Snus: Difference between revisions

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[[File:323B3915-10EF-4945-AAA2-3EED42737C04.jpeg|alt=A can of Siberia Snus, showing the contained pouches and container lid|right|frameless|300x300px]]

== Description ==

~~[[File:323B3915-10EF-4945-AAA2-3EED42737C04.jpeg|right|thumb|‘Siberia’ Snus]]~~

Snus is a tobacco product (pouch) which the user places in the mouth between the gum and cheek. No combustion is involved. Once in place, the saliva and general moistness of the mouth work to release the nicotine into the system. This process does not require any form of combustion. For other smokeless tobacco products try the [[SLT]] page.

Snus is a tobacco product (pouch) which the user places in the mouth between the gum and cheek. No combustion is involved. Once in place, the saliva and general moistness of the mouth work to release the nicotine into the system. This ~~process does~~ not ~~require any~~ form of combustion.

=== Properties ===

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* Lower nicotine likely implies lower dependency profile than cigarettes, because of slower nicotine absorption (akin to gums).

* Should be stored in the fridge, if infrequently used.

* Should be stored in the fridge, if infrequently used. This is to prevent microbes, these can result in nitrosamines from metabolic processes. Dry Snus is more suitable/stable if refrigeration is not available.

=== Potential benefits of Snus ===

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=== The human cost of the ban on snus ===

Using data on tobacco-related mortality across the EU, and applying the Swedish mortality data to other EU countries, it has been calculated that among men over the age of 30, 355,000 lives per year could have been saved if the other EU countries had matched Sweden’s tobacco-related mortality rate.

== [[History of Snus]] Follow this link to the history page. ==

== Legal Status ==

=== Africa ===

Snus may be banned in some locations, legal in others. It's use is not common, other more harmful oral tobacco is used more often.

Snus may be banned in some locations, legal in others. It's use is not common, other more harmful oral tobacco [[SLT|(see SLT)]] is used more often.

=== Europe ===

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Some of the carcinogens Snus eliminates include Hydrogen cyanide, Formaldehyde, Lead, Arsenic, Ammonia, Radioactive elements,Benzene, Carbon monoxide, Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) among others.

== Studies ==

== Studies general information ==

==== 2024:[https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1186/s12954-024-01095-7?sharing_token=_1R3Pf6IlmYuu1rCO8WKR2_BpE1tBhCbnbw3BuzI2ROn4zJn13QApxXLzZ1Nm2EMUkgR9kBcTUj-17Nn5d2sQs8mLy3R96OBBGptbTCRJIWB4pPY-WWLKJ0DqqKOq-LBdg_MBr5Q2Y15L5xIyeK8sAjjshzb6jigkC1RlZKharE%3D If there had been no snus in Sweden: the impact of snus on mortality attributable to smoking] ====

* It is made up by comparisons between observed Swedish data and two scenarios without snus: a group of comparable countries, and, a hypothetical Sweden with no snus use.

* Both comparisons suggest that around 3000 lives per year have been saved by the use of snus in Sweden.

* The potential of snus to reduce smoking-attributable mortality can be elucidated by comparing Swedish data on smoking-attributable mortality with corresponding data from comparable countries with virtually no snus. Switzerland and most EU countries outside Sweden

==== '''2022:''' [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eos.12885 The effect of a non-tobacco-based nicotine pouch on mucosal lesions caused by Swedish smokeless tobacco (snus)] (Sara Alizadehgharib, Anna Lehrkinder, Ali Alshabeeb, Anna-Karin Östberg, Peter Lingström) ====

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==== '''2003:''' [https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.12.4.349 Effect of smokeless tobacco (snus) on smoking and public health in Sweden] (J Foulds / L Ramstrom / M Burke / K Fagerström) ====

* "Snus availability in Sweden appears to have contributed to the unusually low rates of smoking among Swedish men by helping them transfer to a notably less harmful form of nicotine dependence."

== Studies Norway ==

=== '''* Snus for a long time has been the most preferred method for quitting smoking among successful quitters''' (see figure 2) in this report: ===

==== [https://www.fhi.no/nettpub/tobakkinorge/bruk-av-tobakk/roykeslutt/?term=&h=1 2022: hadde halvparten av den voksne befolkningen aldri røykt mens den andre halvparten utgjøres av nåværende og tidligere røykere. Litt over halvparten av nåværende og forhenværende røykere har brukt en eller annen form for hjelpemidler ved det siste sluttforsøket.] [https://www-fhi-no.translate.goog/nettpub/tobakkinorge/bruk-av-tobakk/roykeslutt/?term&h=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-US&_x_tr_pto=wapp Google machine translation in english] ====

* Those who have never smoked make up an equal proportion of the population as those who smoke or have smoked in the past.

