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<big>'''Stigma and stigmatizing language lead to viewing people as less worthy and can lead to bias | <big>'''Stigma and stigmatizing language lead to viewing people as less worthy and can lead to bias and [https://nida.nih.gov/nidamed-medical-health-professionals/health-professions-education/words-matter-terms-to-use-avoid-when-talking-about-addiction discrimination]. Stigma can affect the mental health of the stigmatized, may inhibit their ability to achieve wanted changes in their lives, and may cause them to avoid [https://nida.nih.gov/nidamed-medical-health-professionals/health-professions-education/words-matter-language-showing-compassion-care-women-infants-families-communities-impacted-substance-use-disorder medical care] or helpful services. This page explores the use of Person-First Language and the consequences of stigmatizing people, with a focus on those who use nicotine.'''</big> | ||
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=='''Publication Policies/Author Guidelines - Person-First Language (PFL)'''== | =='''Publication Policies/Author Guidelines - Person-First Language (PFL)'''== | ||
===Mentions "Smoker"=== | ==='''Mentions "Smoker" '''=== | ||
====2021: ACS/ACS CAN: [https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/online-documents/en/pdf/flyers/health_equity_inclusive_language_writing_guide.pdf Inclusive Language and Writing Guide]==== | ====2021: ACS/ACS CAN: [https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/online-documents/en/pdf/flyers/health_equity_inclusive_language_writing_guide.pdf Inclusive Language and Writing Guide]==== | ||
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*..."Tobacco Control is instituting a new policy of people-first language when referring to people who use tobacco and related products. Terms such as ‘smoker’, ‘vaper’ and ‘tobacco user’ (and their various iterations) should no longer be used as general descriptors." | *..."Tobacco Control is instituting a new policy of people-first language when referring to people who use tobacco and related products. Terms such as ‘smoker’, ‘vaper’ and ‘tobacco user’ (and their various iterations) should no longer be used as general descriptors." | ||
*"However, people-first language does not invalidate how people may choose to self-identify. It provides a broader conceptualisation which reduces the potential for stigma, resists tobacco industry narratives and promotes greater precision and accuracy, as well as creating space which recognises these self-claimed identities can change." | *"However, people-first language does not invalidate how people may choose to self-identify. It provides a broader conceptualisation which reduces the potential for stigma, resists tobacco industry narratives and promotes greater precision and accuracy, as well as creating space which recognises these self-claimed identities can change." | ||
===Doesn't Mention "Smoker" (Person (people)-First, Person-Centered, Person-Forward)=== | ==='''Doesn't Mention "Smoker" (Person (people)-First, Person-Centered, Person-Forward)'''=== | ||
====[https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/advances-in-nutrition/publish/guide-for-authors ''Advances in Nutrition'']==== | ====[https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/advances-in-nutrition/publish/guide-for-authors ''Advances in Nutrition'']==== | ||
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====[https://academic.oup.com/cid/pages/Manuscript_Preparation ''Clinical Infectious Diseases'']==== | ====[https://academic.oup.com/cid/pages/Manuscript_Preparation ''Clinical Infectious Diseases'']==== | ||
*Authors should use inclusive and person-first language in manuscripts. Describe people as having a condition or disease, experiencing a circumstance, or doing something specific rather than the condition, disease, circumstance, or activity being part of their identity. For example, they should use “people with obesity,” “person with HIV,” “person who injects drugs,” and so forth, rather than “obese people” “HIV positive” or “drug user.” | *Authors should use inclusive and person-first language in manuscripts. Describe people as having a condition or disease, experiencing a circumstance, or doing something specific rather than the condition, disease, circumstance, or activity being part of their identity. For example, they should use “people with obesity,” “person with HIV,” “person who injects drugs,” and so forth, rather than “obese people” “HIV positive” or “drug user.” | ||
====[https://c4disc.pubpub.org/guidelines-on-inclusive-language-and-images-in-scholarly-communication Coalition for Diversity and Inclusion in Scholarly Communications]==== | |||
*"In most cases it is preferable to emphasize the person over the attribute. For example, “person with cancer” instead of “cancer patient”, “man in prison” instead of “inmate.” Emphasizing the attribute can reduce the person to a label and dehumanize them." | |||
====[https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/current-developments-in-nutrition/publish/guide-for-authors ''Current Developments in Nutrition'']==== | ====[https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/current-developments-in-nutrition/publish/guide-for-authors ''Current Developments in Nutrition'']==== | ||
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====[https://www.elsevier.com/journals/drug-and-alcohol-dependence/0376-8716/guide-for-authors ''Drug and Alcohol Dependence'']==== | ====[https://www.elsevier.com/journals/drug-and-alcohol-dependence/0376-8716/guide-for-authors ''Drug and Alcohol Dependence'']==== | ||
*Drug and Alcohol Dependence is committed to eliminating stigmatizing language by adopting "person forward" language when publishing reports of addiction science findings. | *Drug and Alcohol Dependence is committed to eliminating stigmatizing language by adopting "person forward" language when publishing reports of addiction science findings. | ||
====[https://eco2024.org/?p=person-first-language-guide European Association for the Study of Obesity]==== | |||
*The European Association for the Study of Obesity requires use of person-first language and non-stigmatizing images in all written and verbal communications. | |||
====[https://www.japha.org/content/authorinfo ''Journal of American Pharmacists Association'' (JAPhA)]==== | ====[https://www.japha.org/content/authorinfo ''Journal of American Pharmacists Association'' (JAPhA)]==== | ||
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**“person living with a mental health condition” instead of “mentally ill.” | **“person living with a mental health condition” instead of “mentally ill.” | ||
**“person with a substance use disorder” instead of “addict.” | **“person with a substance use disorder” instead of “addict.” | ||
====[https://academic.oup.com/sleep/pages/General_Instructions ''Sleep'' (official publication of the Sleep Research Society -SRS)]==== | |||
*Guidance for improving the language researchers use to talk to and about people with studied health conditions has been issued in several fields. The Editors of SLEEP® endorse the use of people-centered language in research communications. Our recommendations for people-centered language for sleep/circadian research publications can be [https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article/40/4/zsx039/3062257 found on this page]. | |||
====[https://journals.sagepub.com/author-instructions/SAJ ''Substance Abuse''] (2024 changing to ''Substance Use and Addiction Journal'')==== | ====[https://journals.sagepub.com/author-instructions/SAJ ''Substance Abuse''] (2024 changing to ''Substance Use and Addiction Journal'')==== | ||
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====[https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/the-journal-of-nutrition/publish/guide-for-authors ''The Journal of Nutrition'']==== | ====[https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/the-journal-of-nutrition/publish/guide-for-authors ''The Journal of Nutrition'']==== | ||
*Strongly recommends the use of “people-first language” | *Strongly recommends the use of “people-first language” | ||
==''' | =='''Person/People First Language - Recommendations, Guidelines, Commitments'''== | ||
==='''PFL - Smoking, Tobacco, Nicotine'''=== | |||
====American Psychiatric Nurses Association: [https://www.apna.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Tobacco_Dependence_Treatment_Position_Statement_07_20.pdf POSITION STATEMENT: Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing’s Role in Tobacco Treatment]==== | |||
*"...“smoker” replaced with person-first language such as “person who smokes.” | |||
====Anesthesia Experts - [https://anesthesiaexperts.com/uncategorized/person-first-language-anesthesiology-care/ Person-First Language in Anesthesiology Care]==== | |||
*So, is person-first language objectively superior to nonperson-first language? An increasing body of research suggests that it is. Many of the diseases and conditions frequently used to stand in for a person with the condition are those in which there is an unstated or even explicit implication that lifestyle choices are responsible for the condition (alcoholic, addict, diabetic, cirrhotic) or otherwise telegraph shame directed at the patient with the diagnosis (obese, epileptic, smoker). Using person-first language promotes respect and dignity for patients. Describing someone as “a patient with diabetes” rather than “a diabetic” acknowledges that the person is more than just their illness and recognizes their individuality. Using person-first language also helps to avoid stigmatization and discrimination, which can have a negative impact on a patient’s mental and physical well-being (Diabetes Spectr 2018;31:58-64). This may be especially true for mental health conditions, substance use disorders, painful syndromes, eating or body image-related conditions, and in obstetric care (Int J Drug Policy 2010;21:202-7). | |||
