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<big>'''Article: [https://fact.technology/learn/difference-misinformation-disinformation-and-malinformation/ Difference: Misinformation, Disinformation, and Malinformation]'''</big> | <big>'''Article: [https://fact.technology/learn/difference-misinformation-disinformation-and-malinformation/ Difference: Misinformation, Disinformation, and Malinformation]'''</big> | ||
*"Misinformation, disinformation, and malinformation are all terms that refer to false or misleading information, but they differ in how they are intentionally or unintentionally spread." | *"Misinformation, disinformation, and malinformation are all terms that refer to false or misleading information, but they differ in how they are intentionally or unintentionally spread." | ||
<big>'''<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);" data-mce-style="background-color: #ff5733;">Fact Sheet: [https://ash.org.uk/uploads/Addressing-common-myths-about-vaping-ASH-brief.pdf ASH brief addressing common myths about vaping]</span>'''</big> | |||
<big>'''Fact Sheet: [https://ash.org.uk/uploads/Addressing-common-myths-about-vaping-ASH-brief.pdf ASH brief addressing common myths about vaping]'''</big> | |||
You might be interested in this companion wiki page: [https://safernicotine.wiki/mediawiki/index.php/Information_manipulation Information manipulation] | You might be interested in this companion wiki page: [https://safernicotine.wiki/mediawiki/index.php/Information_manipulation Information manipulation] | ||
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*Out of 1,009 participants most were from the United States, while succeeding countries included India (n = 40), Brazil (n = 10), Italy (n = 3), and seven other countries (n = 8). | *Out of 1,009 participants most were from the United States, while succeeding countries included India (n = 40), Brazil (n = 10), Italy (n = 3), and seven other countries (n = 8). | ||
*When asked whether smoking or vaping had more severe health implications, 55% of white or Caucasian participants, 41% of Asian participants, and 32% of black or African American participants indicated that vaping was worse than smoking cigarettes. | *When asked whether smoking or vaping had more severe health implications, 55% of white or Caucasian participants, 41% of Asian participants, and 32% of black or African American participants indicated that vaping was worse than smoking cigarettes. | ||
===2023: [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0292856 Associations between smokers’ knowledge of causes of smoking harm and related beliefs and behaviors: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey (2023)]=== | |||
* | |||
===2022: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35368082/ Do smokers' perceptions of the harmfulness of nicotine replacement therapy and nicotine vaping products as compared to cigarettes influence their use as an aid for smoking cessation? Findings from the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys]=== | ===2022: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35368082/ Do smokers' perceptions of the harmfulness of nicotine replacement therapy and nicotine vaping products as compared to cigarettes influence their use as an aid for smoking cessation? Findings from the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys]=== | ||
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**lack of a perceived advantage of alternative products over smoking; | **lack of a perceived advantage of alternative products over smoking; | ||
**and a perceived lack of information about relative harms of NCNP compared to smoking. | **and a perceived lack of information about relative harms of NCNP compared to smoking. | ||
===2011: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3417926/ Nicotine replacement therapies: patient safety and persistence]=== | |||
*The exact role and effects of treatment may not be the only aspect of medication use that smokers are misinformed about: a number of studies have reported that a large proportions of smokers have concerns about the safety and efficacy of NRT products, believing either that these products do not promote cessation, that they are dangerous/ harmful to use, or that the mechanism of action of nicotine replacement products is to make a user sick if they lapse during treatment. Important for the purposes of this discussion, smokers who hold these misperceptions are less likely to have used NRT in the past, and less likely to say that they intend to use it as part of future quit attempts, suggesting that beliefs about NRTs’ safety and efficacy may impact on treatment use. | |||
==Health Care== | ==Health Care== | ||
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===2023: [https://www.e-cancer.fr/Comprendre-prevenir-depister/Reduire-les-risques-de-cancer/Barometre-cancer/Cigarette-electronique Electronic cigarette: what perceptions in France?]=== | ===2023: [https://www.e-cancer.fr/Comprendre-prevenir-depister/Reduire-les-risques-de-cancer/Barometre-cancer/Cigarette-electronique Electronic cigarette: what perceptions in France?]=== | ||
*Article: [https://fr.vapingpost.com/80-des-francais-pensent-que-la-vape-donne-le-cancer/ 80% of French people believe that vaping causes cancer] | *Article: [https://fr.vapingpost.com/80-des-francais-pensent-que-la-vape-donne-le-cancer/ 80% of French people believe that vaping causes cancer] | ||
