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''' <big><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);" data-mce-style="background-color: #ffff00;">[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35302289/ Abuse Liability]</span>: The potential to develop a dependence or addiction to a substance.</big>'''
''' <big><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);" data-mce-style="background-color: #ffff00;">[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35302289/ Abuse Liability]</span>: The potential to develop a dependence or addiction to a substance.</big>'''
'''<big><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);" data-mce-style="background-color: #ffff00;">Recommended Podcast</span>: [https://www.thestudiesshowpod.com/p/episode-40-addiction The Studies Show Episode 40: Addiction]</big>'''
'''<big><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);" data-mce-style="background-color: #ffff00;">Recommended Video</span>: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xwi-nRS4kjU Tobacco Addiction & Nicotine Dependency]
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='''Background Information'''=
===2011 [https://research.med.psu.edu/smoking/dependence-index/ Penn State Nicotine Dependence Index]===
*The Penn State Nicotine Dependence Index was developed by Dr. Jonathan Foulds in 2011. This 10-item scale (with scores ranging from 0 to 20) was developed to measure nicotine dependence across all nicotine product types, and an adapted version was the first dependence measure designed to evaluate electronic cigarette dependence.
===2009 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2798587/ Abuse liability assessment of tobacco products including potential reduced exposure products]===
*In the 2009 law giving FDA regulation over tobacco products, FDA is now required to evaluate new tobacco products including MRTP/PREPs to determine their risk for abuse and toxicity at the population level. This article describes the traditional tools and methods of ALA that can be used to evaluate new tobacco and nicotine products including MRTP/PREPs. Such ALA data could contribute to the scientific foundation on which future public policy decisions are based.
===2003 [https://www.nature.com/articles/1300030 A Self-Administered Questionnaire to Measure Dependence on Cigarettes: The Cigarette Dependence Scale]===
*The aim of this study was to develop a new, self-administered measure of cigarette dependence.
===1991 [https://cde.nida.nih.gov/instrument/d7c0b0f5-b865-e4de-e040-bb89ad43202b Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence]===
*The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence is a standard instrument for assessing the intensity of physical addiction to nicotine. The test was designed to provide an ordinal measure of nicotine dependence related to cigarette smoking. It contains six items that evaluate the quantity of cigarette consumption, the compulsion to use, and dependence.


='''Smoking - Combustible Tobacco'''=
='''Smoking - Combustible Tobacco'''=
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***Acknowledgment: Supported by grants from the Flight Attendants Medical Research Institute and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (U.S. Public Health Service grants DA02277 and DA20830).
***Acknowledgment: Supported by grants from the Flight Attendants Medical Research Institute and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (U.S. Public Health Service grants DA02277 and DA20830).


='''ENDS/E-Cigarettes/NVP/Vaping'''=
='''ENDS/E-Cigarettes/NVP/Vaping vs Smoking Tobacco'''=
*ENDS = Electronic Nicotine Delivery System
*ENDS = Electronic Nicotine Delivery System
*NVP = Nicotine Vapor Product
*NVP = Nicotine Vapor Product
===2024 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38800771/ Nicotine Dependency Levels Among Adult Electronic Cigarette Smokers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study]===
*Conclusion: "Most exclusive EC users in the study developed a moderate nicotine dependence level. The EC device type and nicotine concentration were significant drivers of nicotine dependence."
**Citation: Yahya L, Mandoura N, Harere R. Nicotine Dependency Levels Among Adult Electronic Cigarette Smokers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus. 2024 May 25;16(5):e61038. doi: 10.7759/cureus.61038. PMID: 38800771; PMCID: PMC11127123.
***Acknowledgment: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. (No funding mentioned.)


===2023 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36994368/ Changes in dependence over one year among US adults who smoke cigarettes and switched completely or partially to use of the JUUL-brand electronic nicotine delivery system]===
===2023 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36994368/ Changes in dependence over one year among US adults who smoke cigarettes and switched completely or partially to use of the JUUL-brand electronic nicotine delivery system]===
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**Citation: Jones DM, Guy MC, Fairman BJ, Soule E, Eissenberg T, Fagan P. Nicotine Dependence among Current Cigarette Smokers Who Use E-Cigarettes and Cannabis. Subst Use Misuse. 2023;58(5):618-628. doi: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2177961. Epub 2023 Feb 27. PMID: 36852436; PMCID: PMC10249428.
