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[[File:Ikon simple kehamilan.png|alt=Pregnant icon|thumb|Pregnant icon]] | |||
== '''Studies, Surveys, Papers, and Case Studies''' == | == '''Studies, Surveys, Papers, and Case Studies''' == | ||
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* If you'd prefer someone else to add a study to a topic, there is a subject section called "Suggested studies to add to this page". You may put the link in that section for one of the regular page editors to address. | * If you'd prefer someone else to add a study to a topic, there is a subject section called "Suggested studies to add to this page". You may put the link in that section for one of the regular page editors to address. | ||
* If you'd like to help add content to this page, please see the directions at the bottom of the page. | * If you'd like to help add content to this page, please see the directions at the bottom of the page. | ||
=== 2024: [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/add.16422 Safety of e-cigarettes and nicotine patches as stop-smoking aids in pregnancy: Secondary analysis of the Pregnancy Trial of E-cigarettes and Patches (PREP) randomized controlled trial] === | |||
* [https://openaccess.sgul.ac.uk/id/eprint/115987 Full version (open access)] | |||
* [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/add.16422 PDF] | |||
* Conclusions: Regular use of e-cigarettes or nicotine patches by pregnant smokers does not appear to be associated with any adverse outcomes. | |||
* Setting 23 hospitals in England and a stop-smoking service in Scotland. Participants 1,140 pregnant smokers. | |||
* Pesola, F; Myers Smith, K; Phillips-Waller, A; Przulj, D; Griffiths, C; Walton, R; McRobbie, H; Coleman, T; Lewis, S; Ussher, MH; et al. | |||
* Funding source: 15/57/85 National Institute for Health and Care Research. http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000272 | |||
=== 2024: [https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-study-of-impacts-of-vaping-in-pregnancy-and-comparison-with-smoking/ Expert reaction to above] === | |||
* “This paper presents high quality evidence, as a secondary analysis of data from the first UK trial of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation during pregnancy." | |||
* “It is really reassuring that people who quit smoking using an e-cigarette during pregnancy in this study had better pregnancy outcomes than women who continued to smoke tobacco, and did not have any worse outcomes than people who do not smoke at all. This provides reassurance of the safety of e cigarettes for smoking cessation during pregnancy. NRT is already recommended for use during pregnancy for smoking cessation. The findings of this study suggest that e cigarettes do not differ in safety profile from NRT. My reading of this evidence is that e-cigarettes could be viewed as a form of NRT and also can be recommended for smoking cessation to pregnant women, especially as tobacco smoking is so damaging.” | |||
* “An earlier analysis of this trial found a similar safety profile between those who were randomly given e-cigarettes compared with those given nicotine replacement therapy to quit smoking, but this may have resulted from a difference in the actual usage of the two products. This new study analysed the comparative safety based on their actual use, although this meant the two groups were no longer randomly selected. Taken together, the similar sets of results across the two different approaches are reassuring.” | |||
=== 2023: [https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/AGTH6901/#/full-report Helping pregnant smokers quit: a multicentre randomised controlled trial of electronic cigarettes versus nicotine replacement therapy] === | |||
* Przulj D, Pesola F, Myers Smith K, McRobbie H, Coleman T, Lewis S, ''et al.'' Helping pregnant smokers quit: a multicentre randomised controlled trial of electronic cigarettes versus nicotine replacement therapy. ''Health Technol Assess'' 2023;27(13) | |||
* Rates of adverse events and adverse birth outcomes were similar in the two study arms, apart from participants in the e-cigarette arm having fewer infants with low birthweight (<2500 g) (9.6% vs. 14.8%, risk ratio = 0.65, 95% confidence interval 0.47 to 0.90; Bayes factor = 10.3) | |||
* At end of pregnancy, 33.8% versus 5.6% of participants were using their allocated product in the e-cigarettes versus nicotine patches arm (risk ratio = 6.01, 95% confidence interval 4.21 to 8.58). Regular use of e-cigarettes in the nicotine patches arm was more common than use of nicotine replacement products in the e-cigarette arm (17.8% vs. 2.8%). | |||