===CDC - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: [https://www.cdc.gov/healthcommunication/Preferred_Terms.html Preferred Terms for Select Population Groups & Communities]=== | ====CDC - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: [https://www.cdc.gov/healthcommunication/Preferred_Terms.html Preferred Terms for Select Population Groups & Communities]==== | ||
*Instead of this… "Smokers," Try this... "People who smoke" | *Instead of this… "Smokers," Try this... "People who smoke" | ||
=== | ====Change Lab Solutions - [https://www.changelabsolutions.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/Justice-in-the-Air-Framing-Tobacco-Related-Health-Disparities_FINAL_20220307A.pdf Justice In The Air: Framing Tobacco-Related Health Disparities A FrameWorks Strategic Brief ]==== | ||
*Use person-first language. Avoid labeling people as “smokers” or “tobacco users.” Instead, start with people, then add any necessary qualifiers: people who smoke, people with a dependence on nicotine. | |||
====NCSCT - [https://twitter.com/NCSCT/status/1727984982897910117 The National Centre for Smoking Cessation and Training]==== | |||
*The NCSCT has committed to using ‘people first’ language wherever possible, so instead of ‘smoker’ we will talk about ‘people who smoke’ or just ‘people’ | |||
====NYC - [https://www.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/survey/tobacco-inequities-2022.pdf Addressing New York City’s Smoking Inequities]==== | |||
*Use person-first language (“person who smokes” not “smoker”). | |||
====Rosh Review - [https://www.roshreview.com/blog/inclusive-language-for-medical-education-and-qbanks-an-evolving-guide/ Inclusive Language for Medical & Health Education: An Evolving Guide]==== | |||
*Instead of: smoker (e.g., patient is a smoker) | *Instead of: smoker (e.g., patient is a smoker) | ||
**Use: smokes (e.g., patient smokes cigarettes) | **Use: smokes (e.g., patient smokes cigarettes) | ||
=== | ====STR - [https://thoracicrad.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/4083-STR-Newsletter-r5.pdf Society of Thoracic Radiology]==== | ||
*STR’S COMMITMENT TO NON-STIGMATIZING LANGUAGE IN LUNG CANCER CARE | *STR’S COMMITMENT TO NON-STIGMATIZING LANGUAGE IN LUNG CANCER CARE | ||
*"Whether we as chest imagers realize it or not, our very language can have a negative impact on the care for the patients we serve. As published studies continue to demonstrate, smoking-related language bias often stigmatizes our patients with a smoking history and results in suboptimal care and less than desirable clinical outcomes... Instead of a report stigmatizing the patient as a “smoker,” consider describing the patient as a “person who smokes.” Rather than a “nicotine addict,” an expression such as a “person with a nicotine dependence” attenuates the common stigmatization of these patients. One will notice these alternative descriptors utilize a person-first approach rather than a habit-based one. This approach can and should be adopted in publications, society and conference presentations as well as in daily training with residents and fellows. Ultimately, this language shift more precisely aligns itself with a core underpinning of our approach to care – respect for our patients. | *"Whether we as chest imagers realize it or not, our very language can have a negative impact on the care for the patients we serve. As published studies continue to demonstrate, smoking-related language bias often stigmatizes our patients with a smoking history and results in suboptimal care and less than desirable clinical outcomes... Instead of a report stigmatizing the patient as a “smoker,” consider describing the patient as a “person who smokes.” Rather than a “nicotine addict,” an expression such as a “person with a nicotine dependence” attenuates the common stigmatization of these patients. One will notice these alternative descriptors utilize a person-first approach rather than a habit-based one. This approach can and should be adopted in publications, society and conference presentations as well as in daily training with residents and fellows. Ultimately, this language shift more precisely aligns itself with a core underpinning of our approach to care – respect for our patients. | ||
=== | ====Truth Initiative's Ex Program - [https://www.theexprogram.com/resources/blog/how-to-reduce-mental-health-stigma-smoking-stigma-in-the-workplace/ How to Reduce Mental Health Stigma, Smoking Stigma in the Workplace]==== | ||
*It can be tempting to dismiss these kinds of negative labels as simply semantics, but research has shown that language matters. Using person-first language like “people who smoke” instead of “smokers” acknowledges the tenacity of this disease, conveys dignity and greater respect, and can reduce smoking-related stigma. | *It can be tempting to dismiss these kinds of negative labels as simply semantics, but research has shown that language matters. Using person-first language like “people who smoke” instead of “smokers” acknowledges the tenacity of this disease, conveys dignity and greater respect, and can reduce smoking-related stigma. | ||
=== | ====University of Melbourne - [https://www.canceraustralia.gov.au/sites/default/files/the_program_tools_guidance_information_and_communication_workforce_considerations_and_aboriginal_and_torres_strait_islander_considerations_for_a_lcsp_-_the_university_of_melbourne_-_2022_-_.pdf Melbourne School of Population and Global Health]==== | ||
*All communications materials aimed toward potential and enrolled LCS participants must be created sensitively and incorporate the plain English guidelines to be accessible to those with low levels of health literacy. This includes clear, short sentences that use active verbs. It is also important to avoid stigmatizing language, as this can affect the care provided to patients, impact the attitude of other health care providers towards the patient, and can adversely impact health outcomes. Therefore, language used within such materials – from promotion materials to results letters – must aim to reduce the burden of stigma already experienced by these high-risk populations. | *All communications materials aimed toward potential and enrolled LCS participants must be created sensitively and incorporate the plain English guidelines to be accessible to those with low levels of health literacy. This includes clear, short sentences that use active verbs. It is also important to avoid stigmatizing language, as this can affect the care provided to patients, impact the attitude of other health care providers towards the patient, and can adversely impact health outcomes. Therefore, language used within such materials – from promotion materials to results letters – must aim to reduce the burden of stigma already experienced by these high-risk populations. | ||
*As part of a communications strategy, the International Association of Lung Cancer (IALSC) Language Guide should be adopted across all communications tools and resources and be included as part of HCP education and training. | *As part of a communications strategy, the International Association of Lung Cancer (IALSC) Language Guide should be adopted across all communications tools and resources and be included as part of HCP education and training. | ||
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***Equity. Follow best practices regarding race, ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic, and geographic descriptions to promote cultural humility and sensitivity. | ***Equity. Follow best practices regarding race, ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic, and geographic descriptions to promote cultural humility and sensitivity. | ||
=== | ==='''PFL - Not Tobacco'''=== | ||
* | |||
====ADA National Network - [https://adata.org/factsheet/ADANN-writing Guidelines for Writing About People With Disabilities]==== | |||
*In general, refer to the person first and the disability second. People with disabilities are, first and foremost, people. Labeling a person equates the person with a condition and can be disrespectful and dehumanizing. A person isn’t a disability, condition or diagnosis; a person has a disability, condition or diagnosis. This is called Person-First Language. | |||
*However, always ask to find out an individual’s language preferences. People with disabilities have different preferences when referring to their disability. Some people see their disability as an essential part of who they are and prefer to be identified with their disability first – this is called Identity-First Language. Others prefer Person-First Language. Examples of Identity-First Language include identifying someone as a deaf person instead of a person who is deaf, or an autistic person instead of a person with autism. | |||
====Massachusetts Down Syndrome Congress - [https://mdsc.org/programs/people-first-language/ People First Language]==== | |||
*As part of the disabilities rights movement, MDSC promotes the use “People First language” because people with disabilities are NOT their diagnoses or disabilities. They are PEOPLE first. MDSC is not only committed to using People First language in all materials, statements, and interactions. We also work to educate and encourage the community at large to do the same. | |||
====Minnesota Organization for Habilitation and Rehabilitation - [https://mohrmn.org/blog/165-people-first-language MOHR supports People First Language]==== | |||
