an e-cigarette, more than 90% is retained by the smoker so very little is released into the surrounding air. | |||
***One 5% JUUL pod delivers a similar amount of nicotine to smoking around 18 cigarettes. | |||
***The rate of rise of nicotine in the blood is similar for cigarettes and e-cigarettes, but in general peak levels of nicotine are lower with e-cigarettes. | |||
**Safety of vaping | |||
***ENDS products expose users to much lower levels of toxicants compared with cigarette smoking. Based on the far lower number and levels of potential toxins in ENDS aerosol, it is predicted that toxicity will be much lower than that of smoking, but toxicity will likely differ by device. | |||
***High powered devices have a greater health risk. The clouds are larger and the higher temperatures create more toxic chemicals. Devices with high concentrations of nicotine salt generate smaller, cooler clouds with less toxin exposure. | |||
***Although no smoking or vaping is preferred, switching to less harmful e-cigarettes long-term would likely reduce smoking-related disease risk and would be an acceptable alternative compared with regular use of tobacco cigarettes. | |||
***Dripping” (ie, dripping drops of the e-liquid directly onto the heating element and then inhaling the produced vapor) can lead to high liquid heating temperatures and generation of harmful more chemicals. | |||
***Long-term harm is unknown because the products have not been used for long-enough | |||
*[https://colinmendelsohn.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Benowitz-NL.-Clinical-Pharmacology-of-Electronic-NicotineDelivery-Systems-ENDS-ACCP-2021.pdf PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Benowitz, N.L., St.Helen, G. and Liakoni, E. (2021), Clinical Pharmacology of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS): Implications for Benefits and Risks in the Promotion of the Combusted Tobacco Endgame. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 61: S18-S36. doi:10.1002/jcph.1915 | |||
===2020: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0946672X2030167X?via%3Dihub Association of electronic cigarette use with lead, cadmium, barium, and antimony body burden: NHANES 2015-2016]=== | |||
*In this study, blood lead levels, and urinary cadmium, barium, and antimony levels were similar between participants who ever-used e-cigarettes and participants who did not, and therefore, e-cigarette use was not a major source of heavy metals. | *In this study, blood lead levels, and urinary cadmium, barium, and antimony levels were similar between participants who ever-used e-cigarettes and participants who did not, and therefore, e-cigarette use was not a major source of heavy metals. | ||
*However, participants with a smoking history were more likely to have higher blood lead and urinary cadmium than participants who neither used e-cigarettes nor cigarettes. | *However, participants with a smoking history were more likely to have higher blood lead and urinary cadmium than participants who neither used e-cigarettes nor cigarettes. | ||
*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126602 PDF Version] | *[https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126602 PDF Version] | ||
*Citation: R. Constance Wiener, Ruchi Bhandari, Association of electronic cigarette use with lead, cadmium, barium, and antimony body burden: NHANES 2015-2016, Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, Volume 62, 2020, 126602, ISSN 0946-672X, doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126602 | *Citation: R. Constance Wiener, Ruchi Bhandari, Association of electronic cigarette use with lead, cadmium, barium, and antimony body burden: NHANES 2015-2016, Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, Volume 62, 2020, 126602, ISSN 0946-672X, doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126602 | ||
===2020: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7432690/ Urinary Biomarkers of Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study Wave 1 (2013–2014)]=== | |||
*We produced linear regression models for six VOCMs with sex, age, race, and tobacco user group as predictor variables. Creatinine-ratioed levels of VOCMs from exposure to acrolein, crotonaldehyde, isoprene, acrylonitrile, and 1,3-butadiene were significantly higher in smokers than in never users. Small differences of VOCM levels among exclusive e-cigarette users and smokeless users were observed when compared to never users. Smokers showed higher VOCM concentrations than e-cigarette, smokeless, and never users. | |||
*Citation: De Jesús VR, Bhandari D, Zhang L, Reese C, Capella K, Tevis D, Zhu W, Del Valle-Pinero AY, Lagaud G, Chang JT, van Bemmel D, Kimmel HL, Sharma E, Goniewicz ML, Hyland A, Blount BC. Urinary Biomarkers of Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study Wave 1 (2013-2014). Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Jul 28;17(15):5408. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17155408. PMID: 32731321; PMCID: PMC7432690. | |||