**Citation: Jones DM, Guy MC, Fairman BJ, Soule E, Eissenberg T, Fagan P. Nicotine Dependence among Current Cigarette Smokers Who Use E-Cigarettes and Cannabis. Subst Use Misuse. 2023;58(5):618-628. doi: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2177961. Epub 2023 Feb 27. PMID: 36852436; PMCID: PMC10249428.
***Acknowledgment: Funding; K01 DA055088/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States and U54 DA036105/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States. COI; Thomas Eissenberg is a paid consultant in litigation against the tobacco industry and also the electronic cigarette industry and is named on one patent for a device that measures the puffing behavior of electronic cigarette users, on another patent application for a smartphone app that determines electronic cigarette device and liquid characteristics, and a third patent application for a smoking cessation intervention. Eric Soule is named on a patent application for a smartphone app that determines electronic cigarette device and liquid characteristics. The other authors declare they have no conflicts of interest.
***Acknowledgment: Funding; K01 DA055088/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States and U54 DA036105/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States. COI; Thomas Eissenberg is a paid consultant in litigation against the tobacco industry and also the electronic cigarette industry and is named on one patent for a device that measures the puffing behavior of electronic cigarette users, on another patent application for a smartphone app that determines electronic cigarette device and liquid characteristics, and a third patent application for a smoking cessation intervention. Eric Soule is named on a patent application for a smartphone app that determines electronic cigarette device and liquid characteristics. The other authors declare they have no conflicts of interest.
===2022 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35305014/ The Role of Nicotine and Flavor in the Abuse Potential and Appeal of Electronic Cigarettes for Adult Current and Former Cigarette and Electronic Cigarette Users: A Systematic Review]===
*"Implications: E-cigarettes may provide a reduced-harm alternative to cigarettes for smokers unwilling/unable to quit or serve as a path for quitting all nicotine products. Higher nicotine concentrations and flavor variety are associated with higher abuse potential and appeal of e-cigarettes. Higher abuse potential and appeal products may help facilitate complete switching from cigarettes to e-cigarettes. Regulation of nicotine concentration and flavors aimed at decreasing naïve uptake may inadvertently decrease uptake and complete switching among smokers, reducing the harm reduction potential of e-cigarettes. Evidence-based effects of regulating nicotine concentration and flavors must be considered for the population as a whole, including smokers."
**Citation: Gades MS, Alcheva A, Riegelman AL, Hatsukami DK. The Role of Nicotine and Flavor in the Abuse Potential and Appeal of Electronic Cigarettes for Adult Current and Former Cigarette and Electronic Cigarette Users: A Systematic Review. Nicotine Tob Res. 2022 Aug 6;24(9):1332-1343. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntac073. PMID: 35305014; PMCID: PMC9356694.
***Acknowledgment: This work was supported by the National Institute of Drug Abuse (T32 DA007097 and R36 DA050000 to MSG); and the National Institutes of Health (P01 CA217806 to DKH). No COI declared.


===2022 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36543869/ Part one: abuse liability of Vuse Solo (G2) electronic nicotine delivery system relative to combustible cigarettes and nicotine gum]===
===2022 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36543869/ Part one: abuse liability of Vuse Solo (G2) electronic nicotine delivery system relative to combustible cigarettes and nicotine gum]===
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===2021 [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.15403 Dependence on nicotine in US high school students in the context of changing patterns of tobacco product use]===  
===2021 [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.15403 Dependence on nicotine in US high school students in the context of changing patterns of tobacco product use]===  
*Among US high school students, increases in the prevalence of nicotine product use from 2012 to 2019 do not appear to have been accompanied by a similar increase in the population burden of nicotine dependence. This may be at least partly attributable to a shift in the most common product of choice from cigarettes (on which users are most dependent) to e-cigarettes (on which users are least dependent).
*Among US high school students, increases in the prevalence of nicotine product use from 2012 to 2019 do not appear to have been accompanied by a similar increase in the population burden of nicotine dependence. This may be at least partly attributable to a shift in the most common product of choice from cigarettes (on which users are most dependent) to e-cigarettes (on which users are least dependent).
*Use of e-cigarettes increased dramatically, use of cigarettes declined, and use of combustible (non-cigarette) and smokeless tobacco was relatively stable. Whether the overall increase in product use has been mirrored by an increase in nicotine dependence was unclear.
