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==Dependence (Addiction, Abuse) vs Harm / Harm Reduction - Ecigs and Nicotine== | ==Dependence (Addiction, Abuse) vs Harm / Harm Reduction - Ecigs and Nicotine== | ||
===2020: Dependence on e‐cigarettes and cigarettes in a cross‐sectional study of US adults=== | |||
Among current users, dependence on e‐cigarettes was significantly lower than dependence on cigarettes, in within‐subjects comparisons among dual users of both e‐cigarettes and cigarettes, and in separate groups of e‐cigarette users and cigarette smokers, and among both daily and non‐daily users of each product. | |||
Among former users, residual symptoms were significantly lower for e‐cigarettes than cigarettes, both among former dual users and among users of one product. | |||
The highest level of e‐cigarette dependence was among e‐cigarette users who had stopped smoking. | |||
Use of e‐cigarettes appears to be consistently associated with lower nicotine dependence than cigarette smoking. | |||
===2017: A comparison of nicotine dependence among exclusive E-cigarette and cigarette users in the PATH study=== | |||
Cigarette smokers are more likely to consider themselves addicted, to have strong cravings, and to feel like they really needed to use their product. Cigarette smokers found it more difficult not to use in places where prohibited. | |||
E-cig users report less dependence on their product than cigarette smokers. E-cig users report a longer time-to-first-use after waking. | |||
These results are consistent with previous studies, in finding that exclusive daily e-cigarette users are less dependent on their respective product than comparable cigarette smokers. | |||
===2017: Evaluating nicotine dependence levels in e-cigarette users=== | |||
Results showed that e-cigarette users scored lower than cigarette smokers in both FTND (Fagerström test for nicotine dependence) and all NDSS (nicotine dependence syndrome scale) subscales. Our findings extend previous research on e-cigarette use and nicotine addiction and suggest that e-cigarette users are less dependent on nicotine than current tobacco cigarette smokers. | |||
===2017: E-cigarettes: Impact of E-liquid Components and Device Characteristics on Nicotine Exposure=== | |||
Given the large range of factors that can impact nicotine delivery, not only within the e-liquids but also in the hardware and user behavior, any regulatory framework intended to moderate nicotine exposure in users may not achieve its intended aim if it is solely limited to a regulation of the nicotine concentration of the e-liquid. | |||
===2014: Dependence levels in users of electronic cigarettes, nicotine gums and tobacco cigarettes=== | |||
E-cigarettes may be as or less addictive than nicotine gums, which themselves are not very addictive. | |||
===2013: A fresh look at tobacco harm reduction: the case for the electronic cigarette=== | |||
“Thus even if 50% of the non-smoking population should decide to addict itself to nicotine via an E-cig, the associated disease risks, if any, would be minimal. Thus, “abuse liability” is a moot point in this context.” | |||
===2012: Dependence on Tobacco and Nicotine Products: A Case for Product-Specific Assessment=== | |||
Conclusion: “The other suggestion made is that when the totality of the dependence is measured, different forms of tobacco/nicotine products probably have different potential for dependence development. There might be a continuum of dependence where in one end, we find the cigarette and in the other end, NR products and particularly the patch formulation. If a particular product is far from cigarettes and close to NR on the continuum of harm and at the same time closer to cigarettes than NR on the continuum of dependence, this product may have considerable success in reducing the public health costs associated with cigarette use.” | |||
===2012: Clinical laboratory assessment of the abuse liability of an electronic cigarette=== | |||
Electronic cigarettes can deliver clinically significant amounts of nicotine and reduce cigarette abstinence symptoms and appear to have lower potential for abuse relative to traditional tobacco cigarettes. | |||
===2011: Electronic cigarettes as a harm reduction strategy for tobacco control: A step forward or a repeat of past mistakes?=== | |||
We conclude that electronic cigarettes show tremendous promise in the fight against tobacco-related morbidity and mortality. By dramatically expanding the potential for harm reduction strategies to achieve substantial health gains, they may fundamentally alter the tobacco harm reduction debate. | |||
==Elderly== | ==Elderly== | ||
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