| (26 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
| Line 2: | Line 2: | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
[[File: | [[File:PWS stigma 2.png|center|]] | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
| Line 84: | Line 84: | ||
====[https://academic.oup.com/cid/pages/Manuscript_Preparation ''Clinical Infectious Diseases'']==== | ====[https://academic.oup.com/cid/pages/Manuscript_Preparation ''Clinical Infectious Diseases'']==== | ||
*Authors should use inclusive and person-first language in manuscripts. Describe people as having a condition or disease, experiencing a circumstance, or doing something specific rather than the condition, disease, circumstance, or activity being part of their identity. For example, they should use “people with obesity,” “person with HIV,” “person who injects drugs,” and so forth, rather than “obese people” “HIV positive” or “drug user.” | *Authors should use inclusive and person-first language in manuscripts. Describe people as having a condition or disease, experiencing a circumstance, or doing something specific rather than the condition, disease, circumstance, or activity being part of their identity. For example, they should use “people with obesity,” “person with HIV,” “person who injects drugs,” and so forth, rather than “obese people” “HIV positive” or “drug user.” | ||
====[https://c4disc.pubpub.org/guidelines-on-inclusive-language-and-images-in-scholarly-communication Coalition for Diversity and Inclusion in Scholarly Communications]==== | |||
*"In most cases it is preferable to emphasize the person over the attribute. For example, “person with cancer” instead of “cancer patient”, “man in prison” instead of “inmate.” Emphasizing the attribute can reduce the person to a label and dehumanize them." | |||
====[https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/current-developments-in-nutrition/publish/guide-for-authors ''Current Developments in Nutrition'']==== | ====[https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/current-developments-in-nutrition/publish/guide-for-authors ''Current Developments in Nutrition'']==== | ||
| Line 131: | Line 134: | ||
**“person living with a mental health condition” instead of “mentally ill.” | **“person living with a mental health condition” instead of “mentally ill.” | ||
**“person with a substance use disorder” instead of “addict.” | **“person with a substance use disorder” instead of “addict.” | ||
====[https://academic.oup.com/sleep/pages/General_Instructions ''Sleep'' (official publication of the Sleep Research Society -SRS)]==== | |||
*Guidance for improving the language researchers use to talk to and about people with studied health conditions has been issued in several fields. The Editors of SLEEP® endorse the use of people-centered language in research communications. Our recommendations for people-centered language for sleep/circadian research publications can be [https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article/40/4/zsx039/3062257 found on this page]. | |||
====[https://journals.sagepub.com/author-instructions/SAJ ''Substance Abuse''] (2024 changing to ''Substance Use and Addiction Journal'')==== | ====[https://journals.sagepub.com/author-instructions/SAJ ''Substance Abuse''] (2024 changing to ''Substance Use and Addiction Journal'')==== | ||
| Line 202: | Line 208: | ||
*Although a disability has an impact, it is only a small part of a person’s identity. No one is their disability. We encourage you to see people with disabilities as people, first. Using the “People First” language we describe is one way to let people know you see them, not just their disability. When you see people first, you and they will notice the difference. | *Although a disability has an impact, it is only a small part of a person’s identity. No one is their disability. We encourage you to see people with disabilities as people, first. Using the “People First” language we describe is one way to let people know you see them, not just their disability. When you see people first, you and they will notice the difference. | ||
==== | ====[https://www.narcolepsy.org.uk/resources/%E2%80%98narcoleptic%E2%80%99-or-%E2%80%98-person-narcolepsy%E2%80%99 Narcolepsy UK]==== | ||