===2023: [https://www.sovape.fr/bva-2023-vapotage-nicotine-epidemie-doute/ Vaping, nicotine: again and again, millions of French people are victims of the epidemic of doubt – Exclusive BVA survey for SOVAPE]=== | |||
*(summary coming soon!) | |||
===2022: [https://consumerchoicecenter.org/tobacco-harm-reduction-and-nicotine-perceptions/ TOBACCO HARM REDUCTION AND NICOTINE PERCEPTIONS]=== | ===2022: [https://consumerchoicecenter.org/tobacco-harm-reduction-and-nicotine-perceptions/ TOBACCO HARM REDUCTION AND NICOTINE PERCEPTIONS]=== | ||
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==Consumers== | ==Consumers== | ||
===2024: [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dar.13812 Harm perceptions of vaping nicotine relative to cigarette smoking among sexual and gender minority young adults]=== | |||
*"Moreover, findings illustrate that public health messages regarding the risks of e-cigarette use may have unintended consequences of increasing cigarette use to replace e-cigarette use for some SGM young adults, a practice that is incongruent with scientific evidence demonstrating that cigarettes and other combustible tobacco products are riskier than e-cigarettes and other forms of NT use." | |||
===2023: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37137702/ Older age is associated with greater misperception of the relative health risk of e-cigarettes and cigarettes among US adults who smoke]=== | ===2023: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37137702/ Older age is associated with greater misperception of the relative health risk of e-cigarettes and cigarettes among US adults who smoke]=== | ||
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*Data analyzed came from 8,642 adults (18+ years) who smoked daily/weekly and participated in the 2020 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey in Australia (n=1213), Canada (n=2633), England (n=3057), and United States (US, n=1739). | *Data analyzed came from 8,642 adults (18+ years) who smoked daily/weekly and participated in the 2020 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey in Australia (n=1213), Canada (n=2633), England (n=3057), and United States (US, n=1739). | ||
*Many people who regularly smoke cigarettes are unaware that NRTs are much less harmful than cigarettes. Additionally, beliefs about NRTs relative harmfulness appear to be influenced by both individual and conjoint factors. | *Many people who regularly smoke cigarettes are unaware that NRTs are much less harmful than cigarettes. Additionally, beliefs about NRTs relative harmfulness appear to be influenced by both individual and conjoint factors. | ||
===2023: [https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/32/e2/e255 Over 1 year later: smokers’ EVALI awareness, knowledge and perceived impact on e-cigarette interest]=== | |||
*Despite the passage of time, considerable lack of knowledge and misperceptions about EVALI remain among those who smoke. Our findings suggest the need for continued efforts to promote better understanding of EVALI and appropriate behavioural and policy responses. | |||
===2022: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36482754/ Unintended Consequences: Testing the Effects of Adolescent-Targeted Anti-Vaping Media upon Adult Smokers]=== | ===2022: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36482754/ Unintended Consequences: Testing the Effects of Adolescent-Targeted Anti-Vaping Media upon Adult Smokers]=== | ||
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===2020: [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2767134 Association of the US Outbreak of Vaping-Associated Lung Injury With Perceived Harm of e-Cigarettes Compared With Cigarettes]=== | ===2020: [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2767134 Association of the US Outbreak of Vaping-Associated Lung Injury With Perceived Harm of e-Cigarettes Compared With Cigarettes]=== | ||
*After the US outbreak of vaping-associated lung injury, views on e-cigarettes among smokers in England deteriorated. The proportion perceiving e-cigarette use as less harmful than cigarette smoking decreased, and the proportion perceiving e-cigarette use as more harmful increased by over one-third. | |||
*Citation: Tattan-Birch H, Brown J, Shahab L, Jackson SE. Association of the US Outbreak of Vaping-Associated Lung Injury With Perceived Harm of e-Cigarettes Compared With Cigarettes. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(6):e206981. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6981 | |||
===2020: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11166-020-09329-2 NEWS THAT TAKES YOUR BREATH AWAY: RISK PERCEPTIONS DURING AN OUTBREAK OF VAPING-RELATED LUNG INJURIES]=== | |||
*The increase in e-cigarette risk perceptions might discourage adult smokers from using e-cigarettes as a way to quit smoking, despite evidence from a clinical trial that ecigarettes are a more effective cessation method than FDA-approved products such as the nicotine patch. | |||