* About half of daily smokers want to quit smoking

* One in four daily smokers has tried to quit in the past 12 months

* Snus use is a more common method of quitting smoking than using nicotine replacement products

=== '''* Former smokers make up a large segment among snus users''' ===

==== Lund KE, Vedøy TF, Bauld L. [https://www.stir.ac.uk/research/hub/publication/542404 Do never smokers make up an increasing share of snus users as cigarette smoking declines? Changes in smoking status among male snus users in Norway 2003-15.] Addiction. 2017 Feb;112(2):340-348. doi: 10.1111/add.13638. Epub 2016 Dec 5. PMID: 27741374; PMCID: PMC5248595. ====

* Among men who reported life-time experience with both products, a large majority had initiated their tobacco use with cigarettes.

* The average number of cigarettes smoked weekly was lower among dual users compared with current smokers who were former snus users or had never used snus.

* During the period 2003–15 in Norway, which has a mature snus market, even though smoking has declined and the relative size of the category of never-smokers among male users of snus has increased, the majority of snus users are still former or current smokers.

==== Kvaavik E, Lund I, Nygård M, Hansen BT. [https://europepmc.org/article/med/26069033 Lifestyle Correlates of Female Snus Use and Smoking: A Large Population-Based Survey of Women in Norway.] Nicotine Tob Res. 2016 Apr;18(4):431-6. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntv126. Epub 2015 Jun 11. PMID: 26069033. ====

* While most snus users among older women were former or current smokers, this was not the case among younger women.

* The correlates of female snus use and smoking were not identical, and were similar to those previously documented for men.

* Female snus use was positively associated with intermediate education, alcohol consumption, number of sexual partners, and hard physical activity.

* Smoking was also positively associated with alcohol consumption and number of sexual partners, but negatively associated with physical activity and education.

==== Lund KE, McNeill A. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22990221/ Patterns of dual use of snus and cigarettes in a mature snus market.] Nicotine Tob Res. 2013 Mar;15(3):678-84. doi: 10.1093/ntr/nts185. Epub 2012 Sep 18. PMID: 22990221; PMCID: PMC3572872. ====

* In the mature snus market of Norway, the magnitude of dual use of cigarettes and snus is relatively small.

* Dual users consume fewer cigarettes, and a higher proportion portray themselves as smoke-free in the future than do exclusive cigarette smokers.

=== '''* The quit ratio for cigarette smoking is higher among snus users than non-users''' ===

==== Lund KE, Scheffels J, McNeill A. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3021722/ The association between use of snus and quit rates for smoking: results from seven Norwegian cross-sectional studies.] Addiction. 2011 Jan;106(1):162-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03122.x. Epub 2010 Sep 30. PMID: 20883459; PMCID: ====

==== Scheffels J, Lund KE, McNeill A. [https://harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1477-7517-9-10 Contrasting snus and NRT as methods to quit smoking. an observational study]. Harm Reduct J. 2012 Feb 29;9:10. doi: 10.1186/1477-7517-9-10. PMID: 22376006; PMCID: PMC3311082. ====

==== Lund KE, Vedøy TF, Bauld L. [https://www.stir.ac.uk/research/hub/publication/542404 Do never smokers make up an increasing share of snus users as cigarette smoking declines? Changes in smoking status among male snus users in Norway 2003-15.] Addiction. 2017 Feb;112(2):340-348. doi: 10.1111/add.13638. Epub 2016 Dec 5. PMID: 27741374; PMCID: PMC5248595. ====

==== Lund I, Lund KE. [https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/11/11/11705 How has the availability of snus influenced cigarette smoking in Norway?] Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014 Nov 13;11(11):11705-17. doi: 10.3390/ijerph111111705. PMID: 25402565; PMCID: PMC4245639. ====

=== '''* Dual users of snus and cigarettes consume fewer cigarettes, and a higher proportion portray themselves as smoke-free in the future than do exclusive cigarette smokers.''' ===

==== Lund KE, McNeill A. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22990221/ Patterns of dual use of snus and cigarettes in a mature snus market.] Nicotine Tob Res. 2013 Mar;15(3):678-84. doi: 10.1093/ntr/nts185. Epub 2012 Sep 18. PMID: 22990221; PMCID: PMC3572872. ====