===2020: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7297089/ Characterization of Volatile Organic Compound Metabolites in Cigarette Smokers, Electronic Nicotine Device Users, Dual Users, and Nonusers of Tobacco]=== | |||
*In multivariable-adjusted models, sole ENDS users had higher levels of metabolites of acrolein, acrylamide, acrylonitrile, and xylene compared with nonusers of tobacco, but lower levels of most VOC metabolites compared with cigarette smokers or dual users. | |||
*Citation: Keith RJ, Fetterman JL, Orimoloye OA, Dardari Z, Lorkiewicz PK, Hamburg NM, DeFilippis AP, Blaha MJ, Bhatnagar A. Characterization of Volatile Organic Compound Metabolites in Cigarette Smokers, Electronic Nicotine Device Users, Dual Users, and Nonusers of Tobacco. Nicotine Tob Res. 2020 Feb 6;22(2):264-272. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntz021. PMID: 30759242; PMCID: PMC7297089. | |||
===2019: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7007368/ Comparison of systemic exposure to toxic and/or carcinogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during vaping, smoking, and abstention]=== | |||
*E-cigarettes expose users to lower levels of toxic VOCs compared to cigarette smoking, supporting their harm reduction potential among smokers. | |||
*Citation: St Helen G, Liakoni E, Nardone N, Addo N, Jacob P 3rd, Benowitz NL. Comparison of Systemic Exposure to Toxic and/or Carcinogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) during Vaping, Smoking, and Abstention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2020 Feb;13(2):153-162. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-19-0356. Epub 2019 Sep 25. PMID: 31554628; PMCID: PMC7007368. | |||
===2018: NASEM report on E-Cig Health Effects evaluates the available evidence of health effects related to the use of E-cigarettes: [http://Public%20Health%20Consequences%20of%20E-Cigarettes Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes]=== | ===2018: NASEM report on E-Cig Health Effects evaluates the available evidence of health effects related to the use of E-cigarettes: [http://Public%20Health%20Consequences%20of%20E-Cigarettes Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes]=== | ||
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*Citation: Ana S. Cravo, Jim Bush, Girish Sharma, Rebecca Savioz, Claire Martin, Simon Craige, Tanvir Walele, A randomised, parallel group study to evaluate the safety profile of an electronic vapour product over 12 weeks, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Volume 81, Supplement 1, 2016, Pages S1-S14, ISSN 0273-2300, doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.10.003 | *Citation: Ana S. Cravo, Jim Bush, Girish Sharma, Rebecca Savioz, Claire Martin, Simon Craige, Tanvir Walele, A randomised, parallel group study to evaluate the safety profile of an electronic vapour product over 12 weeks, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Volume 81, Supplement 1, 2016, Pages S1-S14, ISSN 0273-2300, doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.10.003 | ||
===2016: Tobacco Consumption and Toxicant Exposure of Cigarette Smokers Using Electronic Cigarettes=== | ===2016 [https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article-abstract/20/2/206/2730216?redirectedFrom=fulltext Tobacco Consumption and Toxicant Exposure of Cigarette Smokers Using Electronic Cigarettes]=== | ||
*Smokers using | *Smokers using [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|EC]]s over 4 weeks maintained cotinine levels and experienced significant reductions in carbon monoxide, [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|NNAL]], and two out of eight measured [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|VOC]] metabolites. Those who switched exclusively to ECs for at least half of the study period significantly reduced two additional VOCs. | ||
* | *[https://sci-hub.se/10.1093/ntr/ntw333 PDF Version] | ||
*Citation: | *Citation: Pulvers, K., Emami, A. S., Nollen, N. L., Romero, D. R., Strong, D. R., Benowitz, N. L., & Ahluwalia, J. S. (2016). Tobacco Consumption and Toxicant Exposure of Cigarette Smokers Using Electronic Cigarettes. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, ntw333. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntw333 | ||
===2016: Reductions in biomarkers of exposure, impacts on smoking urge and assessment of product use and tolerability in adult smokers following partial or complete substitution of cigarettes with electronic cigarettes=== | ===2016 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4940751/ Reductions in biomarkers of exposure, impacts on smoking urge and assessment of product use and tolerability in adult smokers following partial or complete substitution of cigarettes with electronic cigarettes]=== | ||