*Our econometric results suggest that the immediate impact of the first information shock was to increase the fraction of respondents who perceived e-cigarettes as more harmful than smoking by about 16 percentage points. More targeted advice about the risks of THC e-cigarettes (vs nicotine products) might have more effectively reduced the use of those products, potentially preventing EVALI cases. | |||
*[https://documentcloud.adobe.com/link/review?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:12fcbbc8-dece-407e-9669-8c22ad2b395e PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Dave, D., Dench, D., Kenkel, D. et al. News that takes your breath away: risk perceptions during an outbreak of vaping-related lung injuries. J Risk Uncertain 60, 281–307 (2020). doi: 10.1007/s11166-020-09329-2 | |||
*Acknowledgement: Dhaval Dave acknowledges support through grant R01DA039968 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. The authors are grateful to Cornell University and the Health Thought Leadership Network at Bentley University for funding the data collection. | |||
===2020: [https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/DAT-04-2020-0022/full/html Perceptions of nicotine in current and former users of tobacco and tobacco harm reduction products from seven countries]=== | ===2020: [https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/DAT-04-2020-0022/full/html Perceptions of nicotine in current and former users of tobacco and tobacco harm reduction products from seven countries]=== | ||
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*Overall, we found that many people, particularly the demographic subgroups identified here, held incorrect beliefs about nicotine and potentially inaccurate beliefs about LNCs. | *Overall, we found that many people, particularly the demographic subgroups identified here, held incorrect beliefs about nicotine and potentially inaccurate beliefs about LNCs. | ||
*Incorrectly believing that nicotine causes cancer could discourage smokers from switching to safer nicotine-containing alternatives, and could lead nonsmokers to experiment with low nicotine tobacco products, believing that cancer risk would be reduced. | *Incorrectly believing that nicotine causes cancer could discourage smokers from switching to safer nicotine-containing alternatives, and could lead nonsmokers to experiment with low nicotine tobacco products, believing that cancer risk would be reduced. | ||
===2016: [https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.srnt.org/resource/resmgr/Conferences/2016_Annual_Meeting/Preconference_Slides/Johnson_Nicotine_SRNT_Presen.pdf What the Public Knows and Believes About Nicotine: Insights from Recent Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence]=== | |||
*CTP Nicotine Qualitative Study Analysis - HINTS - PATH Wave 1 | |||
===2015: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26135116/ Deficiencies in public understanding about tobacco harm reduction: results from a United States national survey]=== | ===2015: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26135116/ Deficiencies in public understanding about tobacco harm reduction: results from a United States national survey]=== | ||
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===2008: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18855827/ Perceived safety and efficacy of nicotine replacement therapies among US smokers and ex-smokers: relationship with use and compliance]=== | ===2008: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18855827/ Perceived safety and efficacy of nicotine replacement therapies among US smokers and ex-smokers: relationship with use and compliance]=== | ||
*Two-thirds (66%) of respondents either agreed that 'Stop-smoking products with nicotine are just as harmful as cigarettes' or were unsure whether the statement was true. | *Two-thirds (66%) of respondents either agreed that 'Stop-smoking products with nicotine are just as harmful as cigarettes' or were unsure whether the statement was true. | ||
*The findings suggest that many smokers are misinformed about the health risks of NRT and that these misperceptions impede not only the adoption of NRT but also compliance during treatment. Misperception of NRT safety is one barrier to effective use of NRT and probably reduces success in quitting. | |||
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02313.x Commentary - IMPROVING NRT LABELING AND CORRECTING PUBLIC MISPERCEPTIONS] | |||
===2004: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15799593/ Stop-smoking medications: who uses them, who misuses them, and who is misinformed about them?]=== | |||
*The data reveal that most smokers are misinformed about the health risks of nicotine and the safety/efficacy of nicotine medications. Approximately half incorrectly reported that the reduction in nicotine in cigarettes has made cigarettes less dangerous to health and only one-third correctly reported that nicotine patches were less likely to cause a heart attack than smoking cigarettes. Smokers who were more knowledgeable about the health risks of nicotine and the safety and efficacy of nicotine medications were more likely to report past use of nicotine medications. Misperceptions about the health risks of nicotine and the safety/efficacy of nicotine medications may discourage some smokers from considering the use of these medications to help them stop smoking. | |||
*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1080/14622200412331320707 PDF Version] | |||