=== '''* Snus is associated with higher likelihood in of quitting smoking within the first 5 years after snus initiation''' ===

==== Lund I, Christiansen SG. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/add.14809 Association between snus use over time and smoking cessation in Norwegian smokers.] Addiction. 2020 Jan;115(1):170-174. doi: 10.1111/add.14809. Epub 2019 Oct 23. PMID: 31502348. ====

=== '''* Snus is used as a quitting method by smokers who do not want to use NRTs''' ===

==== Lund KE, McNeill A, Scheffels J. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20622023/ The use of snus for quitting smoking compared with medicinal products.] Nicotine Tob Res. 2010 Aug;12(8):817-22. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntq105. Epub 2010 Jul 9. PMID: 20622023; PMCID: PMC2910876. ====

=== '''* Among current snus users who had quit smoking, 83% reported that snus was used in their final quit attempt''' ===

==== Lund KE, Vedøy TF, Bauld L. [https://www.stir.ac.uk/research/hub/publication/542404 Do never smokers make up an increasing share of snus users as cigarette smoking declines? Changes in smoking status among male snus users in Norway 2003-15.] Addiction. 2017 Feb;112(2):340-348. doi: 10.1111/add.13638. Epub 2016 Dec 5. PMID: 27741374; PMCID: PMC5248595. ====

=== '''* Snus use was found to be a “stand-alone” cessation aid, and only weakly associated with the use of other cessation aids.''' ===

==== Lund M, Lund I. [https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-13032-z Smoking cessation aids and strategies: a population-based survey of former and current smokers in Norway.] BMC Public Health. 2022 Mar 31;22(1):631. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-13032-z. PMID: 35361172; PMCID: PMC8973793. ====

== Other references ==

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== Suggestions to Add to This Page ==

*

====2021: [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1455072520980219 Smoking and snus use among Norwegian students: Demographic, personality and substance use characteristics] ====

===2015: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0955395914002175 The incentives created by a harm reduction approach to smoking cessation: Snus and smoking in Sweden and Finland]===

[[Category:THR product]]