*Although a disability has an impact, it is only a small part of a person’s identity. No one is their disability. We encourage you to see people with disabilities as people, first. Using the “People First” language we describe is one way to let people know you see them, not just their disability. When you see people first, you and they will notice the difference. | |||
=== | ====[https://www.narcolepsy.org.uk/resources/%E2%80%98narcoleptic%E2%80%99-or-%E2%80%98-person-narcolepsy%E2%80%99 Narcolepsy UK]==== | ||
* | *The Narcolepsy Charter champions the right for people with narcolepsy “to live in a society that understands and recognises the impact of narcolepsy” and encourages “the ability to talk about narcolepsy without fear or judgement”. Given that referring to “narcoleptics” rather than “people with narcolepsy” is very likely to perpetuate unhelpful stereotypes and negative attitudes, Narcolepsy UK encourages people with and without narcolepsy to put people first and avoid the term “narcoleptics” or “narcolepsy patients” in favour of “people with narcolepsy”. | ||
=== | ====United Nations Office at Geneva - [https://www.ungeneva.org/sites/default/files/2021-01/Disability-Inclusive-Language-Guidelines.pdf DISABILITY-INCLUSIVE LANGUAGE GUIDELINES]==== | ||
* | *This document contains recommendations that United Nations staff, experts and collaborators can use in their oral and written communications on disability or other subjects, including speeches and presentations, press releases, social media posts, internal communications and other formal and informal documents. | ||
*People-first language is the most widely accepted language for referring to persons with disabilities. It is also the language used in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. People-first language emphasizes the person, not the disability, by placing a reference to the person or group before the reference to the disability. For example, we can use expressions such as “children with albinism”, “students with dyslexia”, “women with intellectual disabilities” and, of course, “persons with disabilities”. | |||
*However, the people-first rule does not necessarily apply to all types of disabilities. There are some exceptions. (Deaf, Blind, Autistic) | |||
=='''Publication Policies - Language (General)'''== | =='''Publication Policies - Language (General)'''== | ||
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*PRINCIPLE 4: HISTORICAL ACCURACY IS A SCHOLARLY OBLIGATION | *PRINCIPLE 4: HISTORICAL ACCURACY IS A SCHOLARLY OBLIGATION | ||
*Article: [https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/08/addiction-drug-policy-language-harm-evidence/674907/ The Burden of Proof Is on the Language Police] | *Article: [https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/08/addiction-drug-policy-language-harm-evidence/674907/ The Burden of Proof Is on the Language Police] | ||
=='''Speaker/Presenter Policies'''== | =='''Speaker/Presenter Policies'''== | ||
=== | ===[https://academicmedicaleducation.com/person-first-language Academic Medical Education]=== | ||
*We are proud to support and officially endorse the [https://peoplefirstcharter.org/ People First Charter]! Language matters - the use of positive and inclusive language is a vital tool in tackling stigma and discrimination. Person-first language simply puts people before their condition, recognizing that people are people, and are not defined by their condition. In HIV care, we should avoid terms like 'HIV-infected people' and use 'people living with HIV'. As a participant, faculty member, or abstract presenter at one of our programs, we encourage you to consult these guidelines as you prepare program-related materials. | |||
===[https://acpacares.org/annual-meeting/abstract-submission/abstract-guidelines-2024-annual-meeting/ American Cleft Palate Craniofacial Association (ACPA) Annual Meeting]=== | |||
*When preparing an abstract, remember that ACPA requires that all abstracts use person first language, e.g., instead of “cleft patient” use “patient with a cleft.” | |||
===[https://web.archive.org/web/20231126125124/https://amersa.confex.com/amersa/2023/cfp.cgi AMERSA National Conference]=== | |||
*‘PEOPLE FIRST’ language is required for the abstracts (e.g. person with alcohol use disorder instead of ‘alcoholic’). Examples of appropriate terminology are provided in the editorial in Substance Abuse, cited below, and accessible at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24911031/ | |||
*Broyles, L.M., Binswanger, I.A., Jenkins, J.A., Finnell, D.S., Faseru, B., Cavaiola, A., Pugatch, M. & Gordon, A.J. (2014). Confronting inadvertent stigma and pejorative language in addiction scholarship: A recognition and response. Substance Abuse, 35(3), 217221. | |||
===[https://www.aptapa.org/assets/committees/Practice-Research/2023/Abstract%20Submission%20Guidelines.2023.pdf APTA Pennsylvania Annual Conference ]=== | |||
*American Physical Therapy Association - Pennsylvania | |||
*5. Professional Presentation/Quality | |||
**a. Adherence to formatting requirements evident. | |||
**b. Abstract clearly and concisely written. | |||
**c. Use of correct spelling and proper grammar. | |||
**d. Use of people first and inclusive language. | |||
===[https://web.archive.org/web/20231126185644/https://files.sciconf.cn/upload/file/20230804/20230804172139_14226.pdf Asian Congress on Nutrition]=== | |||
*Oral Abstract Presentation Guidelines... Use people-first language: We encourage presenters to use people-first language when referring to individuals. This means describing individuals as people with a medical condition rather than focusing on their diseases or disabilities. This promotes inclusivity and respect. | |||
===[https://www.croiconference.org/abstract-guidelines-and-submission/#1695946522329-9dcf2cdc-4ef0 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI)]=== | |||
*It is important to use “people first” language such as “people with HIV” rather than “HIV-infected people.” Similarly, do not characterize people by their conditions. “People with diabetes” is preferred over “diabetics”; “patients with cirrhosis” rather than “cirrhotics;” and “people who inject drugs” rather than “drug abusers.” Out of respect for their contributions to our scientific advances, avoid calling study volunteers “subjects.” The preferred terms are study “participants” or “volunteers.” | |||
===[https://eacs-conference2023.com/abstracts/abstract-guidelines/ European AIDS Conference (EACS)]=== | |||
*We strongly encourage anyone who submits an abstract or clinical case to use people first language. | |||
===[https://eco2024.org/?p=abstract-submission European Congress on Obesity]=== | |||
*Please ensure that you refer to the EASO Person First Language Guide when preparing your abstract AND developing your presentation. Please note that '''abstracts that do not use Person First Language will be rejected'''. | |||
===[http://interestworkshop.org/abstracts/ INTEREST 2024]=== | |||
*Abstract submitters are strongly encouraged to use person-first language in their abstracts. | |||
===[https://www.ilcn.org/the-iaslc-language-guide-a-lexicon-of-healing-for-lung-cancer-and-beyond/ International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer - The IASLC Language Guide: A Lexicon of Healing for Lung Cancer and Beyond]=== | |||
*The Guide is not long, dense, or difficult to understand. It encourages everyone to “take conscious steps to be thoughtful in the language we use,” and boils down to four simple, subtle principles: | *The Guide is not long, dense, or difficult to understand. It encourages everyone to “take conscious steps to be thoughtful in the language we use,” and boils down to four simple, subtle principles: | ||
**Use Person-First Language: For example, instead of “lung cancer patient,” use “patient/person with lung cancer.” | **Use Person-First Language: For example, instead of “lung cancer patient,” use “patient/person with lung cancer.” | ||
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**Equity: Follow best practices regarding race, ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic, and geographic descriptions to promote cultural humility and sensitivity. | **Equity: Follow best practices regarding race, ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic, and geographic descriptions to promote cultural humility and sensitivity. | ||
*“We came together from different places, with different methods and different training, but we all agree that words matter, and that it is possible to change the language we use to talk to and about persons with lung cancer, as well as about people who use tobacco,” Dr. Ostroff said. “And we can do that in a way that that conveys respect, inclusivity, and equity.” | *“We came together from different places, with different methods and different training, but we all agree that words matter, and that it is possible to change the language we use to talk to and about persons with lung cancer, as well as about people who use tobacco,” Dr. Ostroff said. “And we can do that in a way that that conveys respect, inclusivity, and equity.” | ||
===[https://media.nutrition.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/N23-Abstract-Presentation-Guidelines.pdf NUTRITION 2023]=== | |||
*As you prepare for your presentation at NUTRITION 2023, ASN strongly recommends that presenters use people-first language. This includes describing individuals as people with a medical condition rather than as diseases or disabilities. Terms such as “adults with obesity” and “children with diabetes” are preferred over “obese adults” and “diabetic children”. For more information consult “Use of people-first language with regard to obesity” Am J Clin Nutr 2018;108:201 or “The Effect of Words on Health and Diabetes” Diabetes Spectrum 2017;30:11- 16. | |||
