ENDS Toxicity / Carcinogenic: Difference between revisions

*This page is for referencing the possible benefits of [[Abbreviations|'''ENDS''']] products vs. smoking cigarettes from a toxicological standpoint. (Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems are also known as vapor technology, ecigarettes, ecigs, EVP, etc.)

*If you'd prefer someone else to add a study to a topic, there is a subject section called "Suggested studies to add to this page". You may put the link in that section for one of the regular page editors to address.

===2020 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0946672X2030167X?via%3Dihub Association of electronic cigarette use with lead, cadmium, barium, and antimony body burden: NHANES 2015-2016]===

*Citation: Konstantinos E. Farsalinos, Vassilis Voudris, Alketa Spyrou, Konstantinos Poulas, E-cigarettes emit very high formaldehyde levels only in conditions that are aversive to users: A replication study under verified realistic use conditions, Food and Chemical Toxicology, Volume 109, Part 1, 2017, Pages 90-94, ISSN 0278-6915, doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.044.

*Keywords: Smoking; Electronic cigarette; Formaldehyde; Dry puff; Aerosol

*Citation: Palazzolo, D. L., Crow, A. P., Nelson, J. M., & Johnson, R. A. (2017). Trace Metals Derived from Electronic Cigarette (ECIG) Generated Aerosol: Potential Problem of ECIG Devices That Contain Nickel. Frontiers in Physiology, 7. doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00663  

*Acknowledgements: This work was supported by an intramural grant from the DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine.  

*[https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/27/1/10.full.pdf PDF Version]

*Citation: Stephens WE Comparing the cancer potencies of emissions from vapourised (vaporised) nicotine products including e-cigarettes with those of tobacco smoke Tobacco Control 2018;27:10-17.

===2016: [https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/outputs/nicotine-without-smoke-tobacco-harm-reduction Royal College of Physicians - Nicotine without Smoke]===  

*Citation: Royal College of Physicians. Nicotine without smoke: Tobacco harm reduction. London: RCP, 2016.

*Acknowledgement: The Tobacco Advisory Group acknowledges the help of the UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies (www.ukctas.net), which is funded by the UK Clinical Research Collaboration, in writing this report; and thanks Natalie Wilder, Claire Daley, Jane Sugarman and James Partridge in the Royal College of Physicians Publications Department for their work in producing the report.

===2016 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273230016302938?via%3Dihub A randomised, parallel group study to evaluate the safety profile of an electronic vapour (vapor) product over 12 weeks]===

*Citation: Ana S. Cravo, Jim Bush, Girish Sharma, Rebecca Savioz, Claire Martin, Simon Craige, Tanvir Walele, A randomised, parallel group study to evaluate the safety profile of an electronic vapour product over 12 weeks, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Volume 81, Supplement 1, 2016, Pages S1-S14, ISSN 0273-2300, doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.10.003.

*Acknowledgement: This work was funded and supported by Fontem Ventures B.V. Imperial Brands plc is the parent company of Fontem Ventures B.V., the manufacturer of the EVP prototype used in this study.

===2016 [https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article-abstract/19/2/160/2631650?redirectedFrom=fulltext Exposure to Nicotine and Selected Toxicants in Cigarette Smokers Who Switched to Electronic Cigarettes: A Longitudinal Within-Subjects Observational Study]===  

*Citation: Maciej L. Goniewicz, PharmD, PhD, Michal Gawron, PharmD, Danielle M. Smith, MPH, Margaret Peng, BSc, Peyton Jacob, III, PhD, Neal L. Benowitz, MD, Exposure to Nicotine and Selected Toxicants in Cigarette Smokers Who Switched to Electronic Cigarettes: A Longitudinal Within-Subjects Observational Study, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, Volume 19, Issue 2, 1 February 2017, Pages 160–167, doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntw160

*Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland (grant number N N404 025638). Instrumentation and analytical chemistry at UCSF was supported by the National Institutes of Health, P30 DA012393 and S10 RR026437.