*Subjects switching to e-cigarettes had significantly lower levels (29 %–95 %) of urinary | *Subjects switching to e-cigarettes had significantly lower levels (29 %–95 %) of urinary [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|BoE]]s after 5 days. Nicotine equivalents declined by 25 %–40 %. | ||
*All groups experienced significant decreases in exhaled CO (27 %–89 %). | *Dual users who substituted half of their self-reported daily cigarette consumption with e-cigarettes experienced 7 %–38 % reductions, but had increases (1 %–20 %) in nicotine equivalents. | ||
* | *Blood nicotine biomarker levels were lower in the cessation (75 %–96 %) and e-cigarette use groups (11 %–83 %); dual users had no significant reductions. | ||
*Citation: | *All groups experienced significant decreases in exhaled CO (27 %–89 %). Exhaled NO increases (46 %–63 %) were observed in the cessation and e-cigarette use groups; dual users had minimal changes. | ||
*By Day 5, all groups had greater reductions in smoking urge compared to cessation. However, reductions were larger in the dual use group. | |||
*No serious adverse events were observed. | |||
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4940751/pdf/12889_2016_Article_3236.pdf PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: D'Ruiz CD, Graff DW, Robinson E. Reductions in biomarkers of exposure, impacts on smoking urge and assessment of product use and tolerability in adult smokers following partial or complete substitution of cigarettes with electronic cigarettes. BMC Public Health. 2016 Jul 11;16:543. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3236-1. PMID: 27401980; PMCID: PMC4940751. | |||
===2016: Electronic cigarette aerosol induces significantly less cytotoxicity than tobacco smoke=== | ===2016 [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15376516.2016.1217112?src=recsys Electronic cigarette aerosol induces significantly less cytotoxicity than tobacco smoke]=== | ||
*Under the conditions tested, Vype ePen e-cigarette aerosol was significantly less cytotoxic than reference 3R4F cigarette smoke. | *Under the conditions tested, Vype ePen e-cigarette aerosol was significantly less cytotoxic than reference 3R4F cigarette smoke. | ||
* | *[https://sci-hub.se/10.1080/15376516.2016.1217112 PDF Version] | ||
*Citation: | *Citation: Azzopardi, D., Patel, K., Jaunky, T., Santopietro, S., Camacho, O. M., McAughey, J., & Gaça, M. (2016). Electronic cigarette aerosol induces significantly less cytotoxicity than tobacco smoke. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 26(6), 477–491. doi:10.1080/15376516.2016.1217112 | ||
===2014: | ===2014 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273230014002505?fbclid=IwAR0ivUs1bNfN2HGxl240LRHiCSB-EJ7xIhR4WNEQxZUgEKHGlAQ_RvNkHBU Comparison of select analytes in aerosol from e-cigarettes with smoke from conventional cigarettes and with ambient air]=== | ||
* | *Mainstream cigarette smoke HPHCs (∼3000 μg/puff) were 1500 times higher than e-cigarette HPHCs. | ||
*No significant contribution of tested HPHC classes was found for the e-cigarettes. | |||
*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.10.010 PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Tayyarah, R., & Long, G. A. (2014). Comparison of select analytes in aerosol from e-cigarettes with smoke from conventional cigarettes and with ambient air. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 70(3), 704–710. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.10.010 | |||
===2014: | ===2014 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4110871/ Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review]=== | ||
* | *Existing evidence indicates that E-cigarette (EC) use is by far a less harmful alternative to smoking. There is no tobacco and no combustion involved in EC use; therefore, regular vapers may avoid several harmful toxic chemicals that are typically present in the smoke of tobacco cigarettes. Indeed, some toxic chemicals are released in the EC vapor as well, but their levels are substantially lower compared with tobacco smoke, and in some cases (such as nitrosamines) are comparable with the amounts found in pharmaceutical nicotine products. Surveys, clinical, chemistry and toxicology data have often been mispresented or misinterpreted by health authorities and tobacco regulators, in such a way that the potential for harmful consequences of EC use has been largely exaggerated. It is obvious that some residual risk associated with EC use may be present, but this is probably trivial compared with the devastating consequences of smoking. Moreover, ECs are recommended to smokers or former smokers only, as a substitute for conventional cigarettes or to prevent smoking relapse; thus, any risk should be estimated relative to the risk of continuing or relapsing back to smoking and the low efficacy of currently approved medications for smoking cessation should be taken into consideration…. | ||
