| Line 143: | Line 143: | ||
*Citation: Shahab, L., Goniewicz, M. L., Blount, B. C., Brown, J., McNeill, A., Alwis, K. U., … West, R. (2017). Nicotine, Carcinogen, and Toxin Exposure in Long-Term E-Cigarette and Nicotine Replacement Therapy Users. Annals of Internal Medicine, 166(6), 390. doi:10.7326/m16-1107 | *Citation: Shahab, L., Goniewicz, M. L., Blount, B. C., Brown, J., McNeill, A., Alwis, K. U., … West, R. (2017). Nicotine, Carcinogen, and Toxin Exposure in Long-Term E-Cigarette and Nicotine Replacement Therapy Users. Annals of Internal Medicine, 166(6), 390. doi:10.7326/m16-1107 | ||
*Acknowledgement: This work was supported by Cancer Research UK (grant C27061/A16929, with additional funding from grants C1417/A14135 and C36048/A11654). Dr. Brown's post is funded by a fellowship from the Society for the Study of Addiction, and Cancer Research UK also provides support (grants C1417/A7972 and C44576/A19501). Drs. McNeill and West are part of the UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, which is a UK Clinical Research Collaboration Public Health Research Centre of Excellence. Funding from the Medical Research Council, British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, Economic and Social Research Council, and the National Institute for Health Research under the auspices of the UK Clinical Research Collaboration is gratefully acknowledged (grant MR/K023195/1). Dr. Goniewicz was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health (awards R01DA037446 and P30 CA016056, respectively) and by an award from Roswell Park Alliance Foundation. | *Acknowledgement: This work was supported by Cancer Research UK (grant C27061/A16929, with additional funding from grants C1417/A14135 and C36048/A11654). Dr. Brown's post is funded by a fellowship from the Society for the Study of Addiction, and Cancer Research UK also provides support (grants C1417/A7972 and C44576/A19501). Drs. McNeill and West are part of the UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, which is a UK Clinical Research Collaboration Public Health Research Centre of Excellence. Funding from the Medical Research Council, British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, Economic and Social Research Council, and the National Institute for Health Research under the auspices of the UK Clinical Research Collaboration is gratefully acknowledged (grant MR/K023195/1). Dr. Goniewicz was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health (awards R01DA037446 and P30 CA016056, respectively) and by an award from Roswell Park Alliance Foundation. | ||
===2017 [https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/27/1/10 Comparing the cancer potencies of emissions from vapourised nicotine products including e-cigarettes with those of tobacco smoke]=== | |||
*Most e-cigarette analyses indicate cancer potencies <1% that of tobacco smoke and <10% that of a heat-not-burn prototype, although a minority of analyses indicate higher potencies. | |||
*Optimal combinations of device settings, liquid formulation and vaping behaviour normally result in e-cigarette emissions with much less carcinogenic potency than tobacco smoke. | |||
*Article in Lung Disease News: [https://lungdiseasenews.com/2017/08/25/study-finds-that-cancer-risk-of-e-cigarettes-is-much-lower-than-that-of-cigarette-smoke/?fbclid=IwAR1qEBP2dW4ccXc0fUEWpZIR6ZpsBJwMw-tDsB_PFiiHgR4XaJRaIAbutl4 E-Cigarettes Carry Much Less Risk of Lung Cancer Than Cigarette Smoke, Study Finds] | |||
*[https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/27/1/10.full.pdf PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Stephens WEComparing the cancer potencies of emissions from vapourised nicotine products including e-cigarettes with those of tobacco smokeTobacco Control 2018;27:10-17. | |||
===2016: [https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/outputs/nicotine-without-smoke-tobacco-harm-reduction Royal College of Physicians - Nicotine without Smoke]=== | |||
*Provision of the nicotine that smokers are addicted to without the harmful components of tobacco smoke can prevent most of the harm from smoking. | |||
*E-cigarettes are marketed as consumer products and are proving much more popular than NRT as a substitute and competitor for tobacco cigarettes. | |||
*E-cigarettes appear to be effective when used by smokers as an aid to quitting smoking. | |||
*The hazard to health arising from long-term vapour inhalation from the e-cigarettes available today is unlikely to exceed 5% of the harm from smoking tobacco. | |||
*In the interests of public health it is important to promote the use of e-cigarettes, NRT and other non-tobacco nicotine products as widely as possible as a substitute for smoking… | |||
*[https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/file/3563/download PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Royal College of Physicians. Nicotine without smoke: Tobacco harm reduction. London: RCP, 2016. | |||
*Acknowledgement: The Tobacco Advisory Group acknowledges the help of the UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies (www.ukctas.net), which is funded by the UK Clinical Research Collaboration, in writing this report; and thanks Natalie Wilder, Claire Daley, Jane Sugarman and James Partridge in the Royal College of Physicians Publications Department for their work in producing the report. | |||
