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==Scientific Publications - NOT YOUTH SPECIFIC - Cognition, IQ, and Memory== | |||
=== 2023: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36736944/ Nicotine's effect on cognition, a friend or foe?] === | |||
* In this review, we first introduce the beneficial effect of nicotine on cognition including attention, short-term memory and long-term memory. We next summarize the beneficial effect of nicotine on cognition under pathological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Schizophrenia, Stress-induced Anxiety, Depression, and drug-induced memory impairment. | |||
* Qian Wang, Weihong Du, Hao Wang, Panpan Geng, Yanyun Sun, Junfang Zhang, Wei Wang, Xinchun Jin, PMID: 36736944 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110723 | |||
===2020 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306452220304723?via%3Dihub Effects of Nicotine on Task Switching and Distraction in Non-smokers. An fMRI Study]=== | |||
*Nicotine improves sustained attention and reduces distractor interference, promoting cognitive stability. Nicotine enhances response times without differential impact on task switching or distraction. | |||
*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.029 PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Stefan Ahrens, Christiane M. Thiel, Effects of Nicotine on Task Switching and Distraction in Non-smokers. An fMRI Study, Neuroscience, Volume 444, 2020, Pages 43-53, ISSN 0306-4522, doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.029. | |||
*Acknowledgements: This work was supported by a grant from the German Research Foundation DFG TH766/8-1. | |||
===2019: [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2018.01002/full#B5 Molecular Insights Into Memory-Enhancing Metabolites of Nicotine in Brain: A Systematic Review]=== | |||
*Nicotine lowers learning and memory impairment in some neurological disorders. | |||
*Citation: Majdi, A., Kamari, F., & Gjedde, A. (2019). Molecular Insights Into Memory-Enhancing Metabolites of Nicotine in Brain: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.01002 | |||
===2018 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6018192/ Cognitive Effects of Nicotine: Recent Progress]=== | |||
*Preclinical models and human studies have demonstrated that nicotine has cognitive-enhancing effects. Attention, working memory, fine motor skills and episodic memory functions are particularly sensitive to nicotine’s effects. | |||
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6018192/pdf/CN-16-403.pdf PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Valentine G, Sofuoglu M. Cognitive Effects of Nicotine: Recent Progress. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2018;16(4):403-414. doi: 10.2174/1570159X15666171103152136. PMID: 29110618; PMCID: PMC6018192. | |||
===2016: [https://truthinitiative.org/sites/default/files/media/files/2019/08/ReThinking-Nicotine_0.pdf Re-thinking nicotine and its effects]=== | |||
*Nicotine is used for a number of reasons. In human studies, acute administration of nicotine can have positive effects on cognitive processes, such as improving attention, fine motor coordination, concentration, memory, speed of information processing, and alleviation of boredom or drowsiness. Some nicotine users benefit from self-medication effects for alleviation of stress, anxiety, depression, and other mental health and medical conditions, including schizophrenia and Parkinson’s Disease. Nicotine also reverses cognitive deficits caused by withdrawal. It is not clear if chronic use of nicotine enhances cognitive function. | |||
*Some subgroups, such as those with an underlying vulnerability to mental health or medical conditions, may benefit, more or less, from the use of nicotine, when compared with the general population. | |||
*Truth Initiative / Schroeder Institute: Raymond Niaura, PhD. - This paper was also reviewed by content area experts whose feedback was included: Drs. Neal Benowitz, Peter Shields, Dorothy Hatsukami, and Ken Warner | |||
===2012: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22503574/ The electronic-cigarette: Effects on desire to smoke, withdrawal symptoms and cognition]=== | |||
*The e-cigarette can reduce desire to smoke and nicotine withdrawal symptoms 20 minutes after use. | |||
*The nicotine content in this respect may be more important for males. | |||
*The first study to demonstrate that the nicotine e-cigarette can improve working memory. | |||
*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.03.004 PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Dawkins, L., Turner, J., Hasna, S., & Soar, K. (2012). The electronic-cigarette: Effects on desire to smoke, withdrawal symptoms and cognition. Addictive Behaviors, 37(8), 970–973. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.03.004 | |||
*Electronic Cigarette Company (TECC) supplied the e-cigarettes and cartridges for this study. TECC had no involvement in the design or conduct of the study. | |||
===2003 [https://www.nature.com/articles/1300202 Psychoactive Drugs and Pilot Performance: A Comparison of Nicotine, Donepezil, and Alcohol Effects]=== | |||
*Compared to placebo, nicotine and donepezil significantly improved, while alcohol significantly impaired overall flight performance. Both cholinergic drugs showed the largest effects on flight tasks requiring sustained visual attention. | |||
*[https://www.nature.com/articles/1300202.pdf PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Mumenthaler, M., Yesavage, J., Taylor, J. et al. Psychoactive Drugs and Pilot Performance: A Comparison of Nicotine, Donepezil, and Alcohol Effects. Neuropsychopharmacol 28, 1366–1373 (2003). doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300202 | |||
*Acknowledgements: This research was supported in part by NIMH Grant 40041; NIA Grant AG17824; the Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC); the Alcohol Beverage Medical Research Foundation; the Swiss Foundation for Alcohol Research; the Swiss National Science Foundation; and the Medical Research Service of the Department of Veterans Affairs. | |||
===1996 [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02805972 Cognitive performance effects of subcutaneous nicotine in smokers and never-smokers]=== | |||
*These results are consistent with other recent research suggesting a primary effect of nicotine in enhancing cognitive performance. | |||
*Citation: Foulds, J., Stapleton, J., Swettenham, J. et al. Cognitive performance effects of subcutaneous nicotine in smokers and never-smokers. Psychopharmacology 127, 31–38 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02805972 | |||
===1994 [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02245346 Smoking and raven IQ]=== | |||
*Nicotine has recently been shown to enhance measures of information processing speed including the decision time (DT) component of simple and choice reaction time and the string length measure of evoked potential waveform complexity. Both (DT and string length) have been previously demonstrated to correlate with performance on standard intelligence tests ([[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''IQ''']]). | |||
*In this experiment we used the Raven [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM)''']] test. APM scores were significantly higher in the smoking session compared to the non-smoking session, suggesting that nicotine acts to enhance physiological processes underlying performance on intellectual tasks. | |||
*[https://sci-hub.st/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02245346 PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Stough, C., Mangan, G., Bates, T. et al. Smoking and raven IQ. Psychopharmacology 116, 382–384 (1994). doi: 10.1007/BF02245346 | |||
===1992 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1579636/ Nicotine as a cognitive enhancer]=== | |||
*Nicotine improves attention in a wide variety of tasks in healthy volunteers. | |||
*Nicotine improves immediate and longer term memory in healthy volunteers. | |||
*Nicotine improves attention in patients with probable Alzheimer's Disease. | |||
*While some of the memory effects of nicotine may be due to enhanced attention, others seem to be the result of improved consolidation as shown by post-trial dosing. | |||
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1016/0278-5846(92)90069-q PDF Version] | |||
*Citation: Warburton DM. Nicotine as a cognitive enhancer. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1992 Mar;16(2):181-91. doi: 10.1016/0278-5846(92)90069-q. PMID: 1579636. | |||
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