Nicotine - Misperceptions, Misinformation, or Disinformation: Difference between revisions

<br>

[[File:Did you know 3.png|left]] [[File:HINTS graph.png|right]]   

<br>

==Consumers==

===2022: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35368082/ Do smokers' perceptions of the harmfulness of nicotine replacement therapy and nicotine vaping products as compared to cigarettes influence their use as an aid for smoking cessation? Findings from the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys]===

*We analyzed data from 1,315 current daily smokers (10+ cigarettes per day) who were recruited at Wave 1 (2016), and who reported making a quit attempt by Wave 2 (2018) of the International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys in Australia, Canada, England, and the United States.

*Consistent with past studies,our findings confirm that harm perceptions influence nicotine product use, with accurate perceptions associated with greater likelihood of use as a smoking cessation aid, whereas inaccurate perceptions appear to deter their use for this purpose.

===2022: [https://academic.oup.com/ntr/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ntr/ntac088/6562888 Exposure to Negative News Stories About Vaping, and Harm Perceptions of Vaping, Among Youth in England, Canada, and the United States Before and After the Outbreak of E-cigarette or Vaping-Associated Lung Injury (‘EVALI’)]===

*Between 2017 and February–March 2020, youth exposure to negative news stories, and perceptions of vaping harms, increased, and increases were exacerbated during and immediately after ‘EVALI’. By August 2020, exposure to negative news stories returned to 2019 levels, while perceptions of harm were sustained.

===2021: [https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/9/e045445 Effects of brief exposure to misinformation about e-cigarette harms on twitter: a randomised controlled experiment]===

*This is the first study to explore the effect of exposure to misinformation about e-cigarette harms on Twitter, showing that after brief exposure to tweets that e-cigarettes are as or more harmful than smoking, current smokers may be deterred from using e-cigarettes (measured with intention to purchase e-cigarettes) as a harm reduction strategy. They are also more likely to wrongly believe that e-cigarettes are more harmful than regular cigarettes.  

*The increasing trends of misperceptions about the relative harms of e-cigarettes compared with regular cigarettes are important for public health because perceived harms of e-cigarettes are associated with smokers' willingness to use e-cigarettes6 as a harm reduction strategy.

===2020: [https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/DAT-04-2020-0022/full/html Perceptions of nicotine in current and former users of tobacco and tobacco harm reduction products from seven countries]===

*We observed that the majority of current and previous product users estimated the harmfulness of nicotine and cigarettes alike. This has led to the misled conclusion that nicotine is responsible for the detrimental effects related to combustible tobacco consumption, even though science has found only very limited and often inconclusive evidence to date that nicotine is any more harmful than other legally consumed stimulants.

*Contradictory statements by leading researchers supported by renowned funding agencies and misreporting by the media may further public confusion as people have stated they use the media as a source of health information.

===2020: [https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/DAT-02-2020-0007/full/html Tobacco harm reduction in the 21st century]===

*These barriers will need to be addressed if tobacco harm reduction is to make the maximum impact on the tobacco endemic.

===2020: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7296947/ Inequalities, harm reduction and non-combustible nicotine products: a meta-ethnography of qualitative evidence]===

**lack of a perceived advantage of alternative products over smoking;  

**and a perceived lack of information about relative harms of NCNP compared to smoking.

==Health Care==

===2013: [https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/DAT-02-2013-0010/full/html Survey of GPs' understanding of tobacco and nicotine products]===

==Consumers==

===2022: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35368082/ Do smokers' perceptions of the harmfulness of nicotine replacement therapy and nicotine vaping products as compared to cigarettes influence their use as an aid for smoking cessation? Findings from the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys]===

*Consistent with past studies,our findings confirm that harm perceptions influence nicotine product use, with accurate perceptions associated with greater likelihood of use as a smoking cessation aid, whereas inaccurate perceptions appear to deter their use for this purpose.

='''Canada'''=

==Consumers==

===2022: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35368082/ Do smokers' perceptions of the harmfulness of nicotine replacement therapy and nicotine vaping products as compared to cigarettes influence their use as an aid for smoking cessation? Findings from the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys]===

*We analyzed data from 1,315 current daily smokers (10+ cigarettes per day) who were recruited at Wave 1 (2016), and who reported making a quit attempt by Wave 2 (2018) of the International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys in Australia, Canada, England, and the United States.