===2016 [https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article-abstract/20/2/206/2730216?redirectedFrom=fulltext Tobacco Consumption and Toxicant Exposure of Cigarette Smokers Using Electronic Cigarettes]===  

*Citation: Pulvers, K., Emami, A. S., Nollen, N. L., Romero, D. R., Strong, D. R., Benowitz, N. L., & Ahluwalia, J. S. (2016). Tobacco Consumption and Toxicant Exposure of Cigarette Smokers Using Electronic Cigarettes. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, ntw333. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntw333  

*Acknowledgement: This study was funded by the University of Minnesota (JA), P30 DA012393 (NB), P50 CA180890 (NB), and California State University San Marcos (KP).  

===2016 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4940751/ Reductions in biomarkers of exposure, impacts on smoking urge and assessment of product use and tolerability in adult smokers following partial or complete substitution of cigarettes with electronic cigarettes]===

*Citation: D'Ruiz CD, Graff DW, Robinson E. Reductions in biomarkers of exposure, impacts on smoking urge and assessment of product use and tolerability in adult smokers following partial or complete substitution of cigarettes with electronic cigarettes. BMC Public Health. 2016 Jul 11;16:543. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3236-1. PMID: 27401980; PMCID: PMC4940751.

*Acknowledgement: This study was funded by Fontem Ventures B.V., a fully owned subsidiary of Imperial Brands plc, and the manufacturer of the e-cigarette products used in this study.  

===2016 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383571816301711?via%3Dihub The mutagenic assessment of an electronic-cigarette and reference cigarette smoke using the Ames assay in strains TA98 and TA100]===

*Citation: Tayyarah, R., & Long, G. A. (2014). Comparison of select analytes in aerosol from e-cigarettes with smoke from conventional cigarettes and with ambient air. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 70(3), 704–710. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.10.010  

*Acknowledgements: The company for which the study authors work and the companies that manufacture the e-cigarettes tested for this study are owned by the same parent company (Lorillard Tobacco Company)

===2014 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4110871/ Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review]===  

*Acknowledegement: Riccardo Polosa is a Professor of Medicine and is supported by the University of Catania, Italy. He has received lecture fees and research funding from GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer, manufacturers of stop smoking medications. He has also served as a consultant for Pfizer and Arbi Group Srl (Milano, Italy), the distributor of Categoria™ e-Cigarettes. His research on electronic cigarettes is currently supported by LIAF (Lega Italiana AntiFumo).

*Acknowledgement: Konstantinos Farsalinos is a researcher at Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center. He has never been funded by the pharmaceutical or the tobacco industry. For some of his studies, the institution has received financial compensation from electronic cigarette companies for the studies’ cost. His salary is currently being paid by a scholarship grant from the Hellenic Society of Cardiology.

===2014 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4154473/ Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapor from electronic cigarettes]===

*Citation: Goniewicz ML, Knysak J, Gawron M, Kosmider L, Sobczak A, Kurek J, Prokopowicz A, Jablonska-Czapla M, Rosik-Dulewska C, Havel C, Jacob P 3rd, Benowitz N. Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes. Tob Control. 2014 Mar;23(2):133-9. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050859. Epub 2013 Mar 6. PMID: 23467656; PMCID: PMC4154473.

*Acknowledgement: This study was conducted while the first author was at Medical University of Silesia, Poland and was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland under grant number N N404 025638. Analysis of nitrosamines at the University of California, San Francisco was supported by grants P30 DA012393 and S10 RR026437 from the National Institutes of Health.

===2014 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4481723/ Evaluation of Toxicant and Carcinogen Metabolites in the Urine of E-Cigarette Users  Versus Cigarette Smokers]===   

*Citation: Hecht SS, Carmella SG, Kotandeniya D, Pillsbury ME, Chen M, Ransom BW, Vogel RI, Thompson E, Murphy SE, Hatsukami DK. Evaluation of toxicant and carcinogen metabolites in the urine of e-cigarette users versus cigarette smokers. Nicotine Tob Res. 2015 Jun;17(6):704-9. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntu218. Epub 2014 Oct 21. PMID: 25335945; PMCID: PMC4481723.

*Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health (R01 CA081301, U19 CA157345, and CA77598).