*We found that different tobacco products were associated with differing levels of nicotine dependence, with cigarettes characterised by highest dependence and e-cigarettes in otherwise tobacco-naïve students by low dependence.
*The increase in population use of tobacco products between 2012 and 2019 (from 23.2% to 31.2%) was not accompanied by an equivalent increase in overall population burden of dependence (craving: 10.9% to 9.5%; wanting to use within 30min: 4.7% to 5.4%).
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/add.15403 PDF Version]
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/add.15403 PDF Version]
*[[File:Youth_Dependence.jpg|Youth Dependence on Nicotine Products]]
**Citation: Jackson, S. E., Brown, J., and Jarvis, M. J. (2021) Dependence on nicotine in US high school students in the context of changing patterns of tobacco product use. Addiction, 116: 1859– 1870. doi: 10.1111/add.15403
**Citation: Jackson, S. E., Brown, J., and Jarvis, M. J. (2021) Dependence on nicotine in US high school students in the context of changing patterns of tobacco product use. Addiction, 116: 1859– 1870. doi: 10.1111/add.15403
***Acknowledgement: Cancer Research UK (C1417/A22962) supported S.J. andJ.B.’s salaries.*
***Acknowledgement: Cancer Research UK (C1417/A22962) supported S.J. andJ.B.’s salaries.


===2021 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33894800/ Changes in Dependence as Smokers Switch from Cigarettes to JUUL in Two Nicotine Concentrations]===
===2021 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33894800/ Changes in Dependence as Smokers Switch from Cigarettes to JUUL in Two Nicotine Concentrations]===
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***Acknowledgment: Grants from the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health (P20CA202921 to University of Oklahoma, and 5P20CA202923 to Cherokee Nation) supported this study. The funding body had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, interpretation of data, or writing the manuscript. Content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health or of Cherokee Nation. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
***Acknowledgment: Grants from the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health (P20CA202921 to University of Oklahoma, and 5P20CA202923 to Cherokee Nation) supported this study. The funding body had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, interpretation of data, or writing the manuscript. Content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health or of Cherokee Nation. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.


===2019 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31375364/ Changes in E-Cigarette Use Behaviors and Dependence in Long-term E-Cigarette Users]===  
===2019 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6754311/ Abuse liability assessment of an electronic cigarette in combustible cigarette smokers]===
*"Results: A total of 494 subjects provided complete data on both surveys. At baseline, 402 subjects (81.4%) were exclusive e-cigarette users, and 71 subjects (14.4%) were poly users. Among baseline exclusive e-cigarette users, the majority (88.3%) continued using e-cigarettes exclusively, but 37 users (9.2%) became poly users and 1 returned to cigarette smoking at follow-up. Among baseline poly users, 60.6% became exclusive e-cigarette users at follow-up. The mean PSECDI score remained similar over time (8.4 at baseline vs 8.3 at follow-up)."
*"Collectively, the results of this study demonstrated that the ECIG device and liquids examined had moderate levels of abuse liability: on average lower than combustible cigarettes, but higher than an FDA-approved nicotine replacement therapy (i.e., nicotine inhaler)."
*NOTE: For information on the Penn State Ecigarette Dependence Index see this [https://research.med.psu.edu/smoking/dependence-index/ link]. Scores: 4 to 8 is low dependence and 9 to 12 is a medium dependence.
**Citation: Maloney SF, Breland A, Soule EK, Hiler M, Ramôa C, Lipato T, Eissenberg T. Abuse liability assessment of an electronic cigarette in combustible cigarette smokers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019 Oct;27(5):443-454. doi: 10.1037/pha0000261. Epub 2019 Feb 18. PMID: 30777773; PMCID: PMC6754311.
**Citation: Du P, Fan T, Yingst J, Veldheer S, Hrabovsky S, Chen C, Foulds J. Changes in E-Cigarette Use Behaviors and Dependence in Long-term E-Cigarette Users. Am J Prev Med. 2019 Sep;57(3):374-383. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.04.021. Epub 2019 Jul 31. PMID: 31375364; PMCID: PMC9811611.
***Acknowledgment: Funding; This study was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number P50DA036105 and U54DA036105 and the Center for Tobacco Products of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health or the Food and Drug Administration. COI; Dr. Eissenberg is a paid consultant in litigation against the tobacco industry and is named on a patent for a device that measures the puffing behavior of ECIG users.
