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*However, the descriptors we commonly use to classify people who smoke may inadvertently perpetuate harmful, stigmatizing beliefs and negative stereotypes. In recognizing the power of words to either perpetuate or reduce stigma, Dr. Nora Volkow—Director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse—recently highlighted the role of stigma in addiction, and the movement encouraging the use of person-first language and eliminating the use of slang and idioms when describing addiction and the people whom it affects. | *However, the descriptors we commonly use to classify people who smoke may inadvertently perpetuate harmful, stigmatizing beliefs and negative stereotypes. In recognizing the power of words to either perpetuate or reduce stigma, Dr. Nora Volkow—Director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse—recently highlighted the role of stigma in addiction, and the movement encouraging the use of person-first language and eliminating the use of slang and idioms when describing addiction and the people whom it affects. | ||
*In this commentary, we make an appeal for researchers and clinicians to use person-first language '''(eg, “people who smoke”)''' rather than commonly used labels '''(eg, “smokers”)''' in written (eg, in scholarly reports) and verbal communication (eg, clinical case presentations) to promote greater respect and convey dignity for people who smoke. We assert that the use of precise and bias-free language to describe people who smoke has the potential to reduce smoking-related stigma and may enhance the precision of scientific communication. [emphasis added] | *In this commentary, we make an appeal for researchers and clinicians to use person-first language '''(eg, “people who smoke”)''' rather than commonly used labels '''(eg, “smokers”)''' in written (eg, in scholarly reports) and verbal communication (eg, clinical case presentations) to promote greater respect and convey dignity for people who smoke. We assert that the use of precise and bias-free language to describe people who smoke has the potential to reduce smoking-related stigma and may enhance the precision of scientific communication. [emphasis added] | ||
===2018: [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2017-40480-001 A qualitative review of tobacco research related to public and structural stigma.]=== | |||
*Our review found that some smokers experience self-stigma such as self-loathing and shame as a result of public stigma. The few studies on structural interventions suggest that they affect some smokers in counterproductive ways, such as eliciting defiance and/or prompting public and self-stigma. | |||
*Importantly, no studies examine stigma-related impact of newer structural interventions, such as higher insurance premiums or worksite policies to employ only nonsmokers. | |||
*'''To advance the field, it will be critical to pinpoint whether, when, and how denormalization becomes stigmatization.''' [emphasis added] | |||
*Removing the stigmatizing aspects of existing approaches, and creating new interventions that avoid stigmatizing smokers, may help further enhance the reach and effectiveness of tobacco control. | |||
===2016: [https://ir.stthomas.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1647&context=ssw_mstrp Smoking Cessation and the Role of Stigma: A Systematic Review]=== | |||
*What emerged from this review is current anti-smoking campaigns are not effective for smokers who are living in poverty. These findings suggest that anti-smoking campaigns need to limit stigma and build programs that are effective for all socio-economic classes. | |||
*Anti-smoking campaigns have been used for the last three decades, and while there has been a decrease in smokers across the US, the number of smokers living in poverty has remained relatively unchanged. The research points to the use of stigma as a possible reason for smokers who are living in poverty to not stop smoking. The use of stigma to help a population, who may be stigmatized for multiple reasons, has shown through the research, to be a poor tool in moving them towards a smoke free life. The use of stigma in public health campaigns may lead to making things worse for smokers who live in poverty through discrimination in hiring policies and other unintended consequences. | |||
===2008: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4006698/ Smoking and the emergence of a stigmatized social status]=== | ===2008: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4006698/ Smoking and the emergence of a stigmatized social status]=== | ||
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