*Consistent with past studies,our findings confirm that harm perceptions influence nicotine product use, with accurate perceptions associated with greater likelihood of use as a smoking cessation aid, whereas inaccurate perceptions appear to deter their use for this purpose.

===2022: [https://academic.oup.com/ntr/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ntr/ntac088/6562888 Exposure to Negative News Stories About Vaping, and Harm Perceptions of Vaping, Among Youth in England, Canada, and the United States Before and After the Outbreak of E-cigarette or Vaping-Associated Lung Injury (‘EVALI’)]===

*Between 2017 and February–March 2020, youth exposure to negative news stories, and perceptions of vaping harms, increased, and increases were exacerbated during and immediately after ‘EVALI’. By August 2020, exposure to negative news stories returned to 2019 levels, while perceptions of harm were sustained.

='''Greece'''=

*We observed that the majority of current and previous product users estimated the harmfulness of nicotine and cigarettes alike. This has led to the misled conclusion that nicotine is responsible for the detrimental effects related to combustible tobacco consumption, even though science has found only very limited and often inconclusive evidence to date that nicotine is any more harmful than other legally consumed stimulants.

*Contradictory statements by leading researchers supported by renowned funding agencies and misreporting by the media may further public confusion as people have stated they use the media as a source of health information.

<br>

*We observed that the majority of current and previous product users estimated the harmfulness of nicotine and cigarettes alike. This has led to the misled conclusion that nicotine is responsible for the detrimental effects related to combustible tobacco consumption, even though science has found only very limited and often inconclusive evidence to date that nicotine is any more harmful than other legally consumed stimulants.

*Contradictory statements by leading researchers supported by renowned funding agencies and misreporting by the media may further public confusion as people have stated they use the media as a source of health information.

<br>

==Consumers==

='''Poland'''=

===2016: [https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/13/9/885/htm Perceived Relative Harm of Selected Cigarettes and Non-Cigarette Tobacco Products—A Study of Young People from a Socio-Economically Disadvantaged Rural Area in Poland]===

*The smokers of traditional cigarettes reported more harmfulness (compared to traditional cigarettes) in menthol, slim cigarettes, and e-cigarettes comparing to the non-smokers (p ≤ 0.03).

<br>

==Consumers==

='''Sweden'''=

===2010: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2928193/ Harm perception among Swedish daily smokers regarding nicotine, NRT-products and Swedish Snus]===

*A majority, 59% of the answers to the question about harmfulness of NRT-products, and 75% of the answers about harmfulness of Snus, were inconsistent with the scientific evidence by demonstrating exaggerated perceptions of harmfulness. The strongest predictor of consistent answers was the perception of the harmfulness of nicotine.

==Health Care==

===2013: [https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/DAT-02-2013-0010/full/html Survey of GPs' understanding of tobacco and nicotine products]===

**...less than half believe that long-term nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is preferable to smoking (31% UK, 48% Sweden).

**Many (44% UK, 56% Sweden) also wrongly believe that nicotine in tobacco products is associated with cancer, while 15% in the UK and 22% in Sweden believe the same for pharmaceutical nicotine.

<br>

==Consumers==

===2022: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35368082/ Do smokers' perceptions of the harmfulness of nicotine replacement therapy and nicotine vaping products as compared to cigarettes influence their use as an aid for smoking cessation? Findings from the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys]===

*We analyzed data from 1,315 current daily smokers (10+ cigarettes per day) who were recruited at Wave 1 (2016), and who reported making a quit attempt by Wave 2 (2018) of the International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys in Australia, Canada, England, and the United States.

*Consistent with past studies,our findings confirm that harm perceptions influence nicotine product use, with accurate perceptions associated with greater likelihood of use as a smoking cessation aid, whereas inaccurate perceptions appear to deter their use for this purpose.