===2013 [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/08958378.2013.793439 Cytotoxicity evaluation of electronic cigarette (EC) vapor extract on cultured mammalian fibroblasts (ClearStream-LIFE): comparison with tobacco cigarette smoke (CS) extract]===  

*Keywords: Cytotoxicity, electronic cigarette, fibroblasts, in vitro, nicotine, smoking, tobacco harm reduction

===2018 [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08958378.2018.1523262?fbclid=IwAR0x50Ru0cjsq_ojjcc2Qgdd7LUCqdmBnMqklhOLZ4sVFtoRNN-uOLSYiPM&journalCode=iiht20 Metal emissions from e-cigarettes: a risk assessment analysis of a recently-published study]===

*Acknowledgements: In the past 36 months, two studies by KF were performed using unrestricted funds from the nonprofit association AEMSA and one study by the nonprofit association Tennessee Smoke-Free Association. BR is supported by unrestricted grants from tobacco manufacturers to the University of Louisville and by the Kentucky Research Challenge Trust Fund.

*KEYWORDS: E-cigarettes; aerosol; metals; risk assessment

===2016 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273230015301276 Characterization of potential impurities and degradation products in electronic cigarette formulations and aerosols]===

*Citation: Jason W. Flora, Naren Meruva, Chorng B. Huang, Celeste T. Wilkinson, Regina Ballentine, Donna C. Smith, Michael S. Werley, Willie J. McKinney, Characterization of potential impurities and degradation products in electronic cigarette formulations and aerosols, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Volume 74, 2016, Pages 1-11, ISSN 0273-2300, doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.11.009.

*Keywords, E-cigarettes, E-vapor, Harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHC), Formulation, Aerosol

===2014 [https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-14-18 Peering through the mist: systematic review of what the chemistry of contaminants in electronic cigarettes tells us about health risks]===

*Acknowledgements: Funding for this work was provided by The Consumer Advocates for Smoke-free Alternatives Association (CASAA) Research Fund. CASAA is an all-volunteer, donation-funded, non-profit organization devoted to defending consumer access to and promoting tobacco harm reduction; it is a consumer (not industry) advocacy NGO. For more information, see http://casaa.org/. CASAA exercised no editorial control over the author’s writing or analysis: the author, not the funder, had full control of the content.

*Keywords: Vaping, e-cigarettes, Tobacco harm reduction, Risk assessment, Aerosol, Occupational exposure limit

===2013 [https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/353253 Electronic Cigarettes: A Short Review]===

*Key Words: Electronic cigarettes, Propylene glycol, Nicotine

===2019 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0887233318307768?via%3Dihub High Content Screening in NHBE cells shows significantly reduced biological activity of flavoured e-liquids, when compared to cigarette smoke condensate]===

*Acknowledgements: This work was funded and supported by Fontem Ventures B.V., part of Imperial Brands Group PLC.

* Keywords: Flavours, In vitro, Normal Human Bronchial Epithelial cells, High Content Screening, E-liquids, Cigarette, flavor, flavoring, flavored

===2019 [https://harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12954-019-0318-2?optIn=false Toxicity classification of e-cigarette flavouring compounds based on European Union regulation: analysis of findings from a recent study]===

*[https://harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12954-019-0318-2.pdf PDF Version]

*Farsalinos, K., Lagoumintzis, G. Toxicity classification of e-cigarette flavouring compounds based on European Union regulation: analysis of findings from a recent study. Harm Reduct J 16, 48 (2019). doi: 10.1186/s12954-019-0318-2

===2018 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0278691518301339 Do flavouring compounds contribute to aldehyde emissions in e-cigarettes?]===

*Citation: Konstantinos E. Farsalinos, Vassilis Voudris, Do flavouring compounds contribute to aldehyde emissions in e-cigarettes?, Food and Chemical Toxicology, volume 115, 2018, Pages 212-217, ISSN 0278-6915, doi:10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.059.

*Acknowledgements: The study was funded by Public Health England.

===2015 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273230015001245?via%3Dihub An approach to ingredient screening and toxicological risk assessment of flavours in e-liquids]===

*Individual flavours or groups of flavours were added to the tobacco rod and the resultant smoke was analysed for priority smoke constituents and tested in several in vitro tests as well as 90-day rat inhalation studies. In general, addition of the flavours had no effect on, or reduced the levels of most of the measured smoke constituents.”

