Cigarette smoking: Difference between revisions

'''Cigarette''''''smoking'''<span></span>is the practice of burning<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco tobacco]<span></span>and ingesting the<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke smoke]<span></span>that is produced. The smoke may be inhaled, as is done with<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette cigarettes], or simply released from the mouth, as is generally done with<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_pipes pipes]<span></span>and<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigars cigars]. The practice is believed to have begun as early as 5000–3000 BC in<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerica Mesoamerica]<span></span>and<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America South America].<sup id="cite_ref-Gateley2004_1-0" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking#cite_note-Gateley2004-1 [1]]</sup><span></span>Tobacco was introduced to<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia Eurasia]<span></span>in the late 17th century by<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonisation_of_the_Americas European colonists], where it followed common trade routes. The practice encountered criticism from its first import into the<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world Western world]<span></span>onwards but embedded itself in certain strata of a number of societies before becoming widespread upon the introduction of automated cigarette-rolling apparatus.<sup id="cite_ref-L&M_2-0" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking#cite_note-L&M-2 [2]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking#cite_note-3 [3]]</sup>German scientists identified a link between smoking and<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer lung cancer]<span></span>in the late 1920s, leading to the first<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-smoking_campaign anti-smoking campaign]<span></span>in modern history, albeit one truncated by the<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany collapse]<span></span>of<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany Nazi Germany]<span></span>at the end of<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II World War II].<sup id="cite_ref-NWC228_4-0" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking#cite_note-NWC228-4 [4]]</sup><span></span>In 1950, British researchers demonstrated a clear relationship between smoking and cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-RichardHillyBMJ1954_5-0" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking#cite_note-RichardHillyBMJ1954-5 [5]]</sup><span></span>Evidence continued to mount in the 1980s, which prompted political action against the practice. Rates of consumption since 1965 in the<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_world developed world]<span></span>have either peaked or declined.<sup id="cite_ref-RockEtAlCDC2006_6-0" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking#cite_note-RockEtAlCDC2006-6 [6]]</sup><span></span>However, they continue to climb in the<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_world developing world].<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2002FactSheet_7-0" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking#cite_note-WHO2002FactSheet-7 [7]]</sup>Smoking is the most common method of consuming tobacco, and tobacco is the most common substance smoked. The agricultural product is often mixed with additives<sup id="cite_ref-WHOJeffreyWigand_8-0" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking#cite_note-WHOJeffreyWigand-8 [8]]</sup><span></span>and then<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion combusted]. The resulting smoke is then inhaled and the active substances absorbed through the<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus alveoli in the lungs]<span></span>or the<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_mucosa oral mucosa].<sup id="cite_ref-GilmanXun2004p318_9-0" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking#cite_note-GilmanXun2004p318-9 [9]]</sup><span></span>Combustion was traditionally enhanced by addition of<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium potassium]<span></span>or<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrates nitrates].<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact">[''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed citation needed]'']</sup><span></span>Many substances in cigarette smoke<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_agonist trigger chemical reactions in nerve endings], which heighten heart rate, alertness<sup id="cite_ref-PMID2498936_10-0" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking#cite_note-PMID2498936-10 [10]]</sup><span></span>and reaction time, among other things.<sup id="cite_ref-WesnessWarburton1997_11-0" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking#cite_note-WesnessWarburton1997-11 [11]]</sup><span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine Dopamine]<span></span>and<span></span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorphin endorphins]<span></span>are released, which are often associated with pleasure.<sup id="cite_ref-GilmanXun2004pp320-321_12-0" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking#cite_note-GilmanXun2004pp320-321-12 [12]]</sup><span></span>As of 2008 to 2010, tobacco is used by about 49% of men and 11% of women aged 15 or older in fourteen low-income and middle-income countries (Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Mexico, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay and Vietnam), with about 80% of this usage in the form of smoking.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking#cite_note-13 [13]]</sup><span></span>The gender gap tends to be less pronounced in lower age groups.<sup id="cite_ref-WomenTobaccoChallenges5-6_14-0" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking#cite_note-WomenTobaccoChallenges5-6-14 [14]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-2001SurgeonGeneralWomen47_15-0" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking#cite_note-2001SurgeonGeneralWomen47-15 [15]]</sup>

From wikipedia article on Tobacco smoking