*The Narcolepsy Charter champions the right for people with narcolepsy “to live in a society that understands and recognises the impact of narcolepsy” and encourages “the ability to talk about narcolepsy without fear or judgement”. Given that referring to “narcoleptics” rather than “people with narcolepsy” is very likely to perpetuate unhelpful stereotypes and negative attitudes, Narcolepsy UK encourages people with and without narcolepsy to put people first and avoid the term “narcoleptics” or “narcolepsy patients” in favour of “people with narcolepsy”. | |||
====United Nations Office at Geneva - [https://www.ungeneva.org/sites/default/files/2021-01/Disability-Inclusive-Language-Guidelines.pdf DISABILITY-INCLUSIVE LANGUAGE GUIDELINES]==== | |||
*This document contains recommendations that United Nations staff, experts and collaborators can use in their oral and written communications on disability or other subjects, including speeches and presentations, press releases, social media posts, internal communications and other formal and informal documents. | *This document contains recommendations that United Nations staff, experts and collaborators can use in their oral and written communications on disability or other subjects, including speeches and presentations, press releases, social media posts, internal communications and other formal and informal documents. | ||
*People-first language is the most widely accepted language for referring to persons with disabilities. It is also the language used in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. People-first language emphasizes the person, not the disability, by placing a reference to the person or group before the reference to the disability. For example, we can use expressions such as “children with albinism”, “students with dyslexia”, “women with intellectual disabilities” and, of course, “persons with disabilities”. | *People-first language is the most widely accepted language for referring to persons with disabilities. It is also the language used in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. People-first language emphasizes the person, not the disability, by placing a reference to the person or group before the reference to the disability. For example, we can use expressions such as “children with albinism”, “students with dyslexia”, “women with intellectual disabilities” and, of course, “persons with disabilities”. | ||
| Line 373: | Line 382: | ||
*"Smoking and tobacco use are widely recognized as an addiction, not merely a personal choice, and health care clinicians increasingly address this chronic, relapsing disease using recovery-oriented language. Terms such as “cessation” are being replaced with “treatment” and “smoker” replaced with person-first language such as “person who smokes.”" | *"Smoking and tobacco use are widely recognized as an addiction, not merely a personal choice, and health care clinicians increasingly address this chronic, relapsing disease using recovery-oriented language. Terms such as “cessation” are being replaced with “treatment” and “smoker” replaced with person-first language such as “person who smokes.”" | ||
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20230326001139/https://www.apna.org/news/psychiatric-mental-health-nursings-role-in-tobacco-treatment/ Link on WayBack Machine] | *[https://web.archive.org/web/20230326001139/https://www.apna.org/news/psychiatric-mental-health-nursings-role-in-tobacco-treatment/ Link on WayBack Machine] | ||
===2019: [https://filtermag.org/how-widespread-anti-smoker-stigma-is-harmful-as-well-as-wrong/ Widespread Anti-Smoker Stigma Is Harmful, as Well as Wrong]=== | |||
*"Ordinarily, stigmatizing a disease or observing medical practitioners making decisions based on social characteristics would raise the hackles of the public health community. With smoking, however, this hasn’t been the case. In fact, many anti-smoking campaigns actually turn to stigmatization as a behavioral control tactic." | |||
===Comments by people who don't smoke=== | ===Comments by people who don't smoke=== | ||
| Line 384: | Line 396: | ||
*Drs. Carter-Harris and Williamson both encourage people to use person-first language when talking about smoking. One example of this is describing someone as “a person who formerly smoked” rather than “a former smoker.” | *Drs. Carter-Harris and Williamson both encourage people to use person-first language when talking about smoking. One example of this is describing someone as “a person who formerly smoked” rather than “a former smoker.” | ||