***Acknowledgment: This work was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of NIH and the Center for Tobacco Products of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (P50-DA-036107). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH or the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Jonathan Foulds has acted as a paid consultant for pharmaceutical companies involved in producing smoking-cessation medications, including GSK, Pfizer, Novartis, and J&J and received a research grant and study products from Pfizer Inc. No other financial disclosures were reported.


===2018 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29725702/ Assessment of the abuse liability of three menthol Vuse Solo electronic cigarettes relative to combustible cigarettes and nicotine gum]===  
===2018 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29725702/ Assessment of the abuse liability of three menthol Vuse Solo electronic cigarettes relative to combustible cigarettes and nicotine gum]===  
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**Citation: Stiles MF, Campbell LR, Jin T, Graff DW, Fant RV, Henningfield JE. Assessment of the abuse liability of three menthol Vuse Solo electronic cigarettes relative to combustible cigarettes and nicotine gum. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018 Jul;235(7):2077-2086. doi: 10.1007/s00213-018-4904-x. Epub 2018 May 3. PMID: 29725702; PMCID: PMC6015619.
**Citation: Stiles MF, Campbell LR, Jin T, Graff DW, Fant RV, Henningfield JE. Assessment of the abuse liability of three menthol Vuse Solo electronic cigarettes relative to combustible cigarettes and nicotine gum. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018 Jul;235(7):2077-2086. doi: 10.1007/s00213-018-4904-x. Epub 2018 May 3. PMID: 29725702; PMCID: PMC6015619.
***Acknowledgement: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02664012. MF Stiles, LR Campbell, and T Jin are full-time employees of RAI Services Company. RAI Services Company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Reynolds American Inc., which is a wholly owned subsidiary of British American Tobacco plc. DW Graff is a full-time employee of Celerion and provided the original draft of the manuscript. RV Fant and JE Henningfield are full-time employees of PinneyAssociates, which provides consulting services on smoking cessation and tobacco harm minimization (including nicotine replacement therapy and electronic vapor products) to Niconovum, USA, Inc., RJ Reynolds Vapor Company, and RAI Services Company (all subsidiaries of Reynolds American Inc.). JE Henningfield also owns an interest in intellectual property for a novel nicotine medication. Through PinneyAssociates, Fant and Henningfield provide consulting services to pharmaceutical companies on abuse potential assessment, and the regulation of substances with a potential for abuse.
***Acknowledgement: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02664012. MF Stiles, LR Campbell, and T Jin are full-time employees of RAI Services Company. RAI Services Company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Reynolds American Inc., which is a wholly owned subsidiary of British American Tobacco plc. DW Graff is a full-time employee of Celerion and provided the original draft of the manuscript. RV Fant and JE Henningfield are full-time employees of PinneyAssociates, which provides consulting services on smoking cessation and tobacco harm minimization (including nicotine replacement therapy and electronic vapor products) to Niconovum, USA, Inc., RJ Reynolds Vapor Company, and RAI Services Company (all subsidiaries of Reynolds American Inc.). JE Henningfield also owns an interest in intellectual property for a novel nicotine medication. Through PinneyAssociates, Fant and Henningfield provide consulting services to pharmaceutical companies on abuse potential assessment, and the regulation of substances with a potential for abuse.
===2018 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306460317302885 Then and now: Consumption and dependence in e-cigarette users who formerly smoked cigarettes]===
*Conclusion: "First, we found that the large majority of vapers were ex-smokers who had either ceased or dramatically reduced their cigarette consumption. Second, there was a marked decrease in dependence among vapers compared to their retrospective prior cigarette dependence..."
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.07.034 PDF of full study]
**Citation: Browne M, Todd DG. Then and now: Consumption and dependence in e-cigarette users who formerly smoked cigarettes. Addict Behav. 2018 Jan;76:113-121. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.07.034. Epub 2017 Jul 28. PMID: 28780356.
***Acknowledgement: Research was supported by block funding to the School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University
===2018: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29065204/ The Role of Nicotine Dependence in E-Cigarettes' Potential for Smoking Reduction]===
*"These findings offer possible support that e-cigarettes may act as a smoking reduction method among highly nicotine-dependent young adult cigarette smokers."
**Citation: Selya AS, Dierker L, Rose JS, Hedeker D, Mermelstein RJ. The Role of Nicotine Dependence in E-Cigarettes' Potential for Smoking Reduction. Nicotine Tob Res. 2018 Sep 4;20(10):1272-1277. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntx160. PMID: 29065204; PMCID: PMC6121914.
