Nicotine therapeutic benefits: Difference between revisions

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 *[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6018192/pdf/CN-16-403.pdf PDF Version]
 *Citation: Valentine G, Sofuoglu M. Cognitive Effects of Nicotine: Recent Progress. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2018;16(4):403-414. doi: 10.2174/1570159X15666171103152136. PMID: 29110618; PMCID: PMC6018192.
+===2017: [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10826084.2017.1334066 Causal Factors of Increased Smoking in ADHD: A Systematic Review]===
+*One of the most striking comorbidities of ADHD is nicotine dependence. Youth diagnosed with ADHD are 2–3 times more likely to smoke than their peers without ADHD, initiate smoking earlier in life and progress more quickly and more frequently to regular use and dependence. Possible explanations for these increased risks are: (a) self-medication of ADHD symptoms with the stimulant nicotine; (b) ADHD symptoms like inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity predispose for smoking initiation and impede smoking cessation; (c) peer pressure; and/or (d) common genetic or environmental determinants for ADHD and smoking.
+*In contrast, the positive relation between ADHD and nicotine dependence is currently best explained by the self-medication hypothesis. This hypothesis has a clear pharmacological rationale and is supported by ample evidence, but awaits confirmation from longitudinal naturalistic studies.
+*Citation: Jan van Amsterdam, Bauke van der Velde, Mieke Schulte & Wim van den Brink (2018) Causal Factors of Increased Smoking in ADHD: A Systematic Review, Substance Use & Misuse, 53:3, 432-445, DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2017.1334066
+===2014: [https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/827544_1 Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Nicotine Use: A Qualitative Study of Patient Perceptions]===
+*Participants had different views about the link between cigarette smoking and ADHD. While the majority thought of nicotine as a sort of therapy, viewing smoking as a way to self-medicate symptoms of ADHD, motivations for nicotine use were also related to self-image, desire to belong to a peer-group, and a drive to undermine perceived social norms. Ultimately, these findings can be used by clinicians to improve treatment alliance and collaboration.
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 *Citation: Levin ED, Conners CK, Sparrow E, Hinton SC, Erhardt D, Meck WH, Rose JE, March J. Nicotine effects on adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1996 Jan;123(1):55-63. doi: 10.1007/BF02246281. PMID: 8741955.
 *Acknowledgement: The authors thank Dr. Allen Frances, Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Meidcal Center for his finanical support of the project. Work on this article was partially supported by Career Science Award (K05MH01229-03) to Dr. Conners and Research Scientist Development Award (K20MH00981-02) to Dr. March and a Young Investigator Award from the National Alliance for Research Schizophenia and Depression to Dr. Levin.
+===1996: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8927677/ Nicotine and attention in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)]===
+*The present study is an acute double-blind crossover administration of nicotine and placebo with smokers (n = 6) and nonsmokers (n = 11) diagnosed with adult ADHD. The drug was delivered via a transdermal patch at a dosage of 7 mg/day for nonsmokers and 21 mg/day for smokers. Results indicate significant clinician-rated global improvement, self-rated vigor and concentration, and improved performance on chronometric measures of attention and timing accuracy. Side effects were minimal. These acute results indicate the need for a longer clinical trial and a comparison with other stimulants in adult ADHD treatment.
+*Citation: Conners CK, Levin ED, Sparrow E, Hinton SC, Erhardt D, Meck WH, Rose JE, March J. Nicotine and attention in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Psychopharmacol Bull. 1996;32(1):67-73. PMID: 8927677.
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