===2022: [https://nrgppi.org/recent-research/what-are-people-s-views-about-the-risks-of-vaping What are people’s views about the risks of vaping? Findings from conversations with the public.]===

**Increasing discussions and education in school about ‘negative consequences of vaping’

**Desensitisation to public health messaging about the reduced harm of vaping relative to smoking

===2022: [https://demos.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/myths-and-misinformation.pdf Myths and Misinformation: Mapping the barriers to smoking cessation and the uptake of nicotine alternatives]===

*...with 93% of Brits overestimating the health risk of nicotine,...The over 60s and those from the lowest socio economic groups (C2DE) are the most likely to be misinformed...

*Our research has also revealed the scale of misunderstanding around vaping, with 90% of Brits’ responses ‘broadly incorrect’ about its harm compared to tobacco cigarettes; this despite public health evidence asserting that vaping is unlikely to exceed 5% of the harm that comes from smoking cigarettes.

===2022: [https://academic.oup.com/ntr/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ntr/ntac088/6562888 Exposure to Negative News Stories About Vaping, and Harm Perceptions of Vaping, Among Youth in England, Canada, and the United States Before and After the Outbreak of E-cigarette or Vaping-Associated Lung Injury (‘EVALI’)]===

*Between 2017 and February–March 2020, youth exposure to negative news stories, and perceptions of vaping harms, increased, and increases were exacerbated during and immediately after ‘EVALI’. By August 2020, exposure to negative news stories returned to 2019 levels, while perceptions of harm were sustained.

===2022: [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1081366/khan-review-making-smoking-obsolete.pdf The Khan review Making smoking obsolete]===

*In cigarettes, we know that it is not the nicotine that kills you but the other thousands of toxic chemicals such as tar and carbon monoxide. Vapes give smokers the nicotine they crave but protect them from the toxins they would inhale from a cigarette.

===2021: Video: [https://vimeo.com/649054668 Depression causes vaping!]===

*In this talk [https://www.e-cigarette-summit.co.uk/seminar/depression-causes-vaping/ Professor Notley] will discuss the latest evidence exploring associations between nicotine use and common mental health conditions, including depression.  

===2021: [https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/9/e045445 Effects of brief exposure to misinformation about e-cigarette harms on twitter: a randomised controlled experiment]===

*This is the first study to explore the effect of exposure to misinformation about e-cigarette harms on Twitter, showing that after brief exposure to tweets that e-cigarettes are as or more harmful than smoking, current smokers may be deterred from using e-cigarettes (measured with intention to purchase e-cigarettes) as a harm reduction strategy. They are also more likely to wrongly believe that e-cigarettes are more harmful than regular cigarettes.  

*The increasing trends of misperceptions about the relative harms of e-cigarettes compared with regular cigarettes are important for public health because perceived harms of e-cigarettes are associated with smokers' willingness to use e-cigarettes6 as a harm reduction strategy.

===2020: [https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-020-01565-2 Association between changes in harm perceptions and e-cigarette use among current tobacco smokers in England: a time series analysis]===

*For every 1% decrease in the mean prevalence of current tobacco smokers who endorsed the belief that e-cigarettes are less harmful than combustible cigarettes, the mean prevalence of e-cigarette use decreased by 0.48%

===2019: [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.14502 Harm perceptions of e-cigarettes and other nicotine products in a UK sample]===

*Large proportions of UK smokers and ex-smokers overestimate the relative harmfulness of e-cigarettes and nicotine replacement therapy compared with smoking; misattributing smoking harms to nicotine is associated with increased misperceptions.

*eCancer Article: [https://ecancer.org/en/news/15250-misperceptions-about-vaping-common-among-uk-smokers Misperceptions about vaping common among UK smokers]

===2015: [https://www.rsph.org.uk/about-us/news/nicotine--no-more-harmful-to-health-than-caffeine-.html Nicotine “no more harmful to health than caffeine”]===

<br>

**...less than half believe that long-term nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is preferable to smoking (31% UK, 48% Sweden).

**Many (44% UK, 56% Sweden) also wrongly believe that nicotine in tobacco products is associated with cancer, while 15% in the UK and 22% in Sweden believe the same for pharmaceutical nicotine.

<br>

='''United States'''=

==Consumers==

===2022: [https://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(22)00177-5/fulltext Relative Harm Perceptions of E-Cigarettes Versus Cigarettes, U.S. Adults, 2018–2020]===

**The main finding that people started smoking cigarettes when they thought e-cigarettes were more harmful should be a wake-up to public health officials and doctors...

