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=ENDS NVP ANDS E-Cigarettes=
=ENDS NVP ANDS E-Cigarettes=
===2024: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024001154 E-cigarettes and heated tobacco products impact on dental color parameters]===
*Conclusion: "Exclusive use of ECs and HTPs is associated with better dental color measurements than current smoking, suggesting that tar-free nicotine delivery technologies are unlikely to have negative effects on dental appearance."


===2023: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10226679/ The risk profile of electronic nicotine delivery systems, compared to traditional cigarettes, on oral disease: a review]===
===2023: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10226679/ The risk profile of electronic nicotine delivery systems, compared to traditional cigarettes, on oral disease: a review]===
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*Overall, ENDS appear to be more implant-friendly than conventional tobacco cigarettes
*Overall, ENDS appear to be more implant-friendly than conventional tobacco cigarettes
*Many of the carcinogens present in tobacco are not present in the aerosol generated by ENDS, which makes ENDS appear to be less damaging to the oral mucosa.
*Many of the carcinogens present in tobacco are not present in the aerosol generated by ENDS, which makes ENDS appear to be less damaging to the oral mucosa.
===2023: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00784-023-05162-4 The impact of electronic and conventional cigarettes on periodontal health—a systematic review and meta-analysis]===
*"The current findings suggest that e-cigarette use might be considered a healthier alternative to cigarette smoking concerning periodontal health. Even so, harmful effects of electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) usage on periodontal health were seen as well. However, a definitive decision on this research question remains elusive due to the absence of randomized controlled trials."
===2023: [https://www.bsperio.org.uk/news/is-vaping-harmful-to-oral-health Is vaping harmful to oral health?]===
*"In summary, the oral health evidence supports the general public health messages and guidance on e-cigarettes. E-cigarette use is far less harmful than tobacco cigarettes, although not risk free – we will likely see oral health consequences of long-term vaping (but less than from tobacco smoking). E-cigarettes are not recommended for non-users, especially young people. For existing smokers, e-cigarettes can be an effective quit aid and dental professionals should support patients who choose to use this method of cessation."


===2022: [https://www.cdhjournal.org/issues/39-2-june-2022/1124-electronic-cigarettes-an-update-on-products-regulation-public-health-approaches-and-oral-health Electronic cigarettes: an update on products, regulation, public health approaches and oral health]===
===2022: [https://www.cdhjournal.org/issues/39-2-june-2022/1124-electronic-cigarettes-an-update-on-products-regulation-public-health-approaches-and-oral-health Electronic cigarettes: an update on products, regulation, public health approaches and oral health]===
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===2022: [https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/mbio.00075-22 Electronic Cigarette Use Promotes a Unique Periodontal Microbiome]===
===2022: [https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/mbio.00075-22 Electronic Cigarette Use Promotes a Unique Periodontal Microbiome]===
*Our results demonstrate that the e-cig user’s subgingival microbiome is a unique amalgamation of microbiota, containing similarities to those of both conventional smokers and nonsmokers. Due to many shared features with the conventional smoker’s microbiome and considering the widespread promotion of e-cigarettes as a “healthier” alternative to or replacement for conventional cigarettes, our results show that e-cigarette use may promote a healthier SGP [subgingival plaque] microbiome with respect to that of smokers but not compared to that found with never smoking in the first place.
*Our results demonstrate that the e-cig user’s subgingival microbiome is a unique amalgamation of microbiota, containing similarities to those of both conventional smokers and nonsmokers. Due to many shared features with the conventional smoker’s microbiome and considering the widespread promotion of e-cigarettes as a “healthier” alternative to or replacement for conventional cigarettes, our results show that e-cigarette use may promote a healthier SGP [subgingival plaque] microbiome with respect to that of smokers but not compared to that found with never smoking in the first place.
===2022: [https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-study-looking-at-smoking-vaping-and-oral-health/ Expert reaction to study looking at smoking, vaping and oral health]===
*“They also reported an association between e-cigarette use and self-reported bleeding gums after brushing or flossing. The study authors themselves urge caution on over-interpreting this finding (see discussion section) – this may not be a direct effect of e-cigarette use and may be a result of users reducing or quitting regular cigarette smoking which is known to lead to increased bleeding. It’s an interesting finding that needs exploring in further research. 
*“The study did not find any association between e-cigarette use and any other oral health outcomes investigated (such as gum disease or tooth loss). As proposed in this paper, further follow up studies looking at the longer-term outcomes of e-cigarettes will be useful to explore this further.”