===2016: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273230016302938?via%3Dihub A randomised, parallel group study to evaluate the safety profile of an electronic vapour (vapor) product over 12 weeks]=== | |||
*In this study, we have demonstrated that no clinically relevant, product-related safety findings were observed for smokers of Combustible Cigarettes (CCs) switching to an [[Abbreviations|Electronic Vapor Product (EVP)]] for 12 weeks under real-life settings. [[Abbreviations|AEs]] reported by subjects switching to the EVP occurred primarily within the first week after switching, and only 1.3% of all AEs reported were considered to be almost definitely related to the product. Up to a third of all reported AEs in the EVP group were related to nicotine withdrawal symptoms, which were observed to decrease after the first two weeks from product switch. EVP use was associated with significant decreases in exposure to nicotine and other chemicals such as benzene and acrolein, typically found in CC smoke. Changes were also observed in the level of WBC, haemoglobin, RBC and LDL cholesterol, which although minor, were consistent with those observed after smoking cessation. The data presented in this study shows the potential that EVPs may offer to smokers looking for an alternative to CCs. | |||
*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.10.003 PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Ana S. Cravo, Jim Bush, Girish Sharma, Rebecca Savioz, Claire Martin, Simon Craige, Tanvir Walele, A randomised, parallel group study to evaluate the safety profile of an electronic vapour product over 12 weeks, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Volume 81, Supplement 1, 2016, Pages S1-S14, ISSN 0273-2300, doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.10.003. | |||
*Acknowledgement: This work was funded and supported by Fontem Ventures B.V. Imperial Brands plc is the parent company of Fontem Ventures B.V., the manufacturer of the EVP prototype used in this study. | |||
2016: Exposure to Nicotine and Selected Toxicants in Cigarette Smokers Who Switched to | |||
Electronic Cigarettes: A Longitudinal Within-Subjects Observational Study | |||
(PDF 8 pages) | |||
“Conclusion: After switching from tobacco to e-cigarettes, nicotine exposure remains unchanged, while exposure to selected carcinogens and toxicants is substantially reduced.” | |||
2016: Tobacco Consumption and Toxicant Exposure of Cigarette Smokers Using Electronic | |||
Cigarettes (No link to a PDF was found) | |||
Smokers using ECs over 4 weeks maintained cotinine levels and experienced significant reductions in carbon monoxide, NNAL, and two out of eight measured VOC metabolites. Those who switched exclusively to ECs for at least half of the study period significantly reduced two additional VOCs. | |||
2016: Reductions in biomarkers of exposure, impacts on smoking urge and assessment of product use and tolerability in adult smokers following partial or complete substitution of cigarettes with electronic cigarettes (PDF 16 pages) | |||
Subjects switching to e-cigarettes had significantly lower levels (29 %–95 %) of urinary BoEs after 5 days. Nicotine equivalents declined by 25 %–40 %. | |||
Dual users who substituted half of their self-reported daily cigarette consumption with e-cigarettes experienced 7 %–38 % reductions, but had increases (1 %–20 %) in nicotine equivalents. | |||
Blood nicotine biomarker levels were lower in the cessation (75 %–96 %) and e-cigarette use groups (11 %–83 %); dual users had no significant reductions. | |||
All groups experienced significant decreases in exhaled CO (27 %–89 %). Exhaled NO increases (46 %–63 %) were observed in the cessation and e-cigarette use groups; dual users had minimal changes. | |||
By Day 5, all groups had greater reductions in smoking urge compared to cessation. However, reductions were larger in the dual use group. | |||
No serious adverse events were observed. | |||
2016: The mutagenic assessment of an electronic-cigarette and reference cigarette smoke using the Ames assay in strains TA98 and TA100 (PDF 10 pages) | |||
In the presence and absence of metabolic activation, e-cigarette ACM and aerosol were deemed non-mutagenic in tester strains TA98 and TA100, under the test conditions described previously, despite clear positive control responses. Conversely, 3R4F cigarette smoke TPM and freshly generated whole smoke were clearly positive. | |||
In the case of freshly generated cigarette smoke, a positive response in both strains was observed within 24 min, whereas e-cigarette aerosols remained negative up to 3 h. | |||
2016: Electronic cigarette aerosol induces significantly less cytotoxicity than tobacco smoke (PDF 16 pages) | |||
Under the conditions tested, Vype ePen e-cigarette aerosol was significantly less cytotoxic than reference 3R4F cigarette smoke. | |||
==ENDS (without comparison to other products)== | ==ENDS (without comparison to other products)== | ||
edits