<br> | <br> | ||
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==Consumer== | ==Consumer== | ||
===2022: [https://formative.jmir.org/2022/4/e26335 Discussions and Misinformation About Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and COVID-19: Qualitative Analysis of Twitter Content]=== | ===2022: [https://formative.jmir.org/2022/4/e26335 Discussions and Misinformation About Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and COVID-19: Qualitative Analysis of Twitter Content]=== | ||
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<br> | <br> | ||
='''Science | ='''Science - Methodological Flaws Can Lead to Misinformation About Nicotine'''= | ||
== | ===2023: [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-43733-3 Physical and chemical characterizations of a reference e-cigarette used in animal testing]=== | ||
*The paper calibrates and tests this equipment, showing the potential problems of exposing these biological systems when the aerosol is generated by a high powered device with sub-ohm coils and an inapprotriately low airflow. This grossly deviates from consumer usage of these divices and is also the perfect storm for generating aerosols under overheating conditions and high toxin’s load. | |||
*Many cell/rodent studies report deleterious biological effects from the exposure to e-cigarette aerosol, thus contributing to the vaping harm narrative, but often the aerosols are unrealistic, overheated and toxic. A second paper is forecoming in which we will revise 19 studies with this problem, there are bound to be much more. | |||
* Sébastien Soulet, Léa Constant & Vanille Quinty Scientific Reports volume 13, Article number: 16624 (2023) | |||
===2022: [https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11739-022-02967-1.pdf Analysis of common methodological flaws in the highest cited e‑cigarette epidemiology research]=== | |||
===2022: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9506048/ A Critical Review of Recent Literature on Metal Contents in E-Cigarette Aerosol]=== | |||
===2022: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9787926/ Critical Review of the Recent Literature on Organic Byproducts in E-Cigarette Aerosol Emissions]=== | |||
===2018: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691517306609 Aldehyde levels in e-cigarette aerosol: Findings from a replication study and from use of a new-generation device]=== | |||
===2017: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5769337/ Carbonyl Emissions in E-cigarette Aerosol: A Systematic Review and Methodological Considerations]=== | |||
=== | ===2017: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691517305033 E-cigarettes emit very high formaldehyde levels only in conditions that are aversive to users: A replication study under verified realistic use conditions]=== | ||
===2015: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25996087/ E-cigarettes generate high levels of aldehydes only in 'dry puff' conditions]=== | |||
= | ='''Science Hygiene - The Call To Correct Misinformation About Nicotine'''= | ||
==Academic Community== | |||
*This section outgrew this page and is now located on the [https://safernicotine.wiki/mediawiki/index.php/Nicotine_-_Retracted_Studies,_Papers,_and_Articles Nicotine - Retracted Studies, Papers, and Articles] page. | |||
===2021: Referring to: [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41415-021-3563-1 Erosive potential of commonly available vapes: a cause for concern?]=== | ===2021: Referring to: [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41415-021-3563-1 Erosive potential of commonly available vapes: a cause for concern?]=== | ||
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==Non-profits or Their Funders== | ==Non-profits or Their Funders== | ||
===2022: [https://filtermag.org/truth-initiative/?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=filter The Half-Truth Initiative: How an Anti-Smoking Group Lost Its Way]=== | ===2022: [https://filtermag.org/truth-initiative/?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=filter The Half-Truth Initiative: How an Anti-Smoking Group Lost Its Way]=== | ||
*“We’re not talking misinformation. We’re talking disinformation. This is willful misrepresentation of facts. It’s mind-blowing.” | *“We’re not talking misinformation. We’re talking disinformation. This is willful misrepresentation of facts. It’s mind-blowing.” | ||
===2022: [https://theavm.org/accountability/what-anti-vaping-activists-get-wrong-in-their-fda-letter AVM: What Anti-Vaping Activists Get Wrong In Their FDA Letter]=== | ===2022: [https://theavm.org/accountability/what-anti-vaping-activists-get-wrong-in-their-fda-letter AVM: What Anti-Vaping Activists Get Wrong In Their FDA Letter]=== | ||
===2021: Video: [https://vimeo.com/559881052 Are we risking the erosion of trust in Tobacco Control?]=== | ===2021: Video: [https://vimeo.com/559881052 Are we risking the erosion of trust in Tobacco Control?]=== | ||
*Prof Mike Cummings presenting at E-Cigarette Summit 2021 | *Prof Mike Cummings presenting at E-Cigarette Summit 2021 | ||