**The new study showed a sharp change in public perception of e-cigarettes following media coverage of cases of users who presented to emergency rooms with mysterious lung symptoms (EVALI) in 2019.  

===2022: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35368082/ Do smokers' perceptions of the harmfulness of nicotine replacement therapy and nicotine vaping products as compared to cigarettes influence their use as an aid for smoking cessation? Findings from the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys]===

*We analyzed data from 1,315 current daily smokers (10+ cigarettes per day) who were recruited at Wave 1 (2016), and who reported making a quit attempt by Wave 2 (2018) of the International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys in Australia, Canada, England, and the United States.

*Consistent with past studies,our findings confirm that harm perceptions influence nicotine product use, with accurate perceptions associated with greater likelihood of use as a smoking cessation aid, whereas inaccurate perceptions appear to deter their use for this purpose.

===2022: [https://academic.oup.com/ntr/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ntr/ntac088/6562888 Exposure to Negative News Stories About Vaping, and Harm Perceptions of Vaping, Among Youth in England, Canada, and the United States Before and After the Outbreak of E-cigarette or Vaping-Associated Lung Injury (‘EVALI’)]===

*Between 2017 and February–March 2020, youth exposure to negative news stories, and perceptions of vaping harms, increased, and increases were exacerbated during and immediately after ‘EVALI’. By August 2020, exposure to negative news stories returned to 2019 levels, while perceptions of harm were sustained.

===2022: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35385112/ Beliefs and Characteristics Associated With Believing Nicotine Causes Cancer: A Descriptive Analysis to Inform Corrective Message Content and Priority Audiences]===

*About 61.2% of smokers believe nicotine causes cancer or don't know.

*High perceived threat of tobacco may be overgeneralized to nicotine. High prevalence of the misperception among Non-Hispanic Black and low-income smokers is concerning, considering existing health disparities. Messaging should attempt to correct the misperception that nicotine causes cancer.

===2022: Audio: [https://news.wosu.org/show/all-sides-with-ann-fisher/2022-06-29/wellness-wednesday-mental-health-screenings-and-suicide-prevention Cliff Douglas on WOSU]===

*Misinformation, continuum of risk, etc.

===2022: [https://www.jaci-inpractice.org/article/S2213-2198(22)00584-0/pdf A Close Look at Vaping in Adolescents and Young Adults in the USA]===

*Public mistrust about ECs is exacerbated by the spread of misinformation and distortion of scientific truth.

*Although EC use by young non-smokers is a legitimate concern, known risks from vaping are often greatly exaggerated; common misconceptions about EC use and the evidence to refute these misconceptions have been summarized in Table 2

===2022: Opinion: [https://www.medpagetoday.com/opinion/second-opinions/99553 A Bold U.K. Plan to End the Smoking Epidemic]===

*Youth vaping is no longer an "epidemic." But these efforts, which too often inaccurately portray the risks of e-cigarettes, have led to significant public misunderstanding regarding the substantially lower health risks of e-cigarettes compared to combustible tobacco products. This, in turn, has impeded the promotion of tobacco harm reduction to the more than 30 million adults who still smoke.

===2021: Video: [https://vimeo.com/649054668 Depression causes vaping!]===

*In this talk [https://www.e-cigarette-summit.co.uk/seminar/depression-causes-vaping/ Professor Notley] will discuss the latest evidence exploring associations between nicotine use and common mental health conditions, including depression.  

*Interpretive assumptions will be drawn out, including inappropriate claims of causal relationships between vaping and depression.  

===2021: [https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/9/e045445 Effects of brief exposure to misinformation about e-cigarette harms on twitter: a randomised controlled experiment]===

*The increasing trends of misperceptions about the relative harms of e-cigarettes compared with regular cigarettes are important for public health because perceived harms of e-cigarettes are associated with smokers' willingness to use e-cigarettes6 as a harm reduction strategy.

===2021: Opinion Michael Madden, MD: [https://www.newsweek.com/misinformation-threatens-efforts-reduce-tobacco-harm-opinion-1616650 Misinformation Threatens Efforts to Reduce Tobacco Harm ]===

*Their well-intentioned but misguided and unscientific beliefs, however, may actually reap a consequence they certainly do not intend: increased youth cigarette smoking.