*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.05.018 PDF Version]

*Acknowledgements: This work was joint funded by Nicoventures and British American Tobacco (BAT), and the authors are full time employees of Nicoventures and British American Tobacco (BAT).

===2020 [https://academic.oup.com/ntr/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ntr/ntaa110/5876659 Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines (NNAL, NNN, NAT, and NAB) Exposures in the US Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 1 (2013–2014)]===

*Acknowledgements: This manuscript is supported with Federal funds from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, and the Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, under contract to Westat (contract nos. HHSN271201100027C and HHSN271201600001C) and through an interagency agreement between the FDA Center for Tobacco Products and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

*Keywords:  creatinine, exposure, biological markers, nitrosamines, tobacco, urinary tract, electronic cigarettes, ENDS

===2017 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691517305112?via%3Dihub Toxicity of the main electronic cigarette components, propylene glycol, glycerin, and nicotine, in Sprague-Dawley rats in a 90-day OECD inhalation study complemented by molecular endpoints]===

*Citation: Blaine Phillips, Bjoern Titz, Ulrike Kogel, Danilal Sharma, Patrice Leroy, Yang Xiang, Grégory Vuillaume, Stefan Lebrun, Davide Sciuscio, Jenny Ho, Catherine Nury, Emmanuel Guedj, Ashraf Elamin, Marco Esposito, Subash Krishnan, Walter K. Schlage, Emilija Veljkovic, Nikolai V. Ivanov, Florian Martin, Manuel C. Peitsch, Julia Hoeng, Patrick Vanscheeuwijck, Toxicity of the main electronic cigarette components, propylene glycol, glycerin, and nicotine, in Sprague-Dawley rats in a 90-day OECD inhalation study complemented by molecular endpoints, Food and Chemical Toxicology, Volume 109, Part 1, 2017, Pages 315-332, ISSN 0278-6915, doi:10.1016/j.fct.2017.09.001.

*Acknowledgements: The work reported in this publication was funded solely by Philip Morris International (PMI). All authors are (or were) employees of PMI R&D or worked for PMI R&D under contractual agreements.  

===2017 [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-Review-on-the-Safety-of-Inhalation-of-Propylene-Cotta/0d1216714333c09f090fc25bd059218abb5ed1fa  A Review on the Safety of Inhalation of Propylene Glycol in E-cigarettes]===

*[https://juniperpublishers.com/gjpps/pdf/GJPPS.MS.ID.555584.pdf PDF Version]

*Citation: A Review on the Safety of Inhalation of Propylene Glycol in E-cigarettes, Karyn I. Cotta}, 2017

===2014 [https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-14-18 Peering through the mist: systematic review of what the chemistry of contaminants in electronic cigarettes tells us about health risks]===

*Acknowledgements: Funding for this work was provided by The Consumer Advocates for Smoke-free Alternatives Association (CASAA) Research Fund. CASAA is an all-volunteer, donation-funded, non-profit organization devoted to defending consumer access to and promoting tobacco harm reduction; it is a consumer (not industry) advocacy NGO. For more information, see http://casaa.org/. CASAA exercised no editorial control over the author’s writing or analysis: the author, not the funder, had full control of the content.

*Keywords: Vaping, e-cigarettes, Tobacco harm reduction, Risk assessment, Aerosol, Occupational exposure limit

===2013 [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/add.12235 Analysis of refill liquids for electronic cigarettes]===

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1111/add.12235 PDF Version]

*Citation: Etter, J.‐F., Zäther, E. and Svensson, S. (2013), E‐liquids. Addiction, 108: 1671-1679. doi: 10.1111/add.12235

===2006 [https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/reregistration/red_G-72_1-Sep-04.pdf Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED)  for propylene glycol and dipropylene glycol (PDF Version)]===

*A review of the available data has shown propylene glycol to be negative for carcinogenicity in studies conducted up to the testing limit doses established by the Agency; therefore, no further carcinogenic analysis is required.

*Click on the category link below for more studies by topic on ENDS and Nicotine.

[[Category:Studies, Surveys, and Papers]]