***Acknowledgment: Grants and funding, P01 CA098262/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States, P50 DA039838/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States


===2017 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28389330/ A comparison of nicotine dependence among exclusive E-cigarette and cigarette users in the PATH study]===  
===2017 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28389330/ A comparison of nicotine dependence among exclusive E-cigarette and cigarette users in the PATH study]===  
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**Citation: González Roz A, Secades Villa R, Weidberg S. Evaluating nicotine dependence levels in e-cigarette users. Adicciones. 2017 Jan 11;29(2):136-138. English, Spanish. doi: 10.20882/adicciones.905. PMID: 28170058.
**Citation: González Roz A, Secades Villa R, Weidberg S. Evaluating nicotine dependence levels in e-cigarette users. Adicciones. 2017 Jan 11;29(2):136-138. English, Spanish. doi: 10.20882/adicciones.905. PMID: 28170058.
***Acknowledgment: Funding for this study was provided by the BBVA foundation (SV-14-FBBVA-1). This institution had no role in the study design, collection, analysis or interpretation of the data, writing the manuscript, or the decision to submit the paper for publication. No conflicts reported.
***Acknowledgment: Funding for this study was provided by the BBVA foundation (SV-14-FBBVA-1). This institution had no role in the study design, collection, analysis or interpretation of the data, writing the manuscript, or the decision to submit the paper for publication. No conflicts reported.
===2017: [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/add.14013 Evaluating the mutual pathways among electronic cigarette use, conventional smoking and nicotine dependence]===
*Conclusion: "Nicotine dependence is not a significant mechanism for e-cigarettes’ purported effect on heavier future conventional smoking among young adults. Nicotine dependence may be a mechanism for increases in e-cigarette use among heavier conventional smokers, consistent with e-cigarettes as a smoking reduction tool. Overall, conventional smoking and, to a lesser extent, its resulting nicotine dependence, are the strongest drivers or signals of later cigarette and e-cigarette use."
**Citation: Selya AS, Rose JS, Dierker L, Hedeker D, Mermelstein RJ. Evaluating the mutual pathways among electronic cigarette use, conventional smoking and nicotine dependence. Addiction. 2018 Feb;113(2):325-333. doi: 10.1111/add.14013. Epub 2017 Sep 25. PMID: 28841780; PMCID: PMC5760290.
***Acknowledgment: Grants and funding, L40 DA042431/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States, P01 CA098262/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States, P30 DK092949/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States, P50 DA039838/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States


===2017 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28780356/ Then and now: Consumption and dependence in e-cigarette users who formerly smoked cigarettes]===
===2017 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28780356/ Then and now: Consumption and dependence in e-cigarette users who formerly smoked cigarettes]===
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**Citation: Browne M, Todd DG. Then and now: Consumption and dependence in e-cigarette users who formerly smoked cigarettes. Addict Behav. 2018 Jan;76:113-121. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.07.034. Epub 2017 Jul 28. PMID: 28780356.
**Citation: Browne M, Todd DG. Then and now: Consumption and dependence in e-cigarette users who formerly smoked cigarettes. Addict Behav. 2018 Jan;76:113-121. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.07.034. Epub 2017 Jul 28. PMID: 28780356.
***Acknowledgement: Research was supported by block funding to the School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University. No conflicts of interest to declare.
***Acknowledgement: Research was supported by block funding to the School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University. No conflicts of interest to declare.
===2017 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28634710/ Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic assessment of electronic cigarettes, combustible cigarettes, and nicotine gum: implications for abuse liability]===
*"In summary, this study is the most robust assessment of the abuse liability of ECs published to date and uses approaches similar to those found in classic abuse liability studies of pharmaceutical products, including multiple instruments to measure the subjective effects of product use, as well as nicotine uptake. Under the set of study conditions described herein, use of the three Vuse Solo ECs tended to result in subjective measures responses and nicotine uptake that were between those measured with use of combustible cigarettes and nicotine gum. In general, the results are consistent with the conclusions of others that the abuse liability of ECs as a category is less than that of combustible cigarettes but greater than for nicotine gum, and likely other nicotine replacement products'
**Citation: Stiles MF, Campbell LR, Graff DW, Jones BA, Fant RV, Henningfield JE. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic assessment of electronic cigarettes, combustible cigarettes, and nicotine gum: implications for abuse liability. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2017 Sep;234(17):2643-2655. doi: 10.1007/s00213-017-4665-y. Epub 2017 Jun 20. PMID: 28634710; PMCID: PMC5548902.