* Only 55% of self-reported abstainers mailed back useable saliva samples. Due to this, validated sustained abstinence rates were low (6.8% vs. 4.4% in the e-cigarettes and nicotine patches arms, respectively, risk ratio = 1.55, 95% confidence interval 0.95 to 2.53; Bayes factor = 2.7). In a pre-specified sensitivity analysis that excluded abstainers using non-allocated products, the difference became significant (6.8% vs. 3.6%, risk ratio = 1.93, 95% confidence interval 1.14 to 3.26; Bayes factor = 10). Almost a third of the sample did not set a target quit date and the uptake of support calls was low, as was the initial product use. | |||
=== 2022: [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-022-01808-0 Electronic cigarettes versus nicotine patches for smoking cessation in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial] === | === 2022: [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-022-01808-0 Electronic cigarettes versus nicotine patches for smoking cessation in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial] === | ||
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* These findings suggest that vapers during pregnancy had similar risk of preterm as non-users but still had elevated risk for restricted fetal growth. | * These findings suggest that vapers during pregnancy had similar risk of preterm as non-users but still had elevated risk for restricted fetal growth. | ||
The birthweight of infants born to EC users is similar to that of non‐smokers, and significantly greater than cigarette smokers. Dual users of both cigarettes and EC have a birthweight similar to that of smokers. | === 2020: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32036628/ Electronic cigarettes and obstetric outcomes: a prospective observational study] === | ||
* The birthweight of infants born to EC users is similar to that of non‐smokers, and significantly greater than cigarette smokers. Dual users of both cigarettes and EC have a birthweight similar to that of smokers. | |||
=== 2019: [https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(18)31229-8/fulltext Electronic cigarette use in pregnancy is not associated with low birth weight or preterm delivery] === | === 2019: [https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(18)31229-8/fulltext Electronic cigarette use in pregnancy is not associated with low birth weight or preterm delivery] === | ||
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===See Also=== | ===See Also=== | ||
[[File:RCoM.png|alt=“All midwives and maternity support workers should be confident and competent in discussing smoking in pregnancy. Nicotine Replacement Therapy [e.g., nicotine patches, nicotine gum] is safe in pregnancy and should be provided in line with evidence-based protocols to women and their partners. E-cigarettes contain some toxins, but at far lower levels than found in tobacco smoke. If a pregnant woman who has been smoking chooses to use an e-cigarette (vaping) and it helps her to quit smoking and stay smokefree, she should be supported to do so. If a woman has switched completely to vaping and is not smoking at all, she should be recorded as a non-smoker. Based on the available evidence on e-cigarette safety, there is no reason to believe that use of an e-cigarette has any adverse effect on breastfeeding.”|center|frameless|700x700px|[https://www.rcm.org.uk/media/3394/support-to-quit-smoking-in-pregnancy.pdf Position statement from The Royal Collage of Midwives]]] | [[File:RCoM.png|alt=“All midwives and maternity support workers should be confident and competent in discussing smoking in pregnancy. Nicotine Replacement Therapy [e.g., nicotine patches, nicotine gum] is safe in pregnancy and should be provided in line with evidence-based protocols to women and their partners. E-cigarettes contain some toxins, but at far lower levels than found in tobacco smoke. If a pregnant woman who has been smoking chooses to use an e-cigarette (vaping) and it helps her to quit smoking and stay smokefree, she should be supported to do so. If a woman has switched completely to vaping and is not smoking at all, she should be recorded as a non-smoker. Based on the available evidence on e-cigarette safety, there is no reason to believe that use of an e-cigarette has any adverse effect on breastfeeding.”|center|frameless|700x700px|[https://www.rcm.org.uk/media/3394/support-to-quit-smoking-in-pregnancy.pdf Position statement from The Royal Collage of Midwives]]]https://www.rcm.org.uk/media/3394/support-to-quit-smoking-in-pregnancy.pdf[[File:UKtis.png|center|frameless|520x520px|[https://www.medicinesinpregnancy.org/Medicine--pregnancy/E-cigarettes/# UK TiS statement]]] | ||
[[File:UKtis.png|center|frameless|520x520px|[https://www.medicinesinpregnancy.org/Medicine--pregnancy/E-cigarettes/# UK TiS statement]]] | |||
https://www.medicinesinpregnancy.org/Medicine--pregnancy/E-cigarettes/# | |||
=== News items: === | |||
[[File:Queen Mary University London news release ecigs in pregnancy.png|alt=E-cigarettes are just as safe as nicotine patches for pregnant women and may help more women stop smoking, new research from Queen Mary University of London suggests. The study, which was published in Nature Medicine, is the first to examine the safety and efficacy of e-cigarettes among pregnant smokers.|center|frameless|700x700px|E-cigarettes may be more effective than nicotine patches in helping pregnant women who smoke quit, and are just as safe]] | |||