*“By labeling someone as a smoker, you’ve depersonalized them, and you’ve identified them by a behavior that’s stigmatized,” Dr. Carter-Harris said. | *“By labeling someone as a smoker, you’ve depersonalized them, and you’ve identified them by a behavior that’s stigmatized,” Dr. Carter-Harris said. | ||
===2014: [https://theindefatigablefrog.blogspot.com/2014/09/the-indefatigable-frog-or-why-this-wont.html The Indefatigable Frog, or Why this won't stop us!]=== | |||
*"Remember that poor woman who ignited her oxygen tube with a lighter? Seek it out – look at the comments and see what the public thinks of smokers. The vitriol and hatred is something to behold. A poor woman made a horrible mistake whilst still under the effects of a general anaesthetic and what did the public say? She deserved it. Why? Because she was a smoker." | |||
===2014: [https://newrepublic.com/article/116553/smoking-and-stigma-war-smoking-has-gone-too-far Let's Not Wage War on Smokers]=== | ===2014: [https://newrepublic.com/article/116553/smoking-and-stigma-war-smoking-has-gone-too-far Let's Not Wage War on Smokers]=== | ||
| Line 478: | Line 493: | ||
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1002/casp.896 Full Study on Sci-Hub] | *[https://sci-hub.st/10.1002/casp.896 Full Study on Sci-Hub] | ||
=='''Articles, Websites, Blogs - Smoking (Stigma)'''== | =='''Articles, Websites, Blogs - Smoking/Nicotine (Stigma)'''== | ||
===2023: [https://filtermag.org/stigma-nicotine-research-newhouse/ Watch: Stigma Hampers Recruitment for Nicotine Research]=== | |||
*“The political climate and the concerns of the anti-tobacco and anti-smoking advocacy groups has made it harder to do this kind of research,” he explained. “It has impacted our ability to recruit people to our studies.” | |||
===2022: [https://filtermag.org/smoking-stigma-harm-reduction/ The Stigmatization of Smoking Is Not Harm Reduction]=== | |||
*Instead of stigma, we need an open and unfettered discussion. | |||
===2015: [https://www.fredhutch.org/en/news/center-news/2015/11/smoking-stigma-backfires-hurts-efforts-quit.html Smoking stigma can hurt efforts to quit]=== | ===2015: [https://www.fredhutch.org/en/news/center-news/2015/11/smoking-stigma-backfires-hurts-efforts-quit.html Smoking stigma can hurt efforts to quit]=== | ||
| Line 484: | Line 505: | ||
*Smokers reported feeling shame, guilt and embarrassment for their smoking behavior and used words such as “leper,” “outcast,” “bad person,” “low-life” and “pathetic” to describe themselves, the study found. These feelings increased after failed attempts to quit smoking. | *Smokers reported feeling shame, guilt and embarrassment for their smoking behavior and used words such as “leper,” “outcast,” “bad person,” “low-life” and “pathetic” to describe themselves, the study found. These feelings increased after failed attempts to quit smoking. | ||
=='''Studies, Papers, Reports - Employment and/or Insurance'''== | =='''Studies, Papers, Reports - Employment and/or Insurance (People Who Use Nicotine)'''== | ||
===2023: [https://www.virginiamercury.com/2023/03/14/youngkin-says-he-will-sign-legislation-ending-higher-insurance-premiums-for-tobacco-users/ Youngkin says he will sign legislation ending higher insurance premiums for tobacco users ]=== | ===2023: [https://www.virginiamercury.com/2023/03/14/youngkin-says-he-will-sign-legislation-ending-higher-insurance-premiums-for-tobacco-users/ Youngkin says he will sign legislation ending higher insurance premiums for tobacco users ]=== | ||
| Line 526: | Line 547: | ||
*Structural forms of discrimination perpetrated against smokers and former smokers (e.g., company policies against hiring smokers) are also related to smoker-related stigma. | *Structural forms of discrimination perpetrated against smokers and former smokers (e.g., company policies against hiring smokers) are also related to smoker-related stigma. | ||
=='''Articles, Websites, Blogs - Employment and/or Insurance'''== | =='''Articles, Websites, Blogs - Employment and/or Insurance (People Who Use Nicotine)'''== | ||
===2023: [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/insure/life-insurance/you-can-save-80-on-your-term-life-insurance-premium-if-you-quit-smoking-when-and-how-to-buy-it/articleshow/102713832.cms You can save up to 80% on your term life insurance premium if you quit smoking; when and how to buy it]=== | |||