***Acknowledgment: Funding; This study was funded by RJ Reynolds Vapor Company through its affiliate RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company. COI; MF Stiles, LR Campbell, and BA Jones are full-time employees of RAI Services Company, which provides support across the Reynolds American Inc. operating companies. DW Graff is a full-time employee of Celerion and provided the original draft of this manuscript. RV Fant and JE Henningfield are full-time employees of PinneyAssociates, which provides consulting services on tobacco harm minimization (including nicotine replacement therapy and digital vapor products) to Niconovum USA, RJ Reynolds Vapor Company, and RAI Services Company (all subsidiaries of Reynolds American Inc.) In the past 3 years, PinneyAssociates has consulted to GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare on smoking cessation and NJOY on electronic cigarettes. JE Henningfield also owns an interest in intellectual property for a novel nicotine medication, an option for which has been sold to Niconovum USA. Through PinneyAssociates, Fant and Henningfield also provide consulting services to pharmaceutical companies on abuse potential assessment and the regulation of substances with a potential for abuse.


===2015 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25332459/ Development of a questionnaire for assessing dependence on electronic cigarettes among a large sample of ex-smoking E-cigarette users]===  
===2015 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25332459/ Development of a questionnaire for assessing dependence on electronic cigarettes among a large sample of ex-smoking E-cigarette users]===  
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**Citation: Etter JF, Eissenberg T. Dependence levels in users of electronic cigarettes, nicotine gums and tobacco cigarettes. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015 Feb 1;147:68-75. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.007. Epub 2014 Dec 18. PMID: 25561385; PMCID: PMC4920051.
**Citation: Etter JF, Eissenberg T. Dependence levels in users of electronic cigarettes, nicotine gums and tobacco cigarettes. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015 Feb 1;147:68-75. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.007. Epub 2014 Dec 18. PMID: 25561385; PMCID: PMC4920051.
***This study was partly funded by the Swiss Tobacco Prevention Fund (Swiss Federal Office of Public Health), grant 12.000189 to JFE. The Swiss Tobacco Prevention Fund had no role in the design or conduct of the study, interpretation of the data or decision to submit the paper for publication. TE is supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the U.S. National Institutes of Health under Award Number P50DA036105 and the Center for Tobacco Products of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health or the Food and Drug Administration.
***This study was partly funded by the Swiss Tobacco Prevention Fund (Swiss Federal Office of Public Health), grant 12.000189 to JFE. The Swiss Tobacco Prevention Fund had no role in the design or conduct of the study, interpretation of the data or decision to submit the paper for publication. TE is supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the U.S. National Institutes of Health under Award Number P50DA036105 and the Center for Tobacco Products of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health or the Food and Drug Administration.
===2012 [https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3330136/ Clinical laboratory assessment of the abuse liability of an electronic cigarette]===
*Conclusion: Electronic cigarettes can deliver clinically significant amounts of nicotine and reduce cigarette abstinence symptoms and appear to have lower potential for abuse relative to traditional tobacco cigarettes, at least under certain laboratory conditions.
**Citation:Vansickel AR, Weaver MF, Eissenberg T. Clinical laboratory assessment of the abuse liability of an electronic cigarette. Addiction. 2012 Aug;107(8):1493-500. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03791.x. Epub 2012 May 8. PMID: 22229871; PMCID: PMC3330136.
***Acknowledgment: This work was partially funded by the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health RO1CA 120142 (awarded to Dr. Eissenberg). Dr. Vansickel was supported by National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health T32DA 007027. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
='''ENDS/E-Cigarettes/NVP/Vaping - Not Compared with Smoking Tobacco'''=
===2024 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38800771/ Nicotine Dependency Levels Among Adult Electronic Cigarette Smokers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study]===
*Conclusion: "Most exclusive EC users in the study developed a moderate nicotine dependence level. The EC device type and nicotine concentration were significant drivers of nicotine dependence."
**Citation: Yahya L, Mandoura N, Harere R. Nicotine Dependency Levels Among Adult Electronic Cigarette Smokers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus. 2024 May 25;16(5):e61038. doi: 10.7759/cureus.61038. PMID: 38800771; PMCID: PMC11127123.
