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====[https://academic.oup.com/cid/pages/Manuscript_Preparation ''Clinical Infectious Diseases'']==== | ====[https://academic.oup.com/cid/pages/Manuscript_Preparation ''Clinical Infectious Diseases'']==== | ||
*Authors should use inclusive and person-first language in manuscripts. Describe people as having a condition or disease, experiencing a circumstance, or doing something specific rather than the condition, disease, circumstance, or activity being part of their identity. For example, they should use “people with obesity,” “person with HIV,” “person who injects drugs,” and so forth, rather than “obese people” “HIV positive” or “drug user.” | *Authors should use inclusive and person-first language in manuscripts. Describe people as having a condition or disease, experiencing a circumstance, or doing something specific rather than the condition, disease, circumstance, or activity being part of their identity. For example, they should use “people with obesity,” “person with HIV,” “person who injects drugs,” and so forth, rather than “obese people” “HIV positive” or “drug user.” | ||
====[https://c4disc.pubpub.org/guidelines-on-inclusive-language-and-images-in-scholarly-communication Coalition for Diversity and Inclusion in Scholarly Communications]==== | |||
*"In most cases it is preferable to emphasize the person over the attribute. For example, “person with cancer” instead of “cancer patient”, “man in prison” instead of “inmate.” Emphasizing the attribute can reduce the person to a label and dehumanize them." | |||
====[https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/current-developments-in-nutrition/publish/guide-for-authors ''Current Developments in Nutrition'']==== | ====[https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/current-developments-in-nutrition/publish/guide-for-authors ''Current Developments in Nutrition'']==== | ||
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**“person with a substance use disorder” instead of “addict.” | **“person with a substance use disorder” instead of “addict.” | ||
====[https://academic.oup.com/sleep/pages/General_Instructions Sleep (official publication of the Sleep Research Society -SRS)]==== | ====[https://academic.oup.com/sleep/pages/General_Instructions ''Sleep'' (official publication of the Sleep Research Society -SRS)]==== | ||
*Guidance for improving the language researchers use to talk to and about people with studied health conditions has been issued in several fields. The Editors of SLEEP® endorse the use of people-centered language in research communications. Our recommendations for people-centered language for sleep/circadian research publications can be [https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article/40/4/zsx039/3062257 found on this page]. | *Guidance for improving the language researchers use to talk to and about people with studied health conditions has been issued in several fields. The Editors of SLEEP® endorse the use of people-centered language in research communications. Our recommendations for people-centered language for sleep/circadian research publications can be [https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article/40/4/zsx039/3062257 found on this page]. | ||
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*"Smoking and tobacco use are widely recognized as an addiction, not merely a personal choice, and health care clinicians increasingly address this chronic, relapsing disease using recovery-oriented language. Terms such as “cessation” are being replaced with “treatment” and “smoker” replaced with person-first language such as “person who smokes.”" | *"Smoking and tobacco use are widely recognized as an addiction, not merely a personal choice, and health care clinicians increasingly address this chronic, relapsing disease using recovery-oriented language. Terms such as “cessation” are being replaced with “treatment” and “smoker” replaced with person-first language such as “person who smokes.”" | ||
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20230326001139/https://www.apna.org/news/psychiatric-mental-health-nursings-role-in-tobacco-treatment/ Link on WayBack Machine] | *[https://web.archive.org/web/20230326001139/https://www.apna.org/news/psychiatric-mental-health-nursings-role-in-tobacco-treatment/ Link on WayBack Machine] | ||
===2019: [https://filtermag.org/how-widespread-anti-smoker-stigma-is-harmful-as-well-as-wrong/ Widespread Anti-Smoker Stigma Is Harmful, as Well as Wrong]=== | |||
*"Ordinarily, stigmatizing a disease or observing medical practitioners making decisions based on social characteristics would raise the hackles of the public health community. With smoking, however, this hasn’t been the case. In fact, many anti-smoking campaigns actually turn to stigmatization as a behavioral control tactic." | |||
===Comments by people who don't smoke=== | ===Comments by people who don't smoke=== | ||
