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| ===2020: Potential effects of using non-combustible tobacco and nicotine products during pregnancy: a systematic review===
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| This review demonstrates that the evidence does not support denying pregnant women the use of smoke-free products if the alternative is that she would continue to smoke.
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| | | This section has been updated and has it's own page [[ENDS Pregnancy]] |
| ===2020: Addressing and Overcoming Barriers to E-Cigarette Use for Smoking Cessation in Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study===
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| Smoking in pregnancy causes considerable harm, including increased risk of low birthweight, preterm delivery and stillbirth.
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| Positive beliefs about vaping, particularly in comparison to smoking and becoming a confident vaper, were viewed as ways to overcome potential or experienced barriers to vaping. Our research findings may help develop interventions to assist women who have tried to stop smoking but have not quit and would otherwise continue to smoke during pregnancy.
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| ===2020: Smoking and use of electronic cigarettes (vaping) in relation to preterm birth and small-for-gestational-age in a 2016 U.S. national sample===
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| These findings suggest that vapers during pregnancy had similar risk of preterm as non-users but still had elevated risk for restricted fetal growth.
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| ===2020: Electronic cigarettes and obstetric outcomes: a prospective observational study===
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| The birthweight of infants born to EC users is similar to that of non‐smokers, and significantly greater than cigarette smokers. Dual users of both cigarettes and EC have a birthweight similar to that of smokers.
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| ===2019: E-cigarette minimum legal sale age laws and traditional cigarette use among rural pregnant teenagers===
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| E-cigarette Regulations Increase Prenatal Cigarette Use Among Teen Smokers, Study Shows (Article)
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| Teenagers under 18 could legally purchase e-cigarettes until states passed minimum legal sale age laws. These laws may have curtailed teenagers' use of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation.
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| These results suggest that the laws reduced cigarette smoking cessation during pregnancy rather than causing new cigarette smoking initiation. Our results may indicate an unmet need for assistance with smoking cessation among pregnant teenagers.
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| ===2019 [https://www.nber.org/papers/w26126 The Effect of E-Cigarette Taxes on Pre-pregnancy and Prenatal Smoking]===
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| *We show that e-cigarette taxes increase pre-pregnancy smoking, increase prenatal smoking, and lower smoking cessation during pregnancy. These findings imply that e-cigarettes and traditional cigarettes are substitutes among pregnant women.
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| * [https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w26126/revisions/w26126.rev0.pdf PDF Version]
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| *Citation: The Effect of E-Cigarette Taxes on Pre-Pregnancy and Prenatal Smoking, and Birth Outcomes - Rahi Abouk, Scott Adams, Bo Feng, Johanna Catherine Maclean, and Michael F. Pesko, NBER Working Paper No. 26126, July 2019, JEL No. I12
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| *Acknowledgements: Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R01DA045016 (PI: Michael Pesko).
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| ===2017: Indoor E-cigarette Restrictions Increase Prenatal Smoking===
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| (Article) The effect of e-cigarette indoor vaping restrictions on adult prenatal smoking and birth outcomes (Study) (Must pay to view whole study or PDF)
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| Our panel model results suggest that adoption of a comprehensive indoor vaping restriction increased prenatal smoking by 2.0 percentage points.
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| Places with indoor e-cigarette restrictions slowed the downward trend in tobacco cigarette use in pregnant women by 30 percent compared to places with no e-cigarette restrictions.
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| ===2017: Correlates of Electronic Cigarettes Use Before and During Pregnancy===
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| The study also shows that electronic cigarettes are commonly used as a smoking cessation aid in women of reproductive age. The greater likelihood of electronic cigarette use compared to proven adjunctive smoking treatments suggests that electronic cigarettes should be examined as a potential aid to cessation in this population.
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| =Perception - safety vs harm - effects on use= | | =Perception - safety vs harm - effects on use= |