*Yet many government regulators and elected officials have allowed misinformed and misguided activists who refuse to discuss the science behind tobacco harm reduction to take the reins on this vital public health issue, while in other countries (Great Britain and New Zealand, for example), governments leverage tobacco harm reduction strategies to save lives.

===2020: [https://harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12954-020-00410-2 Perception of the relative harm of electronic cigarettes compared to cigarettes amongst US adults from 2013 to 2016: analysis of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study data]===

*The findings of this study emphasise the urgent need to accurately communicate the reduced relative risk of e-cigarettes compared to continued cigarette smoking and clearly differentiate absolute and relative harms.

===2019: [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2755664 Perceived Comparative Harm of Cigarettes and Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems]===

*Between 2017 and 2018, the percentage of US adults who perceived ENDS to be less harmful than cigarettes decreased, while there was an increase in the proportion of US adults who perceived ENDS to be more harmful or much more harmful.

===2019: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6939783/ Misperceptions of Nicotine and Nicotine Reduction: The Importance of Public Education to Maximize the Benefits of a Nicotine Reduction Standard]===

*Recent population-level data highlight that 49%–80% of US adults incorrectly believe that nicotine is responsible for most of the cancer caused by smoking.

*Additionally, between 23% and 43% of young adults responded “don’t know” to items on nicotine perceptions and more than 50% of respondents, including past 30-day tobacco users, perceived nicotine gum and patch to be as harmful or more harmful than cigarettes to overall health and specifically, to causing cancer or heart attack.

===2019: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6756180/ Impact of Brief Nicotine Messaging on Nicotine-Related Beliefs in a U.S. Sample]===

*Following exposure, nicotine education participants reported fewer false beliefs about nicotine, nicotine replacement therapies, e-cigarettes, and reduced nicotine cigarettes compared with the control conditions.  

*Nicotine messaging doubled the probability of a correct response (false, 78.3% vs 36.8%) to nicotine is a cause of cancer and dramatically reduced the probability of responding don’t know to this item (5.3% vs 26.0%).

===2019: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6939783/ Misperceptions of Nicotine and Nicotine Reduction: The Importance of Public Education to Maximize the Benefits of a Nicotine Reduction Standard]===

*Given these common misperceptions about nicotine, a low nicotine product standard has potential to further confuse consumers about tobacco product risks in the absence of public education efforts.

===2019: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6939779/ Reducing Nicotine Without Misleading the Public: Descriptions of Cigarette Nicotine Level and Accuracy of Perceptions About Nicotine Content, Addictiveness, and Risk]===

*Stating that 95% of nicotine would be removed more accurately conveyed the nicotine content and addictiveness of VLNC cigarettes. However, descriptions that better conveyed nicotine content and addictiveness misled people about cancer risk.

===2017: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28341303/ Changing Perceptions of Harm of E-Cigarettes Among U.S. Adults, 2012-2015]===

*The finding that the higher percentages of adults, including current smokers, misperceived e-cigarettes to be equally or more harmful than cigarettes between 2012 and 2015 may be stemming from misinformed media stories

===2017: Opinion: [https://thehill.com/opinion/healthcare/360111-america-needs-a-candid-smoking-control-champion/ America needs a candid smoking control champion]===

*But current and future smokers, who are the ones in immediate peril, must also be able to make decisions based on truthful information about how new smokeless products differ in their relative harms from smoked tobacco.  

*A purist stance misleads the public into thinking that all tobacco products are equally harmful.

===2017: Article: [https://conscienhealth.org/2017/11/fda-going-nicotine-tobacco/ Guest Post: Where Is FDA Going with Nicotine and Tobacco?]===

*The FDA faces many challenges to realize this future. But perhaps the greatest obstacle, based on FDA’s own data, is that upwards of 80% of smokers believe that nicotine itself is the primary ingredient that causes cancer. We hope that FDA uses its bully pulpit and other communication channels to correct the record; its bold plan will be even harder to execute if they do not.

===2016: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5328980/#FN1 U.S. adults' addiction and harm beliefs about nicotine and low nicotine cigarettes]===

*Overall, we found that many people, particularly the demographic subgroups identified here, held incorrect beliefs about nicotine and potentially inaccurate beliefs about LNCs.