*"How do most life insurance companies define 'smoker'? Usually, life insurance companies use very specific questions to find out whether you are a smoker or not. "The insurance companies consider an individual as a smoker if they take nicotine in any form like bidi, cigarettes, cigars, hookahs, chew tobacco, etc," says Pankaj Goenka, Assistant Vice-President & Head-B2B Business, Insurance Dekho. Even if you use a nicotine patch or gum, the insurer can classify you as a smoker." | |||
===2020: [https://filtermag.org/u-haul-nicotine-policy/ U-Haul’s Hateful Policy of Barring Nicotine Users From Employment]=== | |||
*At the turn of the year, U-Haul announced that starting in February, they will “decline job applicants who are nicotine users” in the 21 states* where it’s legal to do so. And it doesn’t matter if the nicotine comes from a cigarette, a patch, gum or a vape. | |||
===2019: [https://www.foxnews.com/health/ohio-citys-ban-on-hiring-smokers-vapers-could-be-slippery-slope-some-fear Ohio city's ban on hiring smokers, vapers could be 'slippery slope,' some fear]=== | |||
*More bad news for smokers and vapers: The city of Dayton, Ohio, says it will no longer hire anyone who uses nicotine or tobacco. | |||
===2014: [https://web.archive.org/web/20201128142523/https://www.forthealthcare.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/smoking-ban-for-employees.pdf Smoking Ban for New Hires Spread Across the United States]=== | |||
*" These new policies essentially treat cigarettes like illegal narcotics. Applications now explicitly warn of “tobacco-free hiring,” job seekers must submit to urine tests for nicotine, and new employees caught smoking face termination." | |||
*"Federal laws allow nicotine-free hiring because they don't recognize smokers as a protected class. There’s no data on how many U.S. businesses won't hire smokers, but the trend appears strongest with hospitals." | |||
===2013: [https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1303632 Conflicts and Compromises in Not Hiring Smokers]=== | |||
*"These policies engender controversy, and we recognize that they risk creating or perpetuating injustices. One set of concerns arises from the fact that tobacco use is more concentrated in groups with lower socioeconomic status. Hospitals do better than most institutions at creating employment and advancement opportunities for disadvantaged populations. So even though most members of lower socioeconomic groups do not use tobacco, and even though anti-tobacco hiring policies are not intended to reduce jobs for these populations, they are likely to do so inadvertently, at least somewhat." | |||
===2011: [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/11/us/11smoking.html Hospitals Shift Smoking Bans to Smoker Ban]=== | |||
*Smokers now face another risk from their habit: it could cost them a shot at a job. | |||
===2005: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1309686/ WHO will not hire smokers]=== | |||
*"Smokers will no longer be eligible for employment at the World Health Organization, the agency has announced. Effective immediately, all job applicants will be asked if they smoke, and if so, whether they are willing to quit. The application process will be terminated in the case of smokers who refuse to stop." | |||
*"The rule will extend to users of chewing or snuff tobacco." | |||
='''"Relapse"'''= | ='''"Relapse"'''= | ||
| Line 537: | Line 581: | ||
*I propose that if we want to help erase stigma, we choose to use the word recurrence rather than relapse. “Recurrence of substance use disorder” creates a more accurate connotation, one that is more consistent in the medical world. | *I propose that if we want to help erase stigma, we choose to use the word recurrence rather than relapse. “Recurrence of substance use disorder” creates a more accurate connotation, one that is more consistent in the medical world. | ||
*Our language activates implicit cognitive scripts that give meaning to what we try to convey and communicate. | *Our language activates implicit cognitive scripts that give meaning to what we try to convey and communicate. | ||
='''Use of Stigma/Shame to Prevent Initiation or to Encourage Cessation'''= | |||
===1993: [https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/2/4/271.full.pdf Animals and butts: Minnesota's media campaign against tobacco]=== | |||
*Information about the campaign from the late 80's and early 90's. (Using language like "stupid," "silly," and "butts.") | |||