***Acknowledgment: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. (No funding mentioned.)
===2022 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35305014/ The Role of Nicotine and Flavor in the Abuse Potential and Appeal of Electronic Cigarettes for Adult Current and Former Cigarette and Electronic Cigarette Users: A Systematic Review]===
*"Implications: E-cigarettes may provide a reduced-harm alternative to cigarettes for smokers unwilling/unable to quit or serve as a path for quitting all nicotine products. Higher nicotine concentrations and flavor variety are associated with higher abuse potential and appeal of e-cigarettes. Higher abuse potential and appeal products may help facilitate complete switching from cigarettes to e-cigarettes. Regulation of nicotine concentration and flavors aimed at decreasing naïve uptake may inadvertently decrease uptake and complete switching among smokers, reducing the harm reduction potential of e-cigarettes. Evidence-based effects of regulating nicotine concentration and flavors must be considered for the population as a whole, including smokers."
**Citation: Gades MS, Alcheva A, Riegelman AL, Hatsukami DK. The Role of Nicotine and Flavor in the Abuse Potential and Appeal of Electronic Cigarettes for Adult Current and Former Cigarette and Electronic Cigarette Users: A Systematic Review. Nicotine Tob Res. 2022 Aug 6;24(9):1332-1343. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntac073. PMID: 35305014; PMCID: PMC9356694.
***Acknowledgment: This work was supported by the National Institute of Drug Abuse (T32 DA007097 and R36 DA050000 to MSG); and the National Institutes of Health (P01 CA217806 to DKH). No COI declared.
===2019 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31375364/ Changes in E-Cigarette Use Behaviors and Dependence in Long-term E-Cigarette Users]===
*"Results: A total of 494 subjects provided complete data on both surveys. At baseline, 402 subjects (81.4%) were exclusive e-cigarette users, and 71 subjects (14.4%) were poly users. Among baseline exclusive e-cigarette users, the majority (88.3%) continued using e-cigarettes exclusively, but 37 users (9.2%) became poly users and 1 returned to cigarette smoking at follow-up. Among baseline poly users, 60.6% became exclusive e-cigarette users at follow-up. The mean PSECDI score remained similar over time (8.4 at baseline vs 8.3 at follow-up)."
*NOTE: For information on the Penn State Ecigarette Dependence Index see this [https://research.med.psu.edu/smoking/dependence-index/ link]. Scores: 4 to 8 is low dependence and 9 to 12 is a medium dependence.
**Citation: Du P, Fan T, Yingst J, Veldheer S, Hrabovsky S, Chen C, Foulds J. Changes in E-Cigarette Use Behaviors and Dependence in Long-term E-Cigarette Users. Am J Prev Med. 2019 Sep;57(3):374-383. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.04.021. Epub 2019 Jul 31. PMID: 31375364; PMCID: PMC9811611.
***Acknowledgment: This work was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of NIH and the Center for Tobacco Products of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (P50-DA-036107). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH or the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Jonathan Foulds has acted as a paid consultant for pharmaceutical companies involved in producing smoking-cessation medications, including GSK, Pfizer, Novartis, and J&J and received a research grant and study products from Pfizer Inc. No other financial disclosures were reported.


===2015 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25592454/ Explaining the effects of electronic cigarettes on craving for tobacco in recent quitters]===
===2015 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25592454/ Explaining the effects of electronic cigarettes on craving for tobacco in recent quitters]===
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**Citation: Etter JF. Explaining the effects of electronic cigarettes on craving for tobacco in recent quitters. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015 Mar 1;148:102-8. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.030. Epub 2015 Jan 3. PMID: 25592454.
**Citation: Etter JF. Explaining the effects of electronic cigarettes on craving for tobacco in recent quitters. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015 Mar 1;148:102-8. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.030. Epub 2015 Jan 3. PMID: 25592454.
***Acknowledgment: This study was partly funded by the Swiss Tobacco Prevention Fund (Swiss Federal Office of Public Health), grant 12.000189 to JFE. The Swiss Tobacco Prevention Fund had no role in the design or conduct of the study, interpretation of the data or decision to submit the paper for publication... JFE was reimbursed by Dekang, a manufacturer of e-cigarettes and e-liquids for traveling to London and to China, to visit e-cigarette factories, but he received no honoraria for these meetings. JFE's salary is paid by the University of Geneva... Vincent Baujard, from the HON Foundation, Geneva, Switzerland developed the software for data collection. Thomas Eissenberg (Virginia Commonwealth University, USA), was a consultant for this study...