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*Drs. Carter-Harris and Williamson both encourage people to use person-first language when talking about smoking. One example of this is describing someone as “a person who formerly smoked” rather than “a former smoker.” | *Drs. Carter-Harris and Williamson both encourage people to use person-first language when talking about smoking. One example of this is describing someone as “a person who formerly smoked” rather than “a former smoker.” | ||
*“By labeling someone as a smoker, you’ve depersonalized them, and you’ve identified them by a behavior that’s stigmatized,” Dr. Carter-Harris said. | *“By labeling someone as a smoker, you’ve depersonalized them, and you’ve identified them by a behavior that’s stigmatized,” Dr. Carter-Harris said. | ||
===2014: [https://theindefatigablefrog.blogspot.com/2014/09/the-indefatigable-frog-or-why-this-wont.html The Indefatigable Frog, or Why this won't stop us!]=== | |||
*"Remember that poor woman who ignited her oxygen tube with a lighter? Seek it out – look at the comments and see what the public thinks of smokers. The vitriol and hatred is something to behold. A poor woman made a horrible mistake whilst still under the effects of a general anaesthetic and what did the public say? She deserved it. Why? Because she was a smoker." | |||
===2014: [https://newrepublic.com/article/116553/smoking-and-stigma-war-smoking-has-gone-too-far Let's Not Wage War on Smokers]=== | ===2014: [https://newrepublic.com/article/116553/smoking-and-stigma-war-smoking-has-gone-too-far Let's Not Wage War on Smokers]=== | ||
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*I propose that if we want to help erase stigma, we choose to use the word recurrence rather than relapse. “Recurrence of substance use disorder” creates a more accurate connotation, one that is more consistent in the medical world. | *I propose that if we want to help erase stigma, we choose to use the word recurrence rather than relapse. “Recurrence of substance use disorder” creates a more accurate connotation, one that is more consistent in the medical world. | ||
*Our language activates implicit cognitive scripts that give meaning to what we try to convey and communicate. | *Our language activates implicit cognitive scripts that give meaning to what we try to convey and communicate. | ||
='''Use of Stigma/Shame to Prevent Initiation or to Encourage Cessation'''= | |||
===1993: [https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/2/4/271.full.pdf Animals and butts: Minnesota's media campaign against tobacco]=== | |||
*Information about the campaign from the late 80's and early 90's. (Using language like "stupid," "silly," and "butts.") | |||
*[https://twitter.com/grayjaynine/status/1744505202416529743 Tweet] with photo of animals smoking poster. | |||
===1993: [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-11-17-vw-57872-story.html Wrong Message? : Smoking: As part of the Great American Smokeout on Thursday, the American Cancer Society’s posters take a no-holds-barred approach to steering schoolchildren away from cigarettes. But some O.C. educators are concerned that the posters are too blunt.]=== | |||
*"Some educators were wary about “whether the materials were appropriate for use in the schools." | |||
='''Lessons Learned: Substances, Alcohol, Incarceration, Illnesses, Disabilities, Mental Health, Weight, etc.'''= | ='''Lessons Learned: Substances, Alcohol, Incarceration, Illnesses, Disabilities, Mental Health, Weight, etc.'''= | ||
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*The People First Charter launched in July 2021, during the Berlin International AIDS Society Conference, to promote person first HIV & Sexual Health language. | *The People First Charter launched in July 2021, during the Berlin International AIDS Society Conference, to promote person first HIV & Sexual Health language. | ||
*Language matters. People living with or at risk of HIV experience stigma & discrimination and the wrong language perpetuates this. | *Language matters. People living with or at risk of HIV experience stigma & discrimination and the wrong language perpetuates this. | ||
===2020: [https://filtermag.org/language-addiction-treatment/ The Real Harms of Abusive, Stigmatizing Language in Addiction Treatment]=== | |||
*One study found that the terms “addict” and “substance abuser” led people to hold distinctly negative associations about the people they described. Another found that replacing less obviously pernicious terms, like “relapse” and “medication-assisted treatment,” with “recurrence of use” and “pharmacotherapy,” resulted in more positive views of people with substance use disorders. | |||
===2017: [https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article/40/4/zsx039/3062257 People-Centered Language Recommendations for Sleep Research Communication]=== | |||