===2021: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8293737/  Electronic Cigarettes and Oral Health]===
===2021: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8293737/  Electronic Cigarettes and Oral Health]===
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=HnB THP HTP Heated Tobacco Products=
=HnB THP HTP Heated Tobacco Products=
===2024: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024001154 E-cigarettes and heated tobacco products impact on dental color parameters]===
*Conclusion: "Exclusive use of ECs and HTPs is associated with better dental color measurements than current smoking, suggesting that tar-free nicotine delivery technologies are unlikely to have negative effects on dental appearance."


===2022: [https://www.thejpd.org/article/S0022-3913(20)30444-3/fulltext Effects of conventional and heated tobacco product smoking on discoloration of artificial denture teeth]===
===2022: [https://www.thejpd.org/article/S0022-3913(20)30444-3/fulltext Effects of conventional and heated tobacco product smoking on discoloration of artificial denture teeth]===
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*Acknowledgement: This research was supported by the grant from Ministry of Science and Technology of China under a contract from the International Science & Technology Cooperation Program Foundation Nr.1019 and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81500859).
*Acknowledgement: This research was supported by the grant from Ministry of Science and Technology of China under a contract from the International Science & Technology Cooperation Program Foundation Nr.1019 and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81500859).
*Citation: An, N., Holl, J., Wang, X., Rausch, M. A., Andrukhov, O., & Rausch-Fan, X. (2021). Potential Suppressive Effect of Nicotine on the Inflammatory Response in Oral Epithelial Cells: An In Vitro Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 483. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020483
*Citation: An, N., Holl, J., Wang, X., Rausch, M. A., Andrukhov, O., & Rausch-Fan, X. (2021). Potential Suppressive Effect of Nicotine on the Inflammatory Response in Oral Epithelial Cells: An In Vitro Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 483. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020483
=Nicotine - Aphthous Ulcers and Behçet’s Disease=
===2015 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4387635/ Use of pure nicotine for the treatment of aphthous ulcers]===
*The theory that nicotine is known as the protective factor is also supported by three case reports, in which aphthous ulcers were prevented or healed while the patients used nicotine replacement materials.
*https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4387635/?report=printablePrintable Version
*Citation: Motamedi MR, Golestannejad Z. Use of pure nicotine for the treatment of aphthous ulcers. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2015 Mar-Apr;12(2):197-8. PMID: 25878688; PMCID: PMC4387635.
===2011 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306987711001691?via%3Dihub Occurrence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis only on lining mucosa and its relationship to smoking – A possible hypothesis]===
*In addition, nicotine or its metabolites can result in decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukins 1 and 6, and increase of anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10. Consequently, there is reduced susceptibility to RAS due to immunosuppression and/or reduction in inflammatory response.
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1016/j.mehy.2011.04.006 PDF Version]
*Subramanyam, R. V. (2011). Occurrence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis only on lining mucosa and its relationship to smoking – A possible hypothesis. Medical Hypotheses, 77(2), 185–187. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2011.04.006
===2010 [https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/49/3/501/1786816 Nicotine-patch therapy on mucocutaneous lesions of Behçet’s disease: a case series]===
*In this report, we describe five ex-smoker [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''BD''']] patients with active mucocutaneous lesions, not responsive to standard pharmacological treatments and treated with transdermal nicotine patches. Four out of five patients quickly responded to nicotine-patch therapy and experienced a complete regression of all mucocutaneous lesions within 6 months of observation.
