(formatting) |
(adding content) |
||
| Line 573: | Line 573: | ||
*[https://www.understood.org/en/learning-thinking-differences/child-learning-disabilities/add-adhd/difference-between-add-adhd The difference between ADD and ADHD] | *[https://www.understood.org/en/learning-thinking-differences/child-learning-disabilities/add-adhd/difference-between-add-adhd The difference between ADD and ADHD] | ||
*A more accurate definition of ADD/ADHD is that it's a neurodevelopmental disorder. Viewing it as a "behavior disorder" is stigmatizing and misleading. People with ADHD are not making a choice to behave differently than NT people. | *A more accurate definition of ADD/ADHD is that it's a neurodevelopmental disorder. Viewing it as a "behavior disorder" is stigmatizing and misleading. People with ADHD are not making a choice to behave differently than NT people. | ||
===2018 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6018192/ Cognitive Effects of Nicotine: Recent Progress]=== | |||
*Preclinical models and human studies have demonstrated that nicotine has cognitive-enhancing effects. Attention, working memory, fine motor skills and episodic memory functions are particularly sensitive to nicotine’s effects. | |||
*High rates of smoking are observed among individuals with psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comorbid substance use disorders (SUD). Because these psychiatric disorders are associated with various cognitive impairments, including deficits in attention, working memory, and response inhibition functions, the cognitive enhancing effects of nicotine may be especially important determinants of the initation and maintenance of smoking in this comorbid population. Growing evidence suggest that cognitive enhancing effects of nicotine may also contribute to the difficulty in quitting smoking, especially in individuals with psychiatric disorders. | |||
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6018192/pdf/CN-16-403.pdf PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Valentine G, Sofuoglu M. Cognitive Effects of Nicotine: Recent Progress. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2018;16(4):403-414. doi: 10.2174/1570159X15666171103152136. PMID: 29110618; PMCID: PMC6018192. | |||
edits