***Acknowledgment: This study was partly funded by the Swiss Tobacco Prevention Fund (Swiss Federal Office of Public Health), grant 12.000189 to JFE. The Swiss Tobacco Prevention Fund had no role in the design or conduct of the study, interpretation of the data or decision to submit the paper for publication... JFE was reimbursed by Dekang, a manufacturer of e-cigarettes and e-liquids for traveling to London and to China, to visit e-cigarette factories, but he received no honoraria for these meetings. JFE's salary is paid by the University of Geneva... Vincent Baujard, from the HON Foundation, Geneva, Switzerland developed the software for data collection. Thomas Eissenberg (Virginia Commonwealth University, USA), was a consultant for this study...
='''Heated Tobacco Product (HTP)'''=
===2022 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9424205/ An abuse liability assessment of the glo tobacco heating product in comparison to combustible cigarettes and nicotine replacement therapy]===
*"These findings suggest that the abuse liability of the THPs lies between that of subjects usual brand cigarettes and the NRT."
**Citation: Hardie G, Gale N, McEwan M, Oscar SM, Ziviani L, Proctor CJ, Murphy J. An abuse liability assessment of the glo tobacco heating product in comparison to combustible cigarettes and nicotine replacement therapy. Sci Rep. 2022 Aug 29;12(1):14701. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-19167-8. Erratum in: Sci Rep. 2023 Jun 27;13(1):10441. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-37432-2. PMID: 36038580; PMCID: PMC9424205.
***Acknowledgment: The study was funded in full by British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited (BAT). GH, NG, and MMcE are current employees of BAT. JM was an employee of BAT at the time of the study conduct and is currently an employee of R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, a subsidiary of BAT. CJP was an employee of BAT at the time of study conduct and is currently contracted to BAT to provide consultancy on tobacco product science and regulation. SM and LZ are employees of CRC, the clinic who performed the trial.


='''Nicotine Pouches'''=
='''Nicotine Pouches'''=
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***Acknowledgment: Grants: U54CA287392/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States, CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
***Acknowledgment: Grants: U54CA287392/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States, CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States


===2024 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37964431/ Evaluating the effects of nicotine concentration on the appeal and nicotine delivery of oral nicotine pouches among rural and Appalachian adults who smoke cigarettes: A randomized cross-over study]===
='''Heated Tobacco Product (HTP)'''=
*"Conclusions: Among adult smokers, using 6-mg nicotine concentration oral nicotine pouches (ONPs) was associated with greater plasma nicotine delivery at 30 minutes than 3-mg ONPs or cigarettes, but neither ONP relieved craving symptoms at 5 minutes as strongly as a cigarette. Accelerating the speed of nicotine delivery in ONPs might increase their misuse liability relative to cigarettes."
 
**Citation: Keller-Hamilton B, Alalwan MA, Curran H, Hinton A, Long L, Chrzan K, Wagener TL, Atkinson L, Suraapaneni S, Mays D. Evaluating the effects of nicotine concentration on the appeal and nicotine delivery of oral nicotine pouches among rural and Appalachian adults who smoke cigarettes: A randomized cross-over study. Addiction. 2024 Mar;119(3):464-475. doi: 10.1111/add.16355. Epub 2023 Nov 14. PMID: 37964431; PMCID: PMC10872395.
===2022 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9424205/ An abuse liability assessment of the glo tobacco heating product in comparison to combustible cigarettes and nicotine replacement therapy]===
***Acknowledgment: This study was funded by the Addiction Innovation Fund at The Ohio State University's College of Public Health. This research was also partially supported by The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center—The James and the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health (grant number P30CA016058). BKH was supported by grant number K01DA055696 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. BKH, AH, TLW, and DM were supported by grant number U54CA287392 from the National Cancer Institute. The sponsors had no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis or interpretation of the data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
*"These findings suggest that the abuse liability of the THPs lies between that of subjects usual brand cigarettes and the NRT."
**Citation: Hardie G, Gale N, McEwan M, Oscar SM, Ziviani L, Proctor CJ, Murphy J. An abuse liability assessment of the glo tobacco heating product in comparison to combustible cigarettes and nicotine replacement therapy. Sci Rep. 2