*[https://watermark.silverchair.com/kep401.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAArcwggKzBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKkMIICoAIBADCCApkGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMAxCHkIQW0BFNu-FbAgEQgIICarldUGOUxaPUQkbU6YWe72wo69i1_IkEjyR5K6ERQb_gEQIwrTl4csqOYUVdLT406p-qMSTS_7zLpVQHWPuJdgRBAfqcybz6DgCy2zqQ5ZosdDgmsw2rhZAzirypCBjNhbMkN7Xkyuzxb5_UBH2oxojOfjOcQnIq2D_0Tvsy5sM69ZomduO1XA9Lc70YNFKCmnXnQNzGDRqHBAGMuu-zgS3TQQOpDGk-5m0zT5i6cuY4jB7MVXhrRYr15XXX5AXbLqbHg9fiHp-qdoZbpD2Xu0Xn5tjlebzDQNOn_kbqPsJLtKXAjLMmtm4zd5VB0nXBqbS-ForIVHIjVDQfOduAnUrfr8mOsLhdwzPl6OV3185qmvVdkZXK_bpp2Xi_xSZrZluc2jZDeITdcrcx7r1pXdtQsxPQvRVP2GaSyFRX1glvIAqfqSnLm6oljfeAR2upPGUoMdDIQimCmjA0nhOdaIyygLJEAFKFpBwZ3jwy0FPtV3rSfjLOhm17_Dx-4BFxNMe1pU9HvnX4_L2EIZND4oAyXZssuI8U8u6DmhIbsj8BeWym5VNIi0yGEVY1I1v48YVnXxLOIMJDpENlFNf0_pNf9BLMuSrk_rPH42Ynok8BJaxD6q0BteLB24hVzQE93HAZzYt6trVdVU2gIRXVTNd47j-w0F8gWnZhOaeAee2uqUjFy5Fb5apSF4LCbxZgc-YX00eats2HuRVBmctlEuoQH28tJIdQ0m_NV7R6l8HqoAOvXvmFUAcEnuKEZ00vm1a6cU6mKwohpZwqt8tBcUCSDTjBM-_4k3b6hCK_kDItfxtcGkG9HkxxzA PDF Version]
*Citation: Giovanni Ciancio, Matteo Colina, Renato La Corte, Andrea Lo Monaco, Francesco De Leonardis, Francesco Trotta, Marcello Govoni, Nicotine-patch therapy on mucocutaneous lesions of Behçet’s disease: a case series, Rheumatology, Volume 49, Issue 3, March 2010, Pages 501–504, doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kep401
*Keywords: Behçet’s disease, Cigarette smoking, Nicotine therapy, Mucocutaneous lesions
===2002 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12108762/ Minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis and smoking: an epidemiological study measuring plasma cotinine]===
*NOTE: Safer Nicotine Wiki does NOT endorse smoking for any potential therapeutic benefits. Smoking has too many severe consequences. Studies showing that less people who smoke end up with a specific ailment are included to show the potential benefits of the nicotine.
* This study shows that a group of RAS patients is significantly less likely to contain smokers than a matched control population, and among smokers the level of cigarette use was significantly lower in RAS patients than the control population. The perceived negative association between RAS and smoking was supported by this epidemiological study.
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1034/j.1601-0825.2002.01826.x PDF Version]
*Citation: Atkin PA, Xu X, Thornhill MH. Minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis and smoking: an epidemiological study measuring plasma cotinine. Oral Dis. 2002 May;8(3):173-6. doi: 10.1034/j.1601-0825.2002.01826.x. PMID: 12108762.
===2000 [https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM200012143432418?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed Nicotine Patches for Aphthous Ulcers Due to Behçet's Syndrome]===
*We describe a woman with Behçet's syndrome characterized by recurrent oral and genital aphthous ulcers, severe eye involvement, and the onset of arthritis at the age of 29 years. At the age of 35 several large and extremely painful buccal aphthous ulcers developed. Therapy with a nicotine patch led to a regression of all aphthous ulcers within a few days. A month later, after the patient had stopped using the nicotine patches, four aphthous ulcers developed within a week. These ulcers rapidly regressed once she resumed using the nicotine patches.
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1056/NEJM200012143432418 PDF Version] (Note: Need to scroll down to the correct section)
*Citation: Philippe Scheid, M.D., Abraham Bohadana, M.D., Yves Martinet, M.D., Ph.D., Université Henri Poincaré, 54500 Nancy-Vandoeuvre, France, December 14, 2000, N Engl J Med 2000; 343:1816-1817, DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200012143432418
===1991 [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb121180.x?sid=nlm%3Apubmed Recurrent aphthous ulcers and nicotine]===
*The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nicotine, in the form of Nicorette tablets, on aphthous ulcers in non-smoking patients. This preliminary trial shows that nicotine may have a beneficial effect on aphthous ulcers.
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb121180.x PDF Version]
*Citation: Bittoun, R. (1991), Recurrent aphthous ulcers and nicotine. Medical Journal of Australia, 154: 471-472. https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb121180.x