*Incorrectly believing that nicotine causes cancer could discourage smokers from switching to safer nicotine-containing alternatives, and could lead nonsmokers to experiment with low nicotine tobacco products, believing that cancer risk would be reduced.

<br>

==Health Care==

===2022: [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2791164 Communication Between US Physicians and Patients Regarding Electronic Cigarette Use]===

*It is critical to address physician nicotine misperceptions and to correct misperceptions regarding the relative harm of various tobacco products as more modified-risk tobacco products may be introduced through an FDA authorization process.

*[https://twitter.com/CrisDelnevo/status/1514999731474288643 Twitter thread by Cristine D. Delnevo, PhD, MPH about the study]

===2021: [https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/14/7713/htm Persistent Misperceptions about Nicotine among US Physicians: Results from a Randomized Survey Experiment]===

*Question wording is important when measuring physicians’ beliefs about nicotine; however, even after accounting for question version, misperceptions about the direct health effects of nicotine were common and varied by sex and specialty.

===2020: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-020-06172-8 Nicotine Risk Misperception Among US Physicians]===

*Filter Article: [https://filtermag.org/doctors-nicotine-tobacco/ Majority of Surveyed Doctors Misattribute Tobacco Harms to Nicotine]

===2007: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17558822/ Nurses' knowledge about the risk of light cigarettes and other tobacco "harm reduction" strategies]===

==Consumer==

===2022: [https://formative.jmir.org/2022/4/e26335 Discussions and Misinformation About Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and COVID-19: Qualitative Analysis of Twitter Content]===

*Brief nicotine messaging increased the probability of a correct response to "Nicotine is a cause of cancer" (false, 63% vs. 36%) and reduced the probability of a don't know response (9% vs. 17%) compared to the no message control condition.

<br>

*[https://pubpeer.com/publications/CEB008BBD48F89272321EB50092793 More comments addressing concerns on PubPeer]

**7 comments at the time of this Wiki entry

<br>

===2022: [https://www.aspenideas.org/sessions/the-war-on-misinformation Aspen Ideas Festival 2022 - Misinformation]===

<br>

='''Changing Minds & Bias - Why is it so hard to correct misinformation with facts?'''=

===2022: Podcast: You Are Not So Smart: [https://omny.fm/shows/you-are-not-so-smart/234-the-truth-wins-tom-stafford The Truth Wins - Tom Stafford]===

===2022: [https://bakadesuyo.com/2022/05/get-people-to-change/ This Is How To Get People To Change: 5 Secrets From Research]===

===2021: Podcast: How Do We Fix It? [https://www.howdowefixit.me/new-blog-3/good-conflict Amanda Ripley - High Conflict]===

===2021: Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xw_720iQDss Loretta J. Ross: Don't call people out -- call them in]===

===2020: [https://heterodoxacademy.org/blog/viewpoint-diversity-critics-bullies/ On Critics and Bullies]===

===2019: [https://twitter.com/TamarHaspel/status/1206581050727641088 Twitter thread by:Tamar Haspel - Guarding against her own biases]===

===2018: Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zgenFOWwfQQ When was the last time you really changed your mind?]===

===2018: [https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/why-smart-people-are-vulnerable-to-putting-tribe-before-truth/ Why Smart People Are Vulnerable to Putting Tribe Before Truth]===

===2017: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312966751_Science_Curiosity_and_Political_Information_Processing_Curiosity_and_Information_Processing Science Curiosity and Political Information Processing: Curiosity and Information Processing]===

===2013: Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qN42ZLwNFBY 'The Righteous Mind': Why Liberals and Conservatives Can't Get Along]===

===2022: [https://www.psandman.com/col/Corona64.htm Public Health Tells Noble Lies]===

<br>

='''Suggestions to add to this page'''=

===2017: [https://t.co/6O2tvGfPO4 RSPH - Targeting the supply and sale of e-cigarettes to smokers]===

*In 2017 under a third of smokers understood that NRT was much less harmful than smoking. Among smokers, perceptions are also getting worse with only 20% accurately believing in 2017 that e-cigs are less harmful than smoking compared with 31% in 2015.  

<br>