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== Studies == | == Studies == | ||
===2021: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33982143/ Reactions to reduced nicotine content cigarettes in a sample of young adult, low-frequency smokers]=== | |||
*Reducing nicotine content will likely lower the abuse liability of cigarettes for most young, low-frequency smokers. Additional work is needed to determine if compensatory smoking may lead to increased toxicant exposure, and if a subset of individuals choosing lower nicotine cigarettes may continue to smoke regardless of nicotine content. | |||
===2021: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33754156/ Responses to Gradual and Immediate Reduction of Nicotine in Cigarettes in Young Versus Older Adult Smokers]=== | |||
*These results indicate that an immediate reduction in nicotine would result in beneficial effects in both young and older adults. Young adults show less positive subjective effects of smoking following switching to VLNC cigarettes relative to older adults. | |||
===2021: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33517233/ Acute subjective sensory perceptions predict relative reinforcing effects of smoked nicotine]=== | |||
*Consistent with assumed-but rarely tested-causes of smoking reinforcement, sensory perceptions from a cigarette predict its relative reinforcing efficacy. | |||
===2021: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33383351/ "I actually finally feel like the cigarettes aren't controlling me." - Interviews with participants smoking very low nicotine content cigarettes during a residential study]=== | |||
*Several participants expected, prior to trying VLNC cigarettes, to compensate for the reduced nicotine levels by smoking more cigarettes but were surprised when they did not increase their smoking. A subset of participants reported experiencing minor withdrawal symptoms, such as irritability and fatigue. Several participants reported feeling less dependent after exclusively smoking VLNC cigarettes. Most participants said they would smoke VLNC cigarettes if they were the only cigarettes available to purchase. Some also said that smoking VLNC cigarettes could help people taper down or quit smoking. | |||
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===2017: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28340034/ Estimating Demand and Cross-Price Elasticity for Very Low Nicotine Content (VLNC) Cigarettes Using a Simulated Demand Task]=== | ===2017: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28340034/ Estimating Demand and Cross-Price Elasticity for Very Low Nicotine Content (VLNC) Cigarettes Using a Simulated Demand Task]=== | ||
*LNC cigarettes share the behavioral and sensory components of smoking while delivering negligible levels of nicotine. Although smokers rated VLNCs as less satisfying than regular cigarettes, smokers said they would increase their consumption of VLNCs as the price of regular cigarettes increased, if VLNCs were available at a lower price. This suggests that VLNCs are partially substitutable for regular cigarettes. VLNCs can be part of an effective tobacco control strategy, by reducing nicotine dependence and improving health and financial outcomes for smokers. | *LNC cigarettes share the behavioral and sensory components of smoking while delivering negligible levels of nicotine. Although smokers rated VLNCs as less satisfying than regular cigarettes, smokers said they would increase their consumption of VLNCs as the price of regular cigarettes increased, if VLNCs were available at a lower price. This suggests that VLNCs are partially substitutable for regular cigarettes. VLNCs can be part of an effective tobacco control strategy, by reducing nicotine dependence and improving health and financial outcomes for smokers. | ||
===2017: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28214392/ Reduced nicotine content cigarette advertising: How false beliefs and subjective ratings affect smoking behavior]=== | |||
*Smokers may misconstrue RNC cigarettes as less harmful than regular cigarettes. These beliefs, in conjunction with favorable subjective ratings, may increase product use. | |||
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===2010: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20078491/ Reduced nicotine content cigarettes: effects on toxicant exposure, dependence and cessation]=== | ===2010: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20078491/ Reduced nicotine content cigarettes: effects on toxicant exposure, dependence and cessation]=== | ||
*"Unlike the 0.3 mg cigarettes, 0.05 mg cigarettes were not associated with compensatory smoking behaviors. Furthermore, the 0.05 mg cigarettes and nicotine lozenge were associated with reduced carcinogen exposure, nicotine dependence and product withdrawal scores. The 0.05 mg cigarette was associated with greater relief of withdrawal from usual brand cigarettes than the nicotine lozenge. The 0.05 mg cigarette led to a significantly higher rate of cessation than the 0.3 mg cigarette and a similar rate as nicotine lozenge." | *"Unlike the 0.3 mg cigarettes, 0.05 mg cigarettes were not associated with compensatory smoking behaviors. Furthermore, the 0.05 mg cigarettes and nicotine lozenge were associated with reduced carcinogen exposure, nicotine dependence and product withdrawal scores. The 0.05 mg cigarette was associated with greater relief of withdrawal from usual brand cigarettes than the nicotine lozenge. The 0.05 mg cigarette led to a significantly higher rate of cessation than the 0.3 mg cigarette and a similar rate as nicotine lozenge." | ||
===2009: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2573966/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28214392/]=== | |||
*In summary, a toxicological analysis does not indicate that low-nicotine and nicotine-free Quest® cigarettes have less adverse toxicological effects in the laboratory than conventional cigarettes. This should draw the attention of the consumers and policy makers. A more comprehensive evaluation in smokers is expected for these new products. | |||
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===2021: [https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/12/17/new-zealands-plan-to-outlaw-smoking-for-the-next-generation-is-misguided New Zealand’s plan to outlaw smoking for the next generation is misguided]=== | ===2021: [https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/12/17/new-zealands-plan-to-outlaw-smoking-for-the-next-generation-is-misguided New Zealand’s plan to outlaw smoking for the next generation is misguided]=== | ||
===2017: [https://thehill.com/opinion/healthcare/353843-feds-should-think-twice-before-trying-to-reduce-nicotine-in-cigarettes Feds should think twice before trying to reduce nicotine in cigarettes]=== | ===2017: [https://thehill.com/opinion/healthcare/353843-feds-should-think-twice-before-trying-to-reduce-nicotine-in-cigarettes Feds should think twice before trying to reduce nicotine in cigarettes]=== | ||
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