[[Category:Smoking cessation]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __TOC__
+[[File:323B3915-10EF-4945-AAA2-3EED42737C04.jpeg|alt=A can of Siberia Snus, showing the contained pouches and container lid|right|frameless|300x300px]]
 == Description ==
-[[File:323B3915-10EF-4945-AAA2-3EED42737C04.jpeg|right|thumb|‘Siberia’ Snus]]
+Snus is a tobacco product (pouch) which the user places  in the mouth between the gum and cheek. No combustion is involved. Once in place, the saliva and general moistness of the mouth work to release the nicotine into the system. This process does not require any form of combustion. For other smokeless tobacco products try the [[SLT]] page.
-Snus is a tobacco product (pouch) which the user places  in the mouth between the gum and cheek. No combustion is involved. Once in place, the saliva and general moistness of the mouth work to release the nicotine into the system. This process  does not require  any form of combustion.
 === Properties ===
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 * Lower nicotine likely implies lower dependency profile than cigarettes, because of slower nicotine absorption (akin to gums).
-* Should be stored in the fridge, if infrequently used.
+* Should be stored in the fridge, if infrequently used. This is to prevent microbes, these can result in nitrosamines from metabolic processes. Dry Snus is more suitable/stable if refrigeration is not available.
 === Potential benefits of Snus ===
@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 === The human cost of the ban on snus ===
 Using data on tobacco-related mortality across the EU, and applying the Swedish mortality data to other EU countries, it has been calculated that among men over the age of 30, 355,000 lives per year could have been saved if the other EU countries had matched Sweden’s tobacco-related mortality rate.
+== [[History of Snus]] Follow this link to the history page. ==
 == Legal Status ==
 === Africa ===
-Snus may be banned in some locations, legal in others. It's use is not common, other more harmful oral tobacco is used more often.
+Snus may be banned in some locations, legal in others. It's use is not common, other more harmful oral tobacco [[SLT|(see SLT)]] is used more often.
 === Europe ===
@@ Line 73: / Line 75: @@
 Some of the carcinogens Snus eliminates include Hydrogen cyanide, Formaldehyde, Lead, Arsenic, Ammonia, Radioactive elements,Benzene, Carbon monoxide, Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) among  others.
-== Studies ==
+== Studies general information ==
+==== 2024:[https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1186/s12954-024-01095-7?sharing_token=_1R3Pf6IlmYuu1rCO8WKR2_BpE1tBhCbnbw3BuzI2ROn4zJn13QApxXLzZ1Nm2EMUkgR9kBcTUj-17Nn5d2sQs8mLy3R96OBBGptbTCRJIWB4pPY-WWLKJ0DqqKOq-LBdg_MBr5Q2Y15L5xIyeK8sAjjshzb6jigkC1RlZKharE%3D If there had been no snus in Sweden: the impact of snus on mortality attributable to smoking] ====
+* It is made up by comparisons between observed Swedish data and two scenarios without snus: a group of comparable countries, and, a hypothetical Sweden with no snus use.
+* Both comparisons suggest that around 3000 lives per year have been saved by the use of snus in Sweden.
+* The potential of snus to reduce smoking-attributable mortality can be elucidated by comparing Swedish data on smoking-attributable mortality with corresponding data from comparable countries with virtually no snus. Switzerland and most EU countries outside Sweden
 ==== '''2022:''' [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eos.12885 The effect of a non-tobacco-based nicotine pouch on mucosal lesions caused by Swedish smokeless tobacco (snus)] (Sara Alizadehgharib, Anna Lehrkinder, Ali Alshabeeb, Anna-Karin Östberg, Peter Lingström) ====
@@ Line 110: / Line 118: @@
 ==== '''2003:''' [https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.12.4.349 Effect of smokeless tobacco (snus) on smoking and public health in Sweden] (J Foulds / L Ramstrom / M Burke / K Fagerström) ====
 * "Snus availability in Sweden appears to have contributed to the unusually low rates of smoking among Swedish men by helping them transfer to a notably less harmful form of nicotine dependence."
+== Studies Norway ==
+=== '''* Snus for a long time has been the most preferred method for quitting smoking among successful quitters''' (see figure 2) in this report: ===
+==== [https://www.fhi.no/nettpub/tobakkinorge/bruk-av-tobakk/roykeslutt/?term=&h=1 2022: hadde halvparten av den voksne befolkningen aldri røykt mens den andre halvparten utgjøres av nåværende og tidligere røykere. Litt over halvparten av nåværende og forhenværende røykere har brukt en eller annen form for hjelpemidler ved det siste sluttforsøket.]  [https://www-fhi-no.translate.goog/nettpub/tobakkinorge/bruk-av-tobakk/roykeslutt/?term&h=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-US&_x_tr_pto=wapp Google machine translation in english] ====
+* Those who have never smoked make up an equal proportion of the population as those who smoke or have smoked in the past.
+* About half of daily smokers want to quit smoking
+* One in four daily smokers has tried to quit in the past 12 months
+* Snus use is a more common method of quitting smoking than using nicotine replacement products
+=== '''* Former smokers make up a large segment among snus users''' ===
+==== Lund KE, Vedøy TF, Bauld L. [https://www.stir.ac.uk/research/hub/publication/542404 Do never smokers make up an increasing share of snus users as cigarette smoking declines? Changes in smoking status among male snus users in Norway 2003-15.] Addiction. 2017 Feb;112(2):340-348. doi: 10.1111/add.13638. Epub 2016 Dec 5. PMID: 27741374; PMCID: PMC5248595. ====
+* Among men who reported life-time experience with both products, a large majority had initiated their tobacco use with cigarettes.
+* The average number of cigarettes smoked weekly was lower among dual users compared with current smokers who were former snus users or had never used snus.