=Nicotine Gum=
=Nicotine Gum=
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*Acknowledgement: The study was fully funded by McNeil AB who is the manufacturer of the test and control products. It was designed by McNeil AB in consultation with HW and DOM. The study was run, participants recruited, smoking cessation intervention administered and data collected by the team of research staff at the Oral Health Services Research Centre at University College Cork under the leadership of HW with consultant input from DOM. RK carried out the clinical examinations but was blinded to intervention allocation. The data were analysed by McNeil AB with input from HW and DOM. The study was externally monitored by MDS Pharma Services, UK and conducted to ICH GCP standards. The data were interpreted by HW, DOM and RK. The manuscript was drafted by HW with editorial comment from the other authors. HW decided to submit the manuscript for publication.
*Acknowledgement: The study was fully funded by McNeil AB who is the manufacturer of the test and control products. It was designed by McNeil AB in consultation with HW and DOM. The study was run, participants recruited, smoking cessation intervention administered and data collected by the team of research staff at the Oral Health Services Research Centre at University College Cork under the leadership of HW with consultant input from DOM. RK carried out the clinical examinations but was blinded to intervention allocation. The data were analysed by McNeil AB with input from HW and DOM. The study was externally monitored by MDS Pharma Services, UK and conducted to ICH GCP standards. The data were interpreted by HW, DOM and RK. The manuscript was drafted by HW with editorial comment from the other authors. HW decided to submit the manuscript for publication.
*Citation: Whelton H, Kingston R, O'Mullane D, Nilsson F. Randomized controlled trial to evaluate tooth stain reduction with nicotine replacement gum during a smoking cessation program. BMC Oral Health. 2012 Jun 13;12:13. doi: 10.1186/1472-6831-12-13. PMID: 22695211; PMCID: PMC3444372.
*Citation: Whelton H, Kingston R, O'Mullane D, Nilsson F. Randomized controlled trial to evaluate tooth stain reduction with nicotine replacement gum during a smoking cessation program. BMC Oral Health. 2012 Jun 13;12:13. doi: 10.1186/1472-6831-12-13. PMID: 22695211; PMCID: PMC3444372.
=Nicotine - Orofacial Dyskinesia=
===2012: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3286320/ Nicotine Reduces Antipsychotic-Induced Orofacial Dyskinesia in Rats]===
*In summary, our data show that nicotine treatment decreases haloperidol-induced VCMs [vacuous chewing movements] in an established rat model of tardive dyskinesia. The demonstration that nicotine removal leads to a return of VCMs, whereas nicotine re-exposure reduced haloperidol-induced VCMs, suggests a causal relationship. These data have clinical applications for the treatment of tardive dyskinesias associated with long-term antipsychotic treatment using nicotine.


=Nicotine Patch=
=Nicotine Patch=
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=Nicotine Pouches=
=Nicotine Pouches=
===2023: [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41415-023-6383-7 Nicotine pouches: a review for the dental team]===
*Nicotine pouches are a new product that the dental professional should be aware of, particularly in smokers and ex-smokers. They are likely to have a relatively low-risk profile, similar to other forms of orally administered nicotine; however, the prolonged and regular use may give increased risk of local oral problems. Further research is required.
===2022: [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/eos.12885 The effect of a non-tobacco-based nicotine pouch on mucosal lesions caused by Swedish smokeless tobacco (snus)]===
*The findings of this study demonstrate that the almost complete substitution of snus with a non-tobacco-based nicotine product resulted in the gradual resolution of pre-existing oral mucosal lesions in healthy snus users over a 6-week period. Furthermore, findings showed that the investigational non-tobacco-based nicotine products do not elicit an inflammatory response in vitro.


=Snus=
=Snus=
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**also: Bartlett D. Expert view: David Bartlett. Br Dent J 2021; 231: 700.
**also: Bartlett D. Expert view: David Bartlett. Br Dent J 2021; 231: 700.
*"The authors incorrectly claim that nicotine causes a 'high risk of oral and whole-body health complications'. They cite a WHO poster which presents the effects of whole tobacco smoke on health, not the effect of nicotine. Nicotine has been used in the form of NRT for over 30 years, including in pregnant women, and is regarded as extremely safe, even for long-term use"
*"The authors incorrectly claim that nicotine causes a 'high risk of oral and whole-body health complications'. They cite a WHO poster which presents the effects of whole tobacco smoke on health, not the effect of nicotine. Nicotine has been used in the form of NRT for over 30 years, including in pregnant women, and is regarded as extremely safe, even for long-term use"
=Research Projects=
===[https://smilestudy.coehar.org/ CoEHAR's Smile Study]===


=Suggestions to add to this page=
=Suggestions to add to this page=
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