===[https://web.archive.org/web/20231126130140/https://obesityweek.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/TOS-OW23-Late-Breaking-Call-for-Abstracts-Instructions.pdf Obesity Society's 41st Annual Scientific Meeting]=== | |||
*PEOPLE FIRST LANGUAGE: The Obesity Society requires use of person-first language and nonstigmatizing images in all written and verbal communications. For more information please visit: https://obesityweek.org/abstracts/speaker-resources/person-first/. | |||
===[https://www.pas-meeting.org/wp-content/uploads/2024-Tips-for-Quality-Abstracts.pdf Pediatric Academic Societies Meeting]=== | |||
*Please use People-First Language in your abstracts and presentations to respectfully refer to individuals with chronic conditions and disabilities. This language refers to the person first, not the condition or disability. It serves to eliminate bias, labels, stigma, and discrimination. Some examples: “children with obesity” instead of “obese children,” or a “child with a developmental delay” instead of a “developmentally delayed child.” | |||
===[https://aso.org.uk/ukco/abstracts UK Congress on Obesity (UKCO)]=== | |||
*The use of People-First Language is mandatory for the abstract to be accepted. Abstracts not using People-First Language will be rejected. | |||
=='''Guidelines - Journalists and Editors'''== | =='''Guidelines - Journalists and Editors'''== | ||
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*[https://www.e-cigarette-summit.us.com/speaker/prof-scott-leischow/ Prof Scott Leischow] | *[https://www.e-cigarette-summit.us.com/speaker/prof-scott-leischow/ Prof Scott Leischow] | ||
*Stigmatizing smoking has been at the heart of tobacco control efforts for decades, which may drive more people to quit but at the same time potentially create new difficulties for smokers, including self-isolation, creation of social groups that might become ‘hardened’ to changing smoking behaviors, and perceptions by the user and society that complete abstinence is the only option. The stigma associated with a wide variety of behaviors has impeded progress toward improving population health in some cases, such as the reticence in making products and services available that could reduce the risk of communicable disease (eg needle exchanges), as well as harm reduction products that could benefit users and society when an individual addicted to a substance is not able to or chooses not to become completely abstinent (eg NRT, ENDS, smokeless tobacco). This presentation will explore some of the conflicting aspects of stigma in tobacco control, explore similarities and differences regarding the stigma of using of different addicting substances, and consider some research, practice and policy directions. | *Stigmatizing smoking has been at the heart of tobacco control efforts for decades, which may drive more people to quit but at the same time potentially create new difficulties for smokers, including self-isolation, creation of social groups that might become ‘hardened’ to changing smoking behaviors, and perceptions by the user and society that complete abstinence is the only option. The stigma associated with a wide variety of behaviors has impeded progress toward improving population health in some cases, such as the reticence in making products and services available that could reduce the risk of communicable disease (eg needle exchanges), as well as harm reduction products that could benefit users and society when an individual addicted to a substance is not able to or chooses not to become completely abstinent (eg NRT, ENDS, smokeless tobacco). This presentation will explore some of the conflicting aspects of stigma in tobacco control, explore similarities and differences regarding the stigma of using of different addicting substances, and consider some research, practice and policy directions. | ||
=='''Studies, Papers, Reports - Smoker'''== | =='''Studies, Papers, Reports - Smoker'''== | ||
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*The themes identified illustrated how nonsmokers’ perception of smoking as illogical and self-destructive supported harsh reactions, including stigmatizing behaviors that antagonized smokers. | *The themes identified illustrated how nonsmokers’ perception of smoking as illogical and self-destructive supported harsh reactions, including stigmatizing behaviors that antagonized smokers. | ||
*A supportive/empathic tobacco-control denormalization approach could enhance young adult smokers’ willingness to make the transition from smoker to smoke free and elicit stronger support for their efforts from nonsmokers. | *A supportive/empathic tobacco-control denormalization approach could enhance young adult smokers’ willingness to make the transition from smoker to smoke free and elicit stronger support for their efforts from nonsmokers. | ||
=='''Articles, Websites, Blogs - Smoker'''== | =='''Articles, Websites, Blogs - Smoker'''== | ||
===2023: [https://filtermag.org/smoker-person-first-language/ Is It Time to Abandon the Term “Smoker”?]=== | |||
*It’s exactly that stigma that society has attached to the word—leaving little room for nuance or reinvention in the fixed, judgemental glare of a label—that’s prompting growing numbers to move away from its use. | |||
===2023: [https://www.finnpartners.com/news-insights/watch-your-language-words-matter-in-scientific-and-health-communications/ Watch Your Language: Words Matter in Scientific and Health Communications]=== | ===2023: [https://www.finnpartners.com/news-insights/watch-your-language-words-matter-in-scientific-and-health-communications/ Watch Your Language: Words Matter in Scientific and Health Communications]=== | ||
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20230326001139/https://www.apna.org/news/psychiatric-mental-health-nursings-role-in-tobacco-treatment/ Link on WayBack Machine] | *[https://web.archive.org/web/20230326001139/https://www.apna.org/news/psychiatric-mental-health-nursings-role-in-tobacco-treatment/ Link on WayBack Machine] | ||
===2021: [https://cfrankdavis.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/masterhatefinalc45x30-custom.jpg | ===Comments by people who don't smoke=== | ||
*[https://wall-of-hate.quora.com/The-Wall-Of-Hate-The-Wall-Of-Hate-For-best-close-up-reading-visit-the-poster-size-and-freely-downloadable-external-imag Wall of hate info] | *2021: [https://cfrankdavis.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/masterhatefinalc45x30-custom.jpg The Wall of Hate] | ||
**130 comments found online. Some of those comments suggest violence against people who smoke | |||
**[https://wall-of-hate.quora.com/The-Wall-Of-Hate-The-Wall-Of-Hate-For-best-close-up-reading-visit-the-poster-size-and-freely-downloadable-external-imag Wall of hate info] | |||
*2014: [https://newrepublic.com/article/116553/smoking-and-stigma-war-smoking-has-gone-too-far Let's Not Wage War on Smokers] | |||
**In 2006, sociologist Hannah Farrimond and psychologist Helene Joffe asked 40 British adults what they thought about smokers. It wasn’t nice. Non-smokers use terms such as ‘outcast’, ‘persecuted’, ‘lepers’, ‘under-class’ and ‘blacklisted’ to describe smokers’ status in society….Non-smoking participants associate smokers with a strong negative aesthetic. This comprises two aspects, smell (e.g. ‘reek’, ‘pong’, ‘stink’, ‘stale’, ‘old’) and negative appearance (‘stained yellow fingers’, ‘grey, dry, wrinkly skin’, ‘brown teeth’)…several non-smokers see smokers as lacking in cleanliness and engaging in poor self-care. | |||
===2021: [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/lung-cancer-stigma-holds-back-treatment-research MNT investigates: How lung cancer stigma holds back research and treatment]=== | ===2021: [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/lung-cancer-stigma-holds-back-treatment-research MNT investigates: How lung cancer stigma holds back research and treatment]=== | ||
*Drs. Carter-Harris and Williamson both encourage people to use person-first language when talking about smoking. One example of this is describing someone as “a person who formerly smoked” rather than “a former smoker.” | *Drs. Carter-Harris and Williamson both encourage people to use person-first language when talking about smoking. One example of this is describing someone as “a person who formerly smoked” rather than “a former smoker.” | ||
*“By labeling someone as a smoker, you’ve depersonalized them, and you’ve identified them by a behavior that’s stigmatized,” Dr. Carter-Harris said. | *“By labeling someone as a smoker, you’ve depersonalized them, and you’ve identified them by a behavior that’s stigmatized,” Dr. Carter-Harris said. | ||
===2014: [https://newrepublic.com/article/116553/smoking-and-stigma-war-smoking-has-gone-too-far Let's Not Wage War on Smokers]=== | |||
*In 2004, a team of health scientists at Oxford interviewed 45 people with lung cancer and found that felt even more stigma than other cancer patients: Participants experienced stigma commonly felt by patients with other types of cancer, but, whether they smoked or not, they felt particularly stigmatized because the disease is so strongly associated with smoking… Some patients concealed their illness, which sometimes had adverse financial consequences or made it hard for them to gain support from other people. | |||
=='''Tweets about discontinuing the use of "Smoker"'''== | =='''Tweets about discontinuing the use of "Smoker"'''== | ||
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*When reviewing articles that use the word "smoker" or something similar, I suggest to the authors to use person-centered language and then write a nice note to the editor encouraging wiggle room with the word limit | *When reviewing articles that use the word "smoker" or something similar, I suggest to the authors to use person-centered language and then write a nice note to the editor encouraging wiggle room with the word limit | ||