*Successful public health campaigns rely on establishing and maintaining the public’s trust in the recommendations that are given. This presentation highlights concerns that I have about the erosion of trust in tobacco control that appears to be happening because previously trusted public health officials are staking out policy positions that distort the truth about lower risk alternative nicotine products. | *Successful public health campaigns rely on establishing and maintaining the public’s trust in the recommendations that are given. This presentation highlights concerns that I have about the erosion of trust in tobacco control that appears to be happening because previously trusted public health officials are staking out policy positions that distort the truth about lower risk alternative nicotine products. | ||
===2021: Truth Initiative's [https://truthinitiative.org/press/press-release/truth-launches-fake-vape-company-depression-stick-make-point Depression Sticks] Campaign=== | ===2021: Truth Initiative's [https://truthinitiative.org/press/press-release/truth-launches-fake-vape-company-depression-stick-make-point Depression Sticks] Campaign=== | ||
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===2022: [https://www.aspenideas.org/sessions/the-war-on-misinformation Aspen Ideas Festival 2022 - Misinformation]=== | ===2022: [https://www.aspenideas.org/sessions/the-war-on-misinformation Aspen Ideas Festival 2022 - Misinformation]=== | ||
===2021: [https://thinkingispower.com/floater-a-tool-kit-for-evaluating-claims/ FLOATER: A Tool-Kit for Evaluating Claims]=== | |||
*A Life Preserver for Staying Afloat in a Sea of Misinformation | |||
===2021: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352827321002251 Walking the party line: The growing role of political ideology in shaping health behavior in the United States]=== | ===2021: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352827321002251 Walking the party line: The growing role of political ideology in shaping health behavior in the United States]=== | ||
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===2019: [https://twitter.com/TamarHaspel/status/1206581050727641088 Twitter thread by:Tamar Haspel - Guarding against her own biases]=== | ===2019: [https://twitter.com/TamarHaspel/status/1206581050727641088 Twitter thread by:Tamar Haspel - Guarding against her own biases]=== | ||
===2019: [https://sci-hub.wf/10.1016/j.wneu.2019.12.012 Semmelweis Reflex: An Age-old Prejudice]=== | |||
===2018: [https://jamesclear.com/why-facts-dont-change-minds Why Facts Don’t Change Our Minds]=== | ===2018: [https://jamesclear.com/why-facts-dont-change-minds Why Facts Don’t Change Our Minds]=== | ||
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='''Suggestions to add to this page'''= | ='''Suggestions to add to this page'''= | ||
===2024: [https://reason.com/volokh/2024/02/16/when-doctors-are-the-source-of-public-health-misinformation/ When Doctors Are the Source of Public Health Misinformation]=== | |||
===2015: [https://www.psandman.com/col/e-cigs.htm A Promising Candidate for Most Dangerously Dishonest Public Health News Release of the Year]=== | |||
===2023: [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/add.16296 Commentary on Wackowski et al.: Opportunities and Considerations for Addressing Misperceptions About the Relative Risks of Tobacco Products among Adult Smokers]=== | |||
*Article: [https://web.musc.edu/about/news-center/2023/08/15/many-adults-who-smoke-cigarettes-wrongly-think-that-vaping-is-worse-for-them Many adults who smoke cigarettes wrongly think that vaping is worse for them, say Hollings researcher and FDA Center for Tobacco Products director] | |||
*2023: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37218410/ Perceptions about levels of harmful chemicals in e-cigarettes relative to cigarettes, and associations with relative e-cigarette harm perceptions, e-cigarette use and interest] | |||
===2023: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37131244/ Identifying spin bias of nonsignificant findings in biomedical studies]=== | ===2023: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37131244/ Identifying spin bias of nonsignificant findings in biomedical studies]=== | ||
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===2022: [https://www.acsh.org/news/2022/02/24/lousy-vaping-studies-master-list-junk-science-16142 Lousy Vaping Studies: A Master List Of Junk Science]=== | ===2022: [https://www.acsh.org/news/2022/02/24/lousy-vaping-studies-master-list-junk-science-16142 Lousy Vaping Studies: A Master List Of Junk Science]=== | ||
===2022: [https://www.24shareupdates.com/2022/07/01/international-health-experts-denounce-misinformation-on-nicotine/ International health experts denounce misinformation on nicotine]=== | ===2022: [https://www.24shareupdates.com/2022/07/01/international-health-experts-denounce-misinformation-on-nicotine/ International health experts denounce misinformation on nicotine]=== | ||
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===2016: [https://clivebates.com/bad-science-accountability-and-courage-speech-by-ag-tom-miller/ Bad science, accountability and courage – speech by AG Tom Miller]=== | ===2016: [https://clivebates.com/bad-science-accountability-and-courage-speech-by-ag-tom-miller/ Bad science, accountability and courage – speech by AG Tom Miller]=== | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
[[File:Kennedy 2.png|center]] | [[File:Kennedy 2.png|center]] | ||
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