*While centering research design around what matters most to people with sleep disorders is critical, research communication must be similarly people-centered. One approach is using “people-centered language” in both professional and public communications. People-centered language is rooted in sociolinguistic research demonstrating that language both reflects and shapes attitudes. People-centered language puts people first, is precise and neutral, and respects autonomy. | |||
*Sleep researchers may worry that adopting people-centered language will be onerous or hinder the use of elegant shorthand. However, convenience should not take priority over reducing stigma and better engaging the people this research is intended to serve. | |||
===[https://www.shatterproof.org/sites/default/files/2021-02/Stigma-AddictionLanguageGuide-v3.pdf Shatter Proof - Addiction Language Guide]=== | ===[https://www.shatterproof.org/sites/default/files/2021-02/Stigma-AddictionLanguageGuide-v3.pdf Shatter Proof - Addiction Language Guide]=== | ||
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=Suggestions to add to this page= | =Suggestions to add to this page= | ||
===2024: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772724624000210 Substance use stigma: A systematic review of measures and their psychometric properties]=== | |||
===2015: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4675843/ Validity and Reliability of the Internalized Stigma of Smoking Inventory: An Exploration of Shame, Isolation, and Discrimination in Smokers with Mental Health Diagnoses]=== | |||
===1987: [https://sci-hub.wf/10.1086/228672 The Social Rejection of Former Mental Patients: Understanding Why Labels Matter]=== | |||
===[https://journals.lww.com/hep/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=9900&issue=00000&article=00581&type=Fulltext Ending stigmatizing language in alcohol and liver disease: A liver societies’ statement†]=== | |||
===[https://pubs.asahq.org/monitor/article/87/7/e1/138350/Person-First-Language-in-Anesthesiology-Care Person-First Language in Anesthesiology Care]=== | |||
===[https://www.nih.gov/nih-style-guide/person-first-destigmatizing-language Person-first and Destigmatizing Language]=== | |||
===[https://nida.nih.gov/nidamed-medical-health-professionals/health-professions-education/words-matter-terms-to-use-avoid-when-talking-about-addiction Words Matter - Terms to Use and Avoid When Talking About Addiction]=== | |||
===[https://www.ama-assn.org/system/files/ama-aamc-equity-guide.pdf American Medical Association and the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) Center for Health Justice]=== | ===[https://www.ama-assn.org/system/files/ama-aamc-equity-guide.pdf American Medical Association and the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) Center for Health Justice]=== | ||
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===[https://www.nih.gov/nih-style-guide/person-first-destigmatizing-language NIH Style Guide]=== | ===[https://www.nih.gov/nih-style-guide/person-first-destigmatizing-language NIH Style Guide]=== | ||
=== 2024: [https://www.biomedcentral.com/epdf/10.1186/s12954-024-00951-w?sharing_token=iksdbJmNbsU0FCuLKTmOqW_BpE1tBhCbnbw3BuzI2RPfoghhpaw1aXYiTmPkOUEsYD7zfW3Oxi8XXRKS3L0aH_O8eh3cyggC1VGtf5w_6JyeTOXweo5IMQG1Q6z_QN5P8n2nBrlzQiNW05fih5qb9c8XPyeef-ba33MTIQ9eqe4%3D Challenges in legitimizing further measures against smoking in jurisdictions with robust infrastructure for tobacco control: how far can the authorities allow themselves to go?] === | |||
* Central to our discussion is the research literature concerned with the concept of state-paternalism in tobacco control—the line between an ethically justified interference with the freedom of those who smoke and an exaggerated infringement disproportionate to the same people’s right to live as they choose. | |||
* In countries with an already advanced infrastructure for tobacco control, this dilemma might become quite intrusive for regulators. We ask that if people, who smoke are aware of and have accepted the risks, are willing to pay the price, smoke exclusively in designated areas, and make decisions uninfluenced by persuasive messages from manufacturers—is a further tightening of anti-smoking measures still legitimate? | |||
** Conclusion: We recommend that a further intensification of smoking control in countries that already have a welldeveloped policy in this area requires that regulators start to exploit the opportunity that lies in the ongoing diversification of the recreational nicotine market. | |||
* Karl Erik Lund and Gunnar Saebo; Harm Reduction Journal (2024) 21:33https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-024-00951-w | |||
* Funding: Norwegian Institute of Public Health (Governmental) | |||
===2021: [https://derma.jmir.org/2021/1/e28415 The Use of Person-Centered Language in Medical Research Journals Focusing on Psoriasis: Cross-sectional Analysis]=== | ===2021: [https://derma.jmir.org/2021/1/e28415 The Use of Person-Centered Language in Medical Research Journals Focusing on Psoriasis: Cross-sectional Analysis]=== | ||
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