**Reply by [https://twitter.com/bentollphd/status/1580225898917552129 Benjamin Toll]: This is a great thread! I also want to alert everyone to Jamie Ostroff's great article on same topic: https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7733058/ I am thrilled to see @MaloneRuth considering for @TC_BMJ & I hope you are addressing word limits? It is the major hurdle for me with papers and grants | **Reply by [https://twitter.com/bentollphd/status/1580225898917552129 Benjamin Toll]: This is a great thread! I also want to alert everyone to Jamie Ostroff's great article on same topic: https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7733058/ I am thrilled to see @MaloneRuth considering for @TC_BMJ & I hope you are addressing word limits? It is the major hurdle for me with papers and grants | ||
**Reply by [https://twitter.com/larryhawkjr/status/1580157877934645250 Larry Hawk]: Old habits are hard to break, but we are behavior change specialists. I'm committed to change and will roll with the occasional slips/relapses. PWS, not smokers. PWS, not smokers... | |||
===[https://twitter.com/Dana_Bourne/status/1542200997061197828 Dana Elizabeth Bourne, MPH]=== | ===[https://twitter.com/Dana_Bourne/status/1542200997061197828 Dana Elizabeth Bourne, MPH]=== | ||
*Hearing "smoker" a lot....at @healthvermont we prefer "person who uses tobacco" or "tobacco user" to remove the stigma, and use people-first language. | *Hearing "smoker" a lot....at @healthvermont we prefer "person who uses tobacco" or "tobacco user" to remove the stigma, and use people-first language. | ||
=='''Examples: | =='''Examples: People Who Smoke'''== | ||
===2022: [https://ash.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/ASH-Housing-LIN-Smoking-and-Social-Housing-May-2022.pdf Smoking and social housing from LIN and ASH]=== | ===2022: [https://ash.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/ASH-Housing-LIN-Smoking-and-Social-Housing-May-2022.pdf Smoking and social housing from LIN and ASH]=== | ||
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===[https://www.cancer.org/healthy/stay-away-from-tobacco/e-cigarettes-vaping/what-do-we-know-about-e-cigarettes.html American Cancer Society]=== | ===[https://www.cancer.org/healthy/stay-away-from-tobacco/e-cigarettes-vaping/what-do-we-know-about-e-cigarettes.html American Cancer Society]=== | ||
*"Some '''people who smoke''' choose to try e-cigarettes to help them stop smoking. Stopping smoking clearly has well-documented health benefits...People who have already switched completely from smoking to e-cigarettes should not switch back to smoking (either solely or along with e-cigarettes), which could expose them to potentially devastating health effects." | *"Some '''people who smoke''' choose to try e-cigarettes to help them stop smoking. Stopping smoking clearly has well-documented health benefits...People who have already switched completely from smoking to e-cigarettes should not switch back to smoking (either solely or along with e-cigarettes), which could expose them to potentially devastating health effects." | ||
=='''Studies, Papers, Reports - Smoking'''== | =='''Studies, Papers, Reports - Smoking (Stigma)'''== | ||
===2023: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871623012711 How has the brain disease model of addiction contributed to tobacco control?]=== | |||
*"Tobacco denormalisation deliberately encourages beliefs that people who smoke are selfish, unattractive, ‘addicts’, of ‘lower class.'" "Critics argue that this approach to tobacco denormalisation is discriminatory, stigmatises people who smoke, and may prevent smokers from seeking help to quit or be treated for tobacco-related diseases." | |||
*"There is little evidence that the BDMA [brain disease model of addiction] has reduced the stigma suffered by people who smoke cigarettes." "Indeed, in many studies, people who smoke report experiencing significant stigma. Stigma has also arguably increased as cigarette smoking has become concentrated in the least educated and most socially disadvantaged groups in the populations of high-income countries." | |||
*"In principle, public acceptance of a BDMA for smoking could have produced a more sympathetic response to people who smoke cigarettes, but survey evidence suggests that this has not happened. On the contrary, as population smoking prevalence has declined, the stigmatisation of smokers seems to have increased because smoking is concentrated among the most disadvantaged members of the population. Furthermore, the strategy of labelling people who smoke as “addicts” may increase the association between smoking and a spoiled identity. In principle, the BDMA could support policies that promote the use of less harmful forms of nicotine delivery to people who are unwilling or unable to quit smoking. In practice, however, it seems more likely to be used to justify bans on the sale of products that deliver nicotine in less harmful ways than combustible cigarettes, because these products can produce addiction." | |||
===2022: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9086928/ What low-income smokers have learned from public health pedagogy: A narrative inquiry]=== | ===2022: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9086928/ What low-income smokers have learned from public health pedagogy: A narrative inquiry]=== | ||
*Frohlich et al and others have suggested that public health educational messages may have the unintended consequence of marginalizing low-income smokers and unintentionally contributing to health disparities. Our study participants also point to healthcare professionals as an important group who may be contributing to these feelings. With this in mind, efforts to educate healthcare providers on how their actions may be perceived as judgmental or lacking in compassion about the effects of nicotine withdrawal are warranted. | *Frohlich et al and others have suggested that public health educational messages may have the unintended consequence of marginalizing low-income smokers and unintentionally contributing to health disparities. Our study participants also point to healthcare professionals as an important group who may be contributing to these feelings. With this in mind, efforts to educate healthcare providers on how their actions may be perceived as judgmental or lacking in compassion about the effects of nicotine withdrawal are warranted. | ||
===2020: [https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/12/4345/htm Stigma and Smoking in the Home: Parents’ Accounts of Using Nicotine Replacement Therapy to Protect Their Children from Second-Hand Smoke]=== | ===2020: [https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/12/4345/htm Stigma and Smoking in the Home: Parents’ Accounts of Using Nicotine Replacement Therapy to Protect Their Children from Second-Hand Smoke]=== | ||
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===2009: [https://asara.org.ar/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/IX-JORNADAS-INTERNACIONALES-stigma-chapter.pdf The Psychological Effects of Social Stigma: Applications to People with an Acquired Hearing Loss]=== | ===2009: [https://asara.org.ar/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/IX-JORNADAS-INTERNACIONALES-stigma-chapter.pdf The Psychological Effects of Social Stigma: Applications to People with an Acquired Hearing Loss]=== | ||
*To various extents, people who smoke are devalued as individuals and discredited as a member of society; they are stigmatized. | *To various extents, people who smoke are devalued as individuals and discredited as a member of society; they are stigmatized. | ||
===2008: [https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/17/1/25 Markers of the denormalisation of smoking and the tobacco industry]=== | |||
*Results: We caution about some important negative consequences arising from the stigmatisation of smokers. (note: paper gives several examples) | |||
===2008: [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09581590802687358 Tobacco control and the inequitable socio-economic distribution of smoking: smokers’ discourses and implications for tobacco control]=== | ===2008: [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09581590802687358 Tobacco control and the inequitable socio-economic distribution of smoking: smokers’ discourses and implications for tobacco control]=== | ||
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*The results suggest that British smokers are identified via a negative aesthetic marker, consisting of smell and appearance. Like all stigmatized marking, they are not assessed merely at a cognitive level, but emotionally too (Jones et al., 1984). Non-smokers report repulsion, dislike, irritation, sickness and, most often, disgust in the face of them. | *The results suggest that British smokers are identified via a negative aesthetic marker, consisting of smell and appearance. Like all stigmatized marking, they are not assessed merely at a cognitive level, but emotionally too (Jones et al., 1984). Non-smokers report repulsion, dislike, irritation, sickness and, most often, disgust in the face of them. | ||
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1002/casp.896 Full Study on Sci-Hub] | *[https://sci-hub.st/10.1002/casp.896 Full Study on Sci-Hub] | ||
=='''Articles, Websites, Blogs - Smoking'''== | =='''Articles, Websites, Blogs - Smoking/Nicotine (Stigma)'''== | ||
===2023: [https://filtermag.org/stigma-nicotine-research-newhouse/ Watch: Stigma Hampers Recruitment for Nicotine Research]=== | |||