*[https://twitter.com/grayjaynine/status/1744505202416529743 Tweet] with photo of animals smoking poster. | |||
===1993: [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-11-17-vw-57872-story.html Wrong Message? : Smoking: As part of the Great American Smokeout on Thursday, the American Cancer Society’s posters take a no-holds-barred approach to steering schoolchildren away from cigarettes. But some O.C. educators are concerned that the posters are too blunt.]=== | |||
*"Some educators were wary about “whether the materials were appropriate for use in the schools." | |||
='''Lessons Learned: Substances, Alcohol, Incarceration, Illnesses, Disabilities, Mental Health, Weight, etc.'''= | ='''Lessons Learned: Substances, Alcohol, Incarceration, Illnesses, Disabilities, Mental Health, Weight, etc.'''= | ||
| Line 545: | Line 598: | ||
*How are you doing? How are you really doing? | *How are you doing? How are you really doing? | ||
=='''Studies, Papers, Reports'''== | =='''Studies, Papers, Reports - Language/Stigma'''== | ||
===2023: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0889855323000869 Language Frames and Shapes the Response to Obesity]=== | ===2023: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0889855323000869 Language Frames and Shapes the Response to Obesity]=== | ||
| Line 606: | Line 659: | ||
===2017: [https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/140/6/e20173034/38277/Stigma-Experienced-by-Children-and-Adolescents Stigma Experienced by Children and Adolescents With Obesity]=== | ===2017: [https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/140/6/e20173034/38277/Stigma-Experienced-by-Children-and-Adolescents Stigma Experienced by Children and Adolescents With Obesity]=== | ||
*Weight stigma is often propagated and tolerated in society because of beliefs that stigma and shame will motivate people to lose weight. However, rather than motivating positive change, this stigma contributes to behaviors such as binge eating, social isolation, avoidance of health care services, decreased physical activity, and increased weight gain, which worsen obesity and create additional barriers to healthy behavior change. Furthermore, experiences of weight stigma also dramatically impair quality of life, especially for youth. | *Weight stigma is often propagated and tolerated in society because of beliefs that stigma and shame will motivate people to lose weight. However, rather than motivating positive change, this stigma contributes to behaviors such as binge eating, social isolation, avoidance of health care services, decreased physical activity, and increased weight gain, which worsen obesity and create additional barriers to healthy behavior change. Furthermore, experiences of weight stigma also dramatically impair quality of life, especially for youth. | ||
===2015: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1059131115002435 How does the label “epileptic” influence attitudes toward epilepsy?]=== | |||
*Our results verify that just by placing the word “person” as the first one in the label we use, we can, at least partially, avoid the stigma induced when “epileptic” – as being the main determinant of that certain person – is used. | |||
===2014: [https://iep.utm.edu/pejorati/ Pejorative Language]=== | ===2014: [https://iep.utm.edu/pejorati/ Pejorative Language]=== | ||
| Line 616: | Line 672: | ||
*"The use of labels is one way stigma is perpetuated by eliciting the label's stereotyped narratives onto an individual or group. Within harm reduction discourse, the word "addict" can have detrimental effects on how the public perceives people experiencing addiction and their deservingness of pragmatic services. This article aims to draw attention to the inattention we give "addict" in language and explain how its routine use in society acts to perpetuate addiction stigma. Using the example of supervised injection site opposition in Canada, the use of "addict" is used as a way to understand how stigma through language works to impede the expansion of harm reduction initiatives." | *"The use of labels is one way stigma is perpetuated by eliciting the label's stereotyped narratives onto an individual or group. Within harm reduction discourse, the word "addict" can have detrimental effects on how the public perceives people experiencing addiction and their deservingness of pragmatic services. This article aims to draw attention to the inattention we give "addict" in language and explain how its routine use in society acts to perpetuate addiction stigma. Using the example of supervised injection site opposition in Canada, the use of "addict" is used as a way to understand how stigma through language works to impede the expansion of harm reduction initiatives." | ||
