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='''Arthritis'''= <!--T:63-->
='''Arthritis/Skeletal'''=
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=== 2023: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36708864/ ===
* We found that, following acute or chronic exposure, particulate matter extract from the aerosol of an HTP, the Tobacco Heating System (THS), was less harmful to the bone coculture system than reference cigarette (1R6F) smoke extract. In the fracture healing model, cultures exposed to the THS extract maintained similar osteoclast activity and calcium deposits as control cultures. Conversely, smoke extract exposure promoted osteoclast activity, resulting in an osteoporotic environment, whose formation could be prevented by bisphosphonate coadministration. Thus, THS is potentially less harmful than cigarette smoke to bone cell differentiation and bone mineralization - both being crucial aspects during the reparative phase of fracture healing.
* Comment From Clive Bates: "A characteristically cautious statement. But still annoying as it gives no sense of the magnitude of "less harmful".  I realise this is not a straightforward idea (see paper), but the harm reduction proposition is necessarily quantitative, even if expressed in pseudo-quantitative terms. If they want the harm reduction proposition to succeed these industries need to develop evidence-based metrics for communicating risk reduction.  Eg. it required xx times the exposure to vape liquids to have the same effect as tobacco smoke."
* Cell/organoid study
* Note: tobacco industry funded (PMI)
* Weng W, Bovard D, Zanetti F, Ehnert S, Braun B, Uynuk-Ool T, Histing T, Hoeng J, Nussler AK, Aspera-Werz RH. Food Chem Toxicol. 2023 Jan 25:113637. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113637. Online ahead of print. PMID: 36708864


='''Auditory'''= <!--T:64-->
<!--T:63-->= '''Auditory''' =<!--T:64-->


===2021 [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-92588-z Task-dependent effects of nicotine treatment on auditory performance in young-adult and elderly human nonsmokers]=== <!--T:65-->
===2021 [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-92588-z Task-dependent effects of nicotine treatment on auditory performance in young-adult and elderly human nonsmokers]=== <!--T:65-->
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='''Cognitive / IQ'''= <!--T:88-->
='''Cognitive / IQ'''= <!--T:88-->
=== 2023: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36736944/ Nicotine's effect on cognition, a friend or foe?] ===
* In this review, we first introduce the beneficial effect of nicotine on cognition including attention, short-term memory and long-term memory. We next summarize the beneficial effect of nicotine on cognition under pathological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Schizophrenia, Stress-induced Anxiety, Depression, and drug-induced memory impairment.
* We can only access the abstract, but would be interested to read the whole thing if anyone can help?
* Human study
* Qian Wang, Weihong Du, Hao Wang, Panpan Geng, Yanyun Sun, Junfang Zhang, Wei Wang, Xinchun Jin, PMID: 36736944 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110723


===2020 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306452220304723?via%3Dihub Effects of Nicotine on Task Switching and Distraction in Non-smokers. An fMRI Study]=== <!--T:89-->
===2020 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306452220304723?via%3Dihub Effects of Nicotine on Task Switching and Distraction in Non-smokers. An fMRI Study]=== <!--T:89-->
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='''Parkinson Disease'''= <!--T:212-->
='''Parkinson Disease'''= <!--T:212-->
=== 2023: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36817162/ Nicotine alleviates MPTP-induced nigrostriatal damage through modulation of JNK and ERK signaling pathways in the mice model of Parkinson's disease.] ===
* Nicotine (Nic) has previously been proven to reduce neurodegeneration in the models of Parkinson's disease (PD). The present study is intended to investigate the detailed mechanisms related to the potential neuroprotective effects of Nic in vivo.
* Mouse study
* Ruan S, Xie J, Wang L, Guo L, Li Y, Fan W, Ji R, Gong Z, Xu Y, Mao J, Xie J. Front Pharmacol. 2023 Feb 2;14:1088957. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1088957. eCollection 2023. PMID: 36817162 Free PMC article.