*“The political climate and the concerns of the anti-tobacco and anti-smoking advocacy groups has made it harder to do this kind of research,” he explained. “It has impacted our ability to recruit people to our studies.” | |||
===2022: [https://filtermag.org/smoking-stigma-harm-reduction/ The Stigmatization of Smoking Is Not Harm Reduction]=== | |||
*Instead of stigma, we need an open and unfettered discussion. | |||
===2015: [https://www.fredhutch.org/en/news/center-news/2015/11/smoking-stigma-backfires-hurts-efforts-quit.html Smoking stigma can hurt efforts to quit]=== | ===2015: [https://www.fredhutch.org/en/news/center-news/2015/11/smoking-stigma-backfires-hurts-efforts-quit.html Smoking stigma can hurt efforts to quit]=== | ||
*Public health campaigns that stigmatize smoking can backfire, according to a study published Monday, leading some people to become so angry and defensive that they refuse to quit and others feeling so bad about themselves that they give up trying. | *Public health campaigns that stigmatize smoking can backfire, according to a study published Monday, leading some people to become so angry and defensive that they refuse to quit and others feeling so bad about themselves that they give up trying. | ||
*Smokers reported feeling shame, guilt and embarrassment for their smoking behavior and used words such as “leper,” “outcast,” “bad person,” “low-life” and “pathetic” to describe themselves, the study found. These feelings increased after failed attempts to quit smoking. | *Smokers reported feeling shame, guilt and embarrassment for their smoking behavior and used words such as “leper,” “outcast,” “bad person,” “low-life” and “pathetic” to describe themselves, the study found. These feelings increased after failed attempts to quit smoking. | ||
=='''Studies, Papers, Reports - Employment and/or Insurance'''== | =='''Studies, Papers, Reports - Employment and/or Insurance (People Who Use Nicotine)'''== | ||
===2023: [https://www.virginiamercury.com/2023/03/14/youngkin-says-he-will-sign-legislation-ending-higher-insurance-premiums-for-tobacco-users/ Youngkin says he will sign legislation ending higher insurance premiums for tobacco users ]=== | ===2023: [https://www.virginiamercury.com/2023/03/14/youngkin-says-he-will-sign-legislation-ending-higher-insurance-premiums-for-tobacco-users/ Youngkin says he will sign legislation ending higher insurance premiums for tobacco users ]=== | ||
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===2020: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352827320302354 Occupying multiple stigmatized identities: Smoking and unemployment stigmas among the unemployed]=== | ===2020: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352827320302354 Occupying multiple stigmatized identities: Smoking and unemployment stigmas among the unemployed]=== | ||
*Study findings support the need to examine stigma – in particular, multiply occupied stigmas – as an important social determinant of health. Stigma may relate to job-seekers’ employment opportunities, efforts to quit smoking, and physical and mental health. Greater attention to multiply occupied stigmas and experimental investigations to identify novel strategies to reduce stigma are warranted. | *Study findings support the need to examine stigma – in particular, multiply occupied stigmas – as an important social determinant of health. Stigma may relate to job-seekers’ employment opportunities, efforts to quit smoking, and physical and mental health. Greater attention to multiply occupied stigmas and experimental investigations to identify novel strategies to reduce stigma are warranted. | ||
*In addition to the health and financial harms associated with smoking, the “smoker” label today may also carry stigma | |||
*The association of smoking and unemployment stigmas with depressive symptoms is consistent with prior findings of an association between lung cancer stigma and the severity of depressive symptoms | *The association of smoking and unemployment stigmas with depressive symptoms is consistent with prior findings of an association between lung cancer stigma and the severity of depressive symptoms | ||
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===2008: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4006698/ Smoking and the emergence of a stigmatized social status]=== | ===2008: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4006698/ Smoking and the emergence of a stigmatized social status]=== | ||
*Structural forms of discrimination perpetrated against smokers and former smokers (e.g., company policies against hiring smokers) are also related to smoker-related stigma. | *Structural forms of discrimination perpetrated against smokers and former smokers (e.g., company policies against hiring smokers) are also related to smoker-related stigma. | ||
=='''Articles, Websites, Blogs - Employment and/or Insurance'''== | =='''Articles, Websites, Blogs - Employment and/or Insurance (People Who Use Nicotine)'''== | ||
===2023: [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/insure/life-insurance/you-can-save-80-on-your-term-life-insurance-premium-if-you-quit-smoking-when-and-how-to-buy-it/articleshow/102713832.cms You can save up to 80% on your term life insurance premium if you quit smoking; when and how to buy it]=== | |||
*"How do most life insurance companies define 'smoker'? Usually, life insurance companies use very specific questions to find out whether you are a smoker or not. "The insurance companies consider an individual as a smoker if they take nicotine in any form like bidi, cigarettes, cigars, hookahs, chew tobacco, etc," says Pankaj Goenka, Assistant Vice-President & Head-B2B Business, Insurance Dekho. Even if you use a nicotine patch or gum, the insurer can classify you as a smoker." | |||
===2020: [https://filtermag.org/u-haul-nicotine-policy/ U-Haul’s Hateful Policy of Barring Nicotine Users From Employment]=== | |||
*At the turn of the year, U-Haul announced that starting in February, they will “decline job applicants who are nicotine users” in the 21 states* where it’s legal to do so. And it doesn’t matter if the nicotine comes from a cigarette, a patch, gum or a vape. | |||
===2019: [https://www.foxnews.com/health/ohio-citys-ban-on-hiring-smokers-vapers-could-be-slippery-slope-some-fear Ohio city's ban on hiring smokers, vapers could be 'slippery slope,' some fear]=== | |||
*More bad news for smokers and vapers: The city of Dayton, Ohio, says it will no longer hire anyone who uses nicotine or tobacco. | |||
===2014: [https://web.archive.org/web/20201128142523/https://www.forthealthcare.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/smoking-ban-for-employees.pdf Smoking Ban for New Hires Spread Across the United States]=== | |||
*" These new policies essentially treat cigarettes like illegal narcotics. Applications now explicitly warn of “tobacco-free hiring,” job seekers must submit to urine tests for nicotine, and new employees caught smoking face termination." | |||
*"Federal laws allow nicotine-free hiring because they don't recognize smokers as a protected class. There’s no data on how many U.S. businesses won't hire smokers, but the trend appears strongest with hospitals." | |||
===2013: [https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1303632 Conflicts and Compromises in Not Hiring Smokers]=== | |||
*"These policies engender controversy, and we recognize that they risk creating or perpetuating injustices. One set of concerns arises from the fact that tobacco use is more concentrated in groups with lower socioeconomic status. Hospitals do better than most institutions at creating employment and advancement opportunities for disadvantaged populations. So even though most members of lower socioeconomic groups do not use tobacco, and even though anti-tobacco hiring policies are not intended to reduce jobs for these populations, they are likely to do so inadvertently, at least somewhat." | |||
===2011: [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/11/us/11smoking.html Hospitals Shift Smoking Bans to Smoker Ban]=== | |||
*Smokers now face another risk from their habit: it could cost them a shot at a job. | |||
===2005: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1309686/ WHO will not hire smokers]=== | |||
*"Smokers will no longer be eligible for employment at the World Health Organization, the agency has announced. Effective immediately, all job applicants will be asked if they smoke, and if so, whether they are willing to quit. The application process will be terminated in the case of smokers who refuse to stop." | |||
*"The rule will extend to users of chewing or snuff tobacco." | |||
='''"Relapse"'''= | ='''"Relapse"'''= | ||
| Line 461: | Line 574: | ||
*Much of society associates the term “relapse” with failure because of an antiquated and baseless condemnation of individuals with substance use disorder who do not become “cured” with their first treatment. Very often, there is immediate judgment. | *Much of society associates the term “relapse” with failure because of an antiquated and baseless condemnation of individuals with substance use disorder who do not become “cured” with their first treatment. Very often, there is immediate judgment. | ||
*I propose that if we want to help erase stigma, we choose to use the word recurrence rather than relapse. “Recurrence of substance use disorder” creates a more accurate connotation, one that is more consistent in the medical world. | *I propose that if we want to help erase stigma, we choose to use the word recurrence rather than relapse. “Recurrence of substance use disorder” creates a more accurate connotation, one that is more consistent in the medical world. | ||