+* During the period 2003–15 in Norway, which has a mature snus market, even though smoking has declined and the relative size of the category of never-smokers among male users of snus has increased, the majority of snus users are still former or current smokers.
+==== Kvaavik E, Lund I, Nygård M, Hansen BT. [https://europepmc.org/article/med/26069033 Lifestyle Correlates of Female Snus Use and Smoking: A Large Population-Based Survey of Women in Norway.] Nicotine Tob Res. 2016 Apr;18(4):431-6. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntv126. Epub 2015 Jun 11. PMID: 26069033. ====
+* While most snus users among older women were former or current smokers, this was not the case among younger women.
+* The correlates of female snus use and smoking were not identical, and were similar to those previously documented for men.
+* Female snus use was positively associated with intermediate education, alcohol consumption, number of sexual partners, and hard physical activity.
+* Smoking was also positively associated with alcohol consumption and number of sexual partners, but negatively associated with physical activity and education.
+==== Lund KE, McNeill A. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22990221/ Patterns of dual use of snus and cigarettes in a mature snus market.] Nicotine Tob Res. 2013 Mar;15(3):678-84. doi: 10.1093/ntr/nts185. Epub 2012 Sep 18. PMID: 22990221; PMCID: PMC3572872. ====
+* In the mature snus market of Norway, the magnitude of dual use of cigarettes and snus is relatively small.
+* Dual users consume fewer cigarettes, and a higher proportion portray themselves as smoke-free in the future than do exclusive cigarette smokers.
+=== '''* The quit ratio for cigarette smoking is higher among snus users than non-users''' ===
+==== Lund KE, Scheffels J, McNeill A. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3021722/ The association between use of snus and quit rates for smoking: results from seven Norwegian cross-sectional studies.] Addiction. 2011 Jan;106(1):162-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03122.x. Epub 2010 Sep 30. PMID: 20883459; PMCID: ====
+==== Scheffels J, Lund KE, McNeill A. [https://harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1477-7517-9-10 Contrasting snus and NRT as methods to quit smoking. an observational study]. Harm Reduct J. 2012 Feb 29;9:10. doi: 10.1186/1477-7517-9-10. PMID: 22376006; PMCID: PMC3311082. ====
+==== Lund KE, Vedøy TF, Bauld L. [https://www.stir.ac.uk/research/hub/publication/542404 Do never smokers make up an increasing share of snus users as cigarette smoking declines? Changes in smoking status among male snus users in Norway 2003-15.] Addiction. 2017 Feb;112(2):340-348. doi: 10.1111/add.13638. Epub 2016 Dec 5. PMID: 27741374; PMCID: PMC5248595. ====
+==== Lund I, Lund KE. [https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/11/11/11705 How has the availability of snus influenced cigarette smoking in Norway?] Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014 Nov 13;11(11):11705-17. doi: 10.3390/ijerph111111705. PMID: 25402565; PMCID: PMC4245639. ====
+=== '''* Dual users of snus and cigarettes consume fewer cigarettes, and a higher proportion portray themselves as smoke-free in the future than do exclusive cigarette smokers.''' ===
+==== Lund KE, McNeill A. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22990221/ Patterns of dual use of snus and cigarettes in a mature snus market.] Nicotine Tob Res. 2013 Mar;15(3):678-84. doi: 10.1093/ntr/nts185. Epub 2012 Sep 18. PMID: 22990221; PMCID: PMC3572872. ====
+=== '''* Snus is associated with higher likelihood in of quitting smoking within the first 5 years after snus initiation''' ===
+==== Lund I, Christiansen SG. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/add.14809 Association between snus use over time and smoking cessation in Norwegian smokers.] Addiction. 2020 Jan;115(1):170-174. doi: 10.1111/add.14809. Epub 2019 Oct 23. PMID: 31502348. ====
+=== '''* Snus is used as a quitting method by smokers who do not want to use NRTs''' ===
+==== Lund KE, McNeill A, Scheffels J. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20622023/ The use of snus for quitting smoking compared with medicinal products.] Nicotine Tob Res. 2010 Aug;12(8):817-22. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntq105. Epub 2010 Jul 9. PMID: 20622023; PMCID: PMC2910876. ====
+=== '''* Among current snus users who had quit smoking, 83% reported that snus was used in their final quit attempt''' ===
+==== Lund KE, Vedøy TF, Bauld L. [https://www.stir.ac.uk/research/hub/publication/542404 Do never smokers make up an increasing share of snus users as cigarette smoking declines? Changes in smoking status among male snus users in Norway 2003-15.] Addiction. 2017 Feb;112(2):340-348. doi: 10.1111/add.13638. Epub 2016 Dec 5. PMID: 27741374; PMCID: PMC5248595. ====
+=== '''* Snus use was found to be a “stand-alone” cessation aid, and only weakly associated with the use of other cessation aids.''' ===
+==== Lund M, Lund I. [https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-13032-z Smoking cessation aids and strategies: a population-based survey of former and current smokers in Norway.] BMC Public Health. 2022 Mar 31;22(1):631. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-13032-z. PMID: 35361172; PMCID: PMC8973793. ====
 == Other references ==
@@ Line 119: / Line 188: @@
 == Suggestions to Add to This Page ==
-*
+====2021: [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1455072520980219 Smoking and snus use among Norwegian students: Demographic, personality and substance use characteristics] ====
+===2015: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0955395914002175 The incentives created by a harm reduction approach to smoking cessation: Snus and smoking in Sweden and Finland]===
 [[Category:THR product]]
 [[Category:Smoking cessation]]