===2020 [https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa186/5876214?redirectedFrom=fulltext Dietary nicotine intake and risk of Parkinson disease: a prospective study]=== <!--T:213-->
===2020 [https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa186/5876214?redirectedFrom=fulltext Dietary nicotine intake and risk of Parkinson disease: a prospective study]=== <!--T:213-->
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='''Suggested additions to this page'''=
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=== 2023: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36817162/ Nicotine alleviates MPTP-induced nigrostriatal damage through modulation of JNK and ERK signaling pathways in the mice model of Parkinson's disease.] ===
*
* Nicotine (Nic) has previously been proven to reduce neurodegeneration in the models of Parkinson's disease (PD). The present study is intended to investigate the detailed mechanisms related to the potential neuroprotective effects of Nic in vivo.
* Mouse study
* Ruan S, Xie J, Wang L, Guo L, Li Y, Fan W, Ji R, Gong Z, Xu Y, Mao J, Xie J. Front Pharmacol. 2023 Feb 2;14:1088957. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1088957. eCollection 2023. PMID: 36817162 Free PMC article.
 
=== 2023: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36736944/ Nicotine's effect on cognition, a friend or foe?] ===
 
* In this review, we first introduce the beneficial effect of nicotine on cognition including attention, short-term memory and long-term memory. We next summarize the beneficial effect of nicotine on cognition under pathological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Schizophrenia, Stress-induced Anxiety, Depression, and drug-induced memory impairment.
* We can only access the abstract, but would be interested to read the whole thing if anyone can help?
* Human study
* Qian Wang, Weihong Du, Hao Wang, Panpan Geng, Yanyun Sun, Junfang Zhang, Wei Wang, Xinchun Jin, PMID: 36736944 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110723
 
=== 2023: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36721811/ Effect of Nicotine on Immune System Function.] ===
 
* Despite the completely destructive and harmful effects of cigarette smoke, nicotine via stimulation of the α7 receptor can promote the anti-inflammatory benefits on the immune system. However, these effects depend on the concentration, and administration methods are different and sometimes contradictory. It can be used successfully to treat or inhibit autoimmune diseases. Although the exact mechanism of this treatment is unknown, it appears to involve inhibiting downstream intracellular pathways that lead to the secretion of pre-inflammatory cytokines.
* Human study
* Review of existing evidence
* Mahmoudzadeh L, Abtahi Froushani SM, Ajami M, Mahmoudzadeh M. Adv Pharm Bull. 2023 Jan;13(1):69-78. doi: 10.34172/apb.2023.008. Epub 2022 Jan 4. PMID: 36721811 Free PMC article
 
=== 2023: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36708864/ ===
 
* We found that, following acute or chronic exposure, particulate matter extract from the aerosol of an HTP, the Tobacco Heating System (THS), was less harmful to the bone coculture system than reference cigarette (1R6F) smoke extract. In the fracture healing model, cultures exposed to the THS extract maintained similar osteoclast activity and calcium deposits as control cultures. Conversely, smoke extract exposure promoted osteoclast activity, resulting in an osteoporotic environment, whose formation could be prevented by bisphosphonate coadministration. Thus, THS is potentially less harmful than cigarette smoke to bone cell differentiation and bone mineralization - both being crucial aspects during the reparative phase of fracture healing.
* Comment From Clive Bates: "A characteristically cautious statement. But still annoying as it gives no sense of the magnitude of "less harmful".  I realise this is not a straightforward idea (see paper), but the harm reduction proposition is necessarily quantitative, even if expressed in pseudo-quantitative terms. If they want the harm reduction proposition to succeed these industries need to develop evidence-based metrics for communicating risk reduction.  Eg. it required xx times the exposure to vape liquids to have the same effect as tobacco smoke."
* Cell/organoid study
* Note tobacco industry funded (PMI)
* Weng W, Bovard D, Zanetti F, Ehnert S, Braun B, Uynuk-Ool T, Histing T, Hoeng J, Nussler AK, Aspera-Werz RH. Food Chem Toxicol. 2023 Jan 25:113637. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113637. Online ahead of print. PMID: 36708864
 
=== 2023: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36706800/ Nicotine suppresses central post-stroke pain via facilitation of descending noradrenergic neuron through activation of orexinergic neuron.] ===
 
* Nicotine-induced antinociception was inhibited by intrathecal pre-treatment with yohimbine, an α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist. These results indicated that nicotine may suppress BCAO-induced mechanical hypersensitivity through the activation of the descending pain control system via orexin neurons.
* It is possible that findings like this point to new meds applications.  But more subtly, they may suggest that sub-conscious self-medication is a factor in continued nicotine use among stroke victims.
* Human study
* Seem like a possible therapeutic use for nicotine. Any comments?


===2023 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027869152300039X?via%3Dihub Tobacco heating system has less impact on bone metabolism than cigarette smoke]===
===2023 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027869152300039X?via%3Dihub Tobacco heating system has less impact on bone metabolism than cigarette smoke]===
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