*Our language activates implicit cognitive scripts that give meaning to what we try to convey and communicate. | *Our language activates implicit cognitive scripts that give meaning to what we try to convey and communicate. | ||
= | ='''Use of Stigma/Shame to Prevent Initiation or to Encourage Cessation'''= | ||
=== | ===1993: [https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/2/4/271.full.pdf Animals and butts: Minnesota's media campaign against tobacco]=== | ||
* | *Information about the campaign from the late 80's and early 90's. (Using language like "stupid," "silly," and "butts.") | ||
*[https://twitter.com/grayjaynine/status/1744505202416529743 Tweet] with photo of animals smoking poster. | |||
=== | ===1993: [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-11-17-vw-57872-story.html Wrong Message? : Smoking: As part of the Great American Smokeout on Thursday, the American Cancer Society’s posters take a no-holds-barred approach to steering schoolchildren away from cigarettes. But some O.C. educators are concerned that the posters are too blunt.]=== | ||
*"Some educators were wary about “whether the materials were appropriate for use in the schools." | |||
*" | |||
=''' | ='''Lessons Learned: Substances, Alcohol, Incarceration, Illnesses, Disabilities, Mental Health, Weight, etc.'''= | ||
=='''Videos'''== | =='''Videos'''== | ||
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===[https://vimeo.com/314638943 Let's Break the Stigma]=== | ===[https://vimeo.com/314638943 Let's Break the Stigma]=== | ||
*How are you doing? How are you really doing? | *How are you doing? How are you really doing? | ||
=='''Studies, Papers, Reports'''== | =='''Studies, Papers, Reports - Language/Stigma'''== | ||
===2023: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0889855323000869 Language Frames and Shapes the Response to Obesity]=== | ===2023: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0889855323000869 Language Frames and Shapes the Response to Obesity]=== | ||
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===2017: [https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/140/6/e20173034/38277/Stigma-Experienced-by-Children-and-Adolescents Stigma Experienced by Children and Adolescents With Obesity]=== | ===2017: [https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/140/6/e20173034/38277/Stigma-Experienced-by-Children-and-Adolescents Stigma Experienced by Children and Adolescents With Obesity]=== | ||
*Weight stigma is often propagated and tolerated in society because of beliefs that stigma and shame will motivate people to lose weight. However, rather than motivating positive change, this stigma contributes to behaviors such as binge eating, social isolation, avoidance of health care services, decreased physical activity, and increased weight gain, which worsen obesity and create additional barriers to healthy behavior change. Furthermore, experiences of weight stigma also dramatically impair quality of life, especially for youth. | *Weight stigma is often propagated and tolerated in society because of beliefs that stigma and shame will motivate people to lose weight. However, rather than motivating positive change, this stigma contributes to behaviors such as binge eating, social isolation, avoidance of health care services, decreased physical activity, and increased weight gain, which worsen obesity and create additional barriers to healthy behavior change. Furthermore, experiences of weight stigma also dramatically impair quality of life, especially for youth. | ||
===2015: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1059131115002435 How does the label “epileptic” influence attitudes toward epilepsy?]=== | |||
*Our results verify that just by placing the word “person” as the first one in the label we use, we can, at least partially, avoid the stigma induced when “epileptic” – as being the main determinant of that certain person – is used. | |||
===2014: [https://iep.utm.edu/pejorati/ Pejorative Language]=== | ===2014: [https://iep.utm.edu/pejorati/ Pejorative Language]=== | ||
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===2013: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24621488/ Stigmatizing harm reduction through language: a case study into the use of "addict" and opposition to supervised injection sites in Canada]=== | ===2013: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24621488/ Stigmatizing harm reduction through language: a case study into the use of "addict" and opposition to supervised injection sites in Canada]=== | ||
*"The use of labels is one way stigma is perpetuated by eliciting the label's stereotyped narratives onto an individual or group. Within harm reduction discourse, the word "addict" can have detrimental effects on how the public perceives people experiencing addiction and their deservingness of pragmatic services. This article aims to draw attention to the inattention we give "addict" in language and explain how its routine use in society acts to perpetuate addiction stigma. Using the example of supervised injection site opposition in Canada, the use of "addict" is used as a way to understand how stigma through language works to impede the expansion of harm reduction initiatives." | *"The use of labels is one way stigma is perpetuated by eliciting the label's stereotyped narratives onto an individual or group. Within harm reduction discourse, the word "addict" can have detrimental effects on how the public perceives people experiencing addiction and their deservingness of pragmatic services. This article aims to draw attention to the inattention we give "addict" in language and explain how its routine use in society acts to perpetuate addiction stigma. Using the example of supervised injection site opposition in Canada, the use of "addict" is used as a way to understand how stigma through language works to impede the expansion of harm reduction initiatives." | ||
=='''Articles, Websites, Blogs'''== | =='''Articles, Websites, Blogs - Language/Stigma'''== | ||
===2023: [https://www.apaservices.org/advocacy/news/addiction-related-federal-agencies Names of addiction-related federal agencies are changing]=== | ===2023: [https://www.apaservices.org/advocacy/news/addiction-related-federal-agencies Names of addiction-related federal agencies are changing]=== | ||
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===2023: [https://filtermag.org/samhsa-abuse-budget/?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=filter SAMHSA Eyes Budget Boost—and Cutting “Abuse” From Its Name]=== | ===2023: [https://filtermag.org/samhsa-abuse-budget/?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=filter SAMHSA Eyes Budget Boost—and Cutting “Abuse” From Its Name]=== | ||
*“Abuse” is an ugly word. “Child abuse,” “sexual abuse,” “physical abuse,” “emotional abuse,” “domestic abuse.” And then, of course, there’s “substance abuse.”But one of those things is not like the others: In all of the other types of abuse, there is a perpetrator who is harming a victim. | *“Abuse” is an ugly word. “Child abuse,” “sexual abuse,” “physical abuse,” “emotional abuse,” “domestic abuse.” And then, of course, there’s “substance abuse.”But one of those things is not like the others: In all of the other types of abuse, there is a perpetrator who is harming a victim. | ||
===2022: [https://filtermag.org/drug-use-stigma/ Stigmatizing Drug Use Is Killing Us, But Why Is It So Hard to Stop?]=== | |||
*"Harm reduction at its core is a strategy against stigma. Giving people the space and freedom to manage their own health without judgment or coercion is a core component. Harm reduction is not just a strategy to minimize the risks of drug use, but a philosophy for self-care and community care that promotes compassion, openness and practical knowledge that can improve and save lives." | |||
===2021: [https://peoplefirstcharter.org/ People First Charter]=== | ===2021: [https://peoplefirstcharter.org/ People First Charter]=== | ||
*The People First Charter launched in July 2021, during the Berlin International AIDS Society Conference, to promote person first HIV & Sexual Health language. | *The People First Charter launched in July 2021, during the Berlin International AIDS Society Conference, to promote person first HIV & Sexual Health language. | ||
*Language matters. People living with or at risk of HIV experience stigma & discrimination and the wrong language perpetuates this. | *Language matters. People living with or at risk of HIV experience stigma & discrimination and the wrong language perpetuates this. | ||
===2017: [https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article/40/4/zsx039/3062257 People-Centered Language Recommendations for Sleep Research Communication]=== | |||
*While centering research design around what matters most to people with sleep disorders is critical, research communication must be similarly people-centered. One approach is using “people-centered language” in both professional and public communications. People-centered language is rooted in sociolinguistic research demonstrating that language both reflects and shapes attitudes. People-centered language puts people first, is precise and neutral, and respects autonomy. | |||
*Sleep researchers may worry that adopting people-centered language will be onerous or hinder the use of elegant shorthand. However, convenience should not take priority over reducing stigma and better engaging the people this research is intended to serve. | |||
===[https://www.shatterproof.org/sites/default/files/2021-02/Stigma-AddictionLanguageGuide-v3.pdf Shatter Proof - Addiction Language Guide]=== | |||