https://www.qmul.ac.uk/media/news/2022/smd/e-cigarettes-may-be-more-effective-than-nicotine-patches-in-helping-pregnant-women-who-smoke-quit-and-are-just-as-safe.html | |||
* | * | ||
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*Other | *Other | ||
=Suggested studies to add to this page= | =Suggested studies to add to this page= | ||
* | === 2023: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36892131/ Qualitative study on the perception of combustible cigarettes, e-cigarettes and heated tobacco cigarettes among pregnant women.] === | ||
* According to the results: 40.91% of the women who smoked combustible cigarettes decided to keep on smoking and 59.09% decided to quit, 16.67% of participants who use heated tobacco cigarette decided to continue during pregnancy and the remaining 83.33% decide to stop; lastly, there is a condition of fairness for adults who use e-cigarette, 50% decided to continue smoking during pregnancy and the other 50% decided to stop smoking. | |||
* The data indicate that those who continue to smoke during pregnancy are participants who smoke combustible cigarettes, stating that they reduce the amount of smoke inhaled. Meanwhile, participants who use heated tobacco cigarettes or e-cigarettes are certain that they pose less risk than combustible cigarettes; nevertheless, most of them decide to quit smoking during pregnancy. | |||
* Another important aspect that has been noted is that of formal abandonment treatments, as quite unexpectedly, there has been a unanimous recognition of strong distrust toward the possible risks to the unborn child. There is a lot of distrust and little knowledge of official smoking cessation therapies, and because of this, participants stated that they can quit smoking whenever they want and only with their own willpower. | |||
* Human Study | |||
* Maglia M, Quattropani MC, Polosa R, Panassidi A, Caruso M, Mangione M, Nicolosi V, Mazzeppi SD, Lenzo V, Sardella A, Caponnetto P. J Addict Dis. 2023 Mar 9:1-11. doi: 10.1080/10550887.2023.2184302. Online ahead of print. PMID: 36892131 | |||
=== 2023: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36861351/ Development and content validation of a questionnaire for measuring beliefs about using Nicotine Replacement Therapy for smoking cessation in pregnancy.] === | |||
* Poor adherence to Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) in pregnancy may result from low perceived need and/or concerns about consequences; interventions challenging these beliefs may yield higher smoking cessation rates. To evaluate an NRT adherence intervention informed by the Necessities and Concerns Framework, we developed the NRT in Pregnancy Necessities and Concerns Questionnaire (NiP-NCQ). | |||
* Q: Asked by Clive Bates: What can be done to help women use cleaner nicotine (NRT) during pregnancy? | |||
* Emery J, McDaid L, Coleman T, Cooper S, Thomson R, Kinahan-Goodwin D, Dickinson A, Phillips L, Clark M, Bowker K, Brown E, Naughton F. Nicotine Tob Res. 2023 Mar 2:ntad030. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntad030. Online ahead of print. PMID: 36861351 | |||
=== Ongoing: [https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub6/full Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation] === | |||
* Jamie Hartmann-Boyce Nicola Lindson Ailsa R Butler Hayden McRobbie Chris Bullen Rachna Begh Annika Theodoulou Caitlin Notley Nancy A Rigotti Tari Turner Thomas R Fanshawe Peter Hajek https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub7 | |||
* Living review | |||
* Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are handheld electronic vaping devices which produce an aerosol by heating an e‐liquid. Some people who smoke use ECs to stop or reduce smoking, although some organizations, advocacy groups and policymakers have discouraged this, citing lack of evidence of efficacy and safety. People who smoke, healthcare providers and regulators want to know if ECs can help people quit smoking, and if they are safe to use for this purpose. This is a review update conducted as part of a living systematic review. | |||
* Check page for link to latest publication. | |||
=== 2022: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9488528/ Can electronic cigarettes help pregnant smokers quit, and are they as safe to use in pregnancy as nicotine replacement treatments?] === | |||
==== Click on the category link below for more studies by topic on ENDS and Nicotine. ==== | ==== Click on the category link below for more studies by topic on ENDS and Nicotine. ==== | ||
[[Category:Studies, Surveys, and Papers]] | [[index.php?title=Category:Studies, Surveys, and Papers]] | ||
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