=='''Articles, Websites, Blogs'''== | =='''Articles, Websites, Blogs - Language/Stigma'''== | ||
===2023: [https://www.apaservices.org/advocacy/news/addiction-related-federal-agencies Names of addiction-related federal agencies are changing]=== | ===2023: [https://www.apaservices.org/advocacy/news/addiction-related-federal-agencies Names of addiction-related federal agencies are changing]=== | ||
| Line 623: | Line 679: | ||
===2023: [https://filtermag.org/samhsa-abuse-budget/?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=filter SAMHSA Eyes Budget Boost—and Cutting “Abuse” From Its Name]=== | ===2023: [https://filtermag.org/samhsa-abuse-budget/?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=filter SAMHSA Eyes Budget Boost—and Cutting “Abuse” From Its Name]=== | ||
*“Abuse” is an ugly word. “Child abuse,” “sexual abuse,” “physical abuse,” “emotional abuse,” “domestic abuse.” And then, of course, there’s “substance abuse.”But one of those things is not like the others: In all of the other types of abuse, there is a perpetrator who is harming a victim. | *“Abuse” is an ugly word. “Child abuse,” “sexual abuse,” “physical abuse,” “emotional abuse,” “domestic abuse.” And then, of course, there’s “substance abuse.”But one of those things is not like the others: In all of the other types of abuse, there is a perpetrator who is harming a victim. | ||
===2022: [https://filtermag.org/drug-use-stigma/ Stigmatizing Drug Use Is Killing Us, But Why Is It So Hard to Stop?]=== | |||
*"Harm reduction at its core is a strategy against stigma. Giving people the space and freedom to manage their own health without judgment or coercion is a core component. Harm reduction is not just a strategy to minimize the risks of drug use, but a philosophy for self-care and community care that promotes compassion, openness and practical knowledge that can improve and save lives." | |||
===2021: [https://peoplefirstcharter.org/ People First Charter]=== | ===2021: [https://peoplefirstcharter.org/ People First Charter]=== | ||
*The People First Charter launched in July 2021, during the Berlin International AIDS Society Conference, to promote person first HIV & Sexual Health language. | *The People First Charter launched in July 2021, during the Berlin International AIDS Society Conference, to promote person first HIV & Sexual Health language. | ||
*Language matters. People living with or at risk of HIV experience stigma & discrimination and the wrong language perpetuates this. | *Language matters. People living with or at risk of HIV experience stigma & discrimination and the wrong language perpetuates this. | ||
===2020: [https://filtermag.org/language-addiction-treatment/ The Real Harms of Abusive, Stigmatizing Language in Addiction Treatment]=== | |||
*One study found that the terms “addict” and “substance abuser” led people to hold distinctly negative associations about the people they described. Another found that replacing less obviously pernicious terms, like “relapse” and “medication-assisted treatment,” with “recurrence of use” and “pharmacotherapy,” resulted in more positive views of people with substance use disorders. | |||
===2017: [https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article/40/4/zsx039/3062257 People-Centered Language Recommendations for Sleep Research Communication]=== | |||
*While centering research design around what matters most to people with sleep disorders is critical, research communication must be similarly people-centered. One approach is using “people-centered language” in both professional and public communications. People-centered language is rooted in sociolinguistic research demonstrating that language both reflects and shapes attitudes. People-centered language puts people first, is precise and neutral, and respects autonomy. | |||
*Sleep researchers may worry that adopting people-centered language will be onerous or hinder the use of elegant shorthand. However, convenience should not take priority over reducing stigma and better engaging the people this research is intended to serve. | |||