*"These labels erased my humanity. Total strangers felt allowed to criticize or judge me, saying that I was ‘such a waste of life,’ ‘useless,’ or ‘just a drunk or addict.’ These words also carried the connotation that I was lazy, selfish, or a criminal. After a while, I began to believe these words, concluding that I no longer served a purpose, had opportunities, or deserved hope." | |||
===[https://cmjcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/CNUS-AppropriateLanguage.pdf The Center for NuLeadership on Urban Solutions]=== | |||
*When we are not called mad dogs, animals, predators, offenders and other derogatory terms, we are referred to as inmates, convicts, prisoners and felons — all terms devoid of humanness which identify us as “things” rather than as people. | |||
*In an effort to assist our transition from prison to our communities as responsible citizens and to create a more positive human image of ourselves, we are asking everyone to stop using these negative terms and to simply refer to us as '''PEOPLE'''. '''People''' currently or formerly incarcerated, '''PEOPLE''' on parole, '''PEOPLE''' recently released from prison, '''PEOPLE''' in prison, '''PEOPLE''' with criminal convictions, but '''PEOPLE'''. | |||
===[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1UNRXrgEUrxu60onoVL1l8d6HGo20AQXA Language Resources - Justice System]=== | |||
*Links to several documents | |||
===[https://www.obesityaction.org/action-through-advocacy/weight-bias/people-first-language/ Weight Bias People-First Language]=== | ===[https://www.obesityaction.org/action-through-advocacy/weight-bias/people-first-language/ Weight Bias People-First Language]=== | ||
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===[https://www.aha.org/people-matter-words-matter The American Hospital Association (AHA)]=== | ===[https://www.aha.org/people-matter-words-matter The American Hospital Association (AHA)]=== | ||
*Using people-first language - Language matters in compassionate care, especially in behavioral health care, and that doesn’t mean just what you say in front of a patient. What you say behind closed doors with coworkers can be the seed for stigma and perpetuate discrimination against a person based on a physical or mental disorder. Using people-first language means speaking in a way that primarily acknowledges the person, rather than the illness or disability. Thanks to Linden Oaks Behavioral Health for being a source of this poster. | *Using people-first language - Language matters in compassionate care, especially in behavioral health care, and that doesn’t mean just what you say in front of a patient. What you say behind closed doors with coworkers can be the seed for stigma and perpetuate discrimination against a person based on a physical or mental disorder. Using people-first language means speaking in a way that primarily acknowledges the person, rather than the illness or disability. Thanks to Linden Oaks Behavioral Health for being a source of this poster. | ||
=='''Social Media'''== | =='''Social Media'''== | ||
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===2022: [https://twitter.com/drannamvaldez/status/1591201711204765698 Dr. Anna Maria Valdez]=== | ===2022: [https://twitter.com/drannamvaldez/status/1591201711204765698 Dr. Anna Maria Valdez]=== | ||
*Twitter thread about hurtful ways to deal with someone trying to educate others about stigmatizing language and best practices for when being made aware of such language. | *Twitter thread about hurtful ways to deal with someone trying to educate others about stigmatizing language and best practices for when being made aware of such language. | ||
=='''Opposing Views - Smoker or Person-First'''== | =='''Opposing Views - Smoker or Person-First'''== | ||
===2023: [https://academic.oup.com/ntr/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/ntr/ntad047/7086062?redirectedFrom=fulltext Embrace the Smoker: Person-First Language Is not a Solution to Stigma]=== | ===2023: [https://academic.oup.com/ntr/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/ntr/ntad047/7086062?redirectedFrom=fulltext Embrace the Smoker: Person-First Language Is not a Solution to Stigma]=== | ||
*[https://twitter.com/MichaelChaiton/status/1640749889486311424 Twitter thread] | |||
*Response: [https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article-abstract/25/8/1511/7152888?redirectedFrom=fulltext Overlooked Inequities in Language May Undermine Progress in Tobacco Control: Further Thoughts on the Need for Reflection] | *Response: [https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article-abstract/25/8/1511/7152888?redirectedFrom=fulltext Overlooked Inequities in Language May Undermine Progress in Tobacco Control: Further Thoughts on the Need for Reflection] | ||
*Original: [https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article/24/12/1847/6710205 Time to Stop Using the Word “Smoker”: Reflecting on the Role of Language in Advancing the Field of Nicotine and Tobacco Research] | *Original: [https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article/24/12/1847/6710205 Time to Stop Using the Word “Smoker”: Reflecting on the Role of Language in Advancing the Field of Nicotine and Tobacco Research] | ||
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===2017: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5545113/ Editorial Perspective: The use of person-first language in scholarly writing may accentuate stigma]=== | ===2017: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5545113/ Editorial Perspective: The use of person-first language in scholarly writing may accentuate stigma]=== | ||
=='''Roadblocks and Barriers to Using Person-First Language'''== | =='''Roadblocks and Barriers to Using Person-First Language'''== | ||
===2019: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6371927/ Person-first language: are we practicing what we preach?]=== | ===2019: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6371927/ Person-first language: are we practicing what we preach?]=== | ||
=Suggestions to add to this page= | =Suggestions to add to this page= | ||
===[https://journals.lww.com/hep/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=9900&issue=00000&article=00581&type=Fulltext Ending stigmatizing language in alcohol and liver disease: A liver societies’ statement†]=== | |||
===[https://pubs.asahq.org/monitor/article/87/7/e1/138350/Person-First-Language-in-Anesthesiology-Care Person-First Language in Anesthesiology Care]=== | |||
===[https://www.nih.gov/nih-style-guide/person-first-destigmatizing-language Person-first and Destigmatizing Language]=== | |||
===[https://nida.nih.gov/nidamed-medical-health-professionals/health-professions-education/words-matter-terms-to-use-avoid-when-talking-about-addiction Words Matter - Terms to Use and Avoid When Talking About Addiction]=== | |||
===[https://www.ama-assn.org/system/files/ama-aamc-equity-guide.pdf American Medical Association and the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) Center for Health Justice]=== | |||
*“Advancing Health Equity: A Guide to Language, Narrative and Concepts (including person-first language) | |||
===[https://journals.lww.com/janac/abstract/2022/10000/the_intersectionality_of_hiv_related_stigma_and.4.aspx JANAC]=== | |||
*[https://edmgr.ovid.com/janac/accounts/ifauth.htm#Bias_Free_Language Bias-free language] | |||
===[https://www.nih.gov/nih-style-guide/person-first-destigmatizing-language NIH Style Guide]=== | ===[https://www.nih.gov/nih-style-guide/person-first-destigmatizing-language NIH Style Guide]=== | ||
=== 2024: [https://www.biomedcentral.com/epdf/10.1186/s12954-024-00951-w?sharing_token=iksdbJmNbsU0FCuLKTmOqW_BpE1tBhCbnbw3BuzI2RPfoghhpaw1aXYiTmPkOUEsYD7zfW3Oxi8XXRKS3L0aH_O8eh3cyggC1VGtf5w_6JyeTOXweo5IMQG1Q6z_QN5P8n2nBrlzQiNW05fih5qb9c8XPyeef-ba33MTIQ9eqe4%3D Challenges in legitimizing further measures against smoking in jurisdictions with robust infrastructure for tobacco control: how far can the authorities allow themselves to go?] === | |||
* Central to our discussion is the research literature concerned with the concept of state-paternalism in tobacco control—the line between an ethically justified interference with the freedom of those who smoke and an exaggerated infringement disproportionate to the same people’s right to live as they choose. | |||
* In countries with an already advanced infrastructure for tobacco control, this dilemma might become quite intrusive for regulators. We ask that if people, who smoke are aware of and have accepted the risks, are willing to pay the price, smoke exclusively in designated areas, and make decisions uninfluenced by persuasive messages from manufacturers—is a further tightening of anti-smoking measures still legitimate? | |||
** Conclusion: We recommend that a further intensification of smoking control in countries that already have a welldeveloped policy in this area requires that regulators start to exploit the opportunity that lies in the ongoing diversification of the recreational nicotine market. | |||
* Karl Erik Lund and Gunnar Saebo; Harm Reduction Journal (2024) 21:33https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-024-00951-w | |||
* Funding: Norwegian Institute of Public Health (Governmental) | |||
===2021: [https://derma.jmir.org/2021/1/e28415 The Use of Person-Centered Language in Medical Research Journals Focusing on Psoriasis: Cross-sectional Analysis]=== | |||
===[https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/science-health-public-trust/perspectives/writing-respectfully-person-first-identity-first-language Writing Respectfully: Person-First and Identity-First Language]=== | ===[https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/science-health-public-trust/perspectives/writing-respectfully-person-first-identity-first-language Writing Respectfully: Person-First and Identity-First Language]=== | ||
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