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4110871/pdf/10.1177_2042098614524430.pdf PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Farsalinos KE, Polosa R. Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2014 Apr;5(2):67-86. doi: 10.1177/2042098614524430. PMID: 25083263; PMCID: PMC4110871. | |||
===2013: Cytotoxicity evaluation of electronic cigarette vapor extract on cultured mammalian fibroblasts (ClearStream-LIFE): comparison with tobacco cigarette smoke extract=== | ===2013 [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/08958378.2013.793439 Cytotoxicity evaluation of electronic cigarette (EC) vapor extract on cultured mammalian fibroblasts (ClearStream-LIFE): comparison with tobacco cigarette smoke (CS) extract]=== | ||
*This study indicates that EC vapor is significantly less cytotoxic compared to tobacco CS. | *This study indicates that EC vapor is significantly less cytotoxic compared to tobacco CS. | ||
*[https://sci-hub.se/10.3109/08958378.2013.793439 PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Romagna, G., Allifranchini, E., Bocchietto, E., Todeschi, S., Esposito, M., & Farsalinos, K. E. (2013). Cytotoxicity evaluation of electronic cigarette vapor extract on cultured mammalian fibroblasts (ClearStream-LIFE): comparison with tobacco cigarette smoke extract. Inhalation Toxicology, 25(6), 354–361. doi:10.3109/08958378.2013.793439 | |||
==Weight== | ==Weight== | ||
2018: Lack of Substantial Post-Cessation Weight Increase in Electronic Cigarettes Users | ===2018: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29570695/ Lack of Substantial Post-Cessation Weight Increase in Electronic Cigarettes Users]=== | ||
*“Conclusion: Within the study limitations, EC use may help smokers attenuate cigarette consumption or remain abstinent, as well as reduce their post-cessation weight increase. The potential role of the e-vapour category for harm minimization in relation to tobacco and/or food abuse requires confirmation from larger prospective studies. Moreover, the observed lack of post-cessation weight gain in those who reduced substantially cigarette consumption by switching to ECs (i.e., dual users) is an interesting finding and calls for further research investigating the role of nicotine in weight control. Meanwhile, these preliminary findings should be communicated to smokers and particularly to weight-conscious smokers intending to quit. | |||
*By combining substantial reduction of smoking with prevention of post-cessation weight gain, EC-based interventions may promote an overall improvement in quality of life. Considering that the negative effects of weight increase could overshadow the health benefits of smoking abstinence, it is important to stimulate more research in this area.” | |||
*Citation: Russo C, Cibella F, Mondati E, Caponnetto P, Frazzetto E, Caruso M, Caci G, Polosa R. Lack of Substantial Post-Cessation Weight Increase in Electronic Cigarettes Users. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Mar 23;15(4):581. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15040581. PMID: 29570695; PMCID: PMC5923623. | |||
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===2017: [http://Could%20Vaping%20be%20a%20New%20Weapon%20in%20the%20Battle%20of%20the%20Bulge? Could Vaping be a New Weapon in the Battle of the Bulge?]=== | |||
*Obesity is set to overtake tobacco smoking in many countries as the primary cause of several high-cost diseases. Tobacco smoking mitigates weight gain through nicotine’s effect on the brain and metabolism. | |||
*There have been some reports among vapers that vaping is helping to mitigate weight gain after stopping smoking and or vaping is helping them to control their weight. There are several potential mechanisms by which vaping, in addition to the direct effects of nicotine, could facilitate weight control, these include taste perception, physical mouthfeel, and sensation and behavioral replacement. | |||
*Citation: Glover M, Breier BH, Bauld L. Could Vaping be a New Weapon in the Battle of the Bulge? Nicotine Tob Res. 2017 Nov 7;19(12):1536-1540. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntw278. PMID: 27798086. | |||
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='''Suggestions to add to this page'''= | ='''Suggestions to add to this page'''= | ||
===2021: [https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306416 Balancing Consideration of the Risks and Benefits of E-Cigarettes]=== | ===2021: [https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306416 Balancing Consideration of the Risks and Benefits of E-Cigarettes]=== | ||
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