===[https://www.shatterproof.org/sites/default/files/2021-02/Stigma-AddictionLanguageGuide-v3.pdf Shatter Proof - Addiction Language Guide]=== | ===[https://www.shatterproof.org/sites/default/files/2021-02/Stigma-AddictionLanguageGuide-v3.pdf Shatter Proof - Addiction Language Guide]=== | ||
| Line 674: | Line 740: | ||
=Suggestions to add to this page= | =Suggestions to add to this page= | ||
===2024: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772724624000210 Substance use stigma: A systematic review of measures and their psychometric properties]=== | |||
===2015: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4675843/ Validity and Reliability of the Internalized Stigma of Smoking Inventory: An Exploration of Shame, Isolation, and Discrimination in Smokers with Mental Health Diagnoses]=== | |||
===1987: [https://sci-hub.wf/10.1086/228672 The Social Rejection of Former Mental Patients: Understanding Why Labels Matter]=== | |||
===[https://journals.lww.com/hep/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=9900&issue=00000&article=00581&type=Fulltext Ending stigmatizing language in alcohol and liver disease: A liver societies’ statement†]=== | |||
===[https://pubs.asahq.org/monitor/article/87/7/e1/138350/Person-First-Language-in-Anesthesiology-Care Person-First Language in Anesthesiology Care]=== | |||
===[https://www.nih.gov/nih-style-guide/person-first-destigmatizing-language Person-first and Destigmatizing Language]=== | |||
===[https://nida.nih.gov/nidamed-medical-health-professionals/health-professions-education/words-matter-terms-to-use-avoid-when-talking-about-addiction Words Matter - Terms to Use and Avoid When Talking About Addiction]=== | |||
===[https://www.ama-assn.org/system/files/ama-aamc-equity-guide.pdf American Medical Association and the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) Center for Health Justice]=== | ===[https://www.ama-assn.org/system/files/ama-aamc-equity-guide.pdf American Medical Association and the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) Center for Health Justice]=== | ||
| Line 682: | Line 762: | ||
===[https://www.nih.gov/nih-style-guide/person-first-destigmatizing-language NIH Style Guide]=== | ===[https://www.nih.gov/nih-style-guide/person-first-destigmatizing-language NIH Style Guide]=== | ||
=== 2024: [https://www.biomedcentral.com/epdf/10.1186/s12954-024-00951-w?sharing_token=iksdbJmNbsU0FCuLKTmOqW_BpE1tBhCbnbw3BuzI2RPfoghhpaw1aXYiTmPkOUEsYD7zfW3Oxi8XXRKS3L0aH_O8eh3cyggC1VGtf5w_6JyeTOXweo5IMQG1Q6z_QN5P8n2nBrlzQiNW05fih5qb9c8XPyeef-ba33MTIQ9eqe4%3D Challenges in legitimizing further measures against smoking in jurisdictions with robust infrastructure for tobacco control: how far can the authorities allow themselves to go?] === | |||
* Central to our discussion is the research literature concerned with the concept of state-paternalism in tobacco control—the line between an ethically justified interference with the freedom of those who smoke and an exaggerated infringement disproportionate to the same people’s right to live as they choose. | |||
* In countries with an already advanced infrastructure for tobacco control, this dilemma might become quite intrusive for regulators. We ask that if people, who smoke are aware of and have accepted the risks, are willing to pay the price, smoke exclusively in designated areas, and make decisions uninfluenced by persuasive messages from manufacturers—is a further tightening of anti-smoking measures still legitimate? | |||
** Conclusion: We recommend that a further intensification of smoking control in countries that already have a welldeveloped policy in this area requires that regulators start to exploit the opportunity that lies in the ongoing diversification of the recreational nicotine market. | |||
* Karl Erik Lund and Gunnar Saebo; Harm Reduction Journal (2024) 21:33https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-024-00951-w | |||
* Funding: Norwegian Institute of Public Health (Governmental) | |||
===2021: [https://derma.jmir.org/2021/1/e28415 The Use of Person-Centered Language in Medical Research Journals Focusing on Psoriasis: Cross-sectional Analysis]=== | ===2021: [https://derma.jmir.org/2021/1/e28415 The Use of Person-Centered Language in Medical Research Journals Focusing on Psoriasis: Cross-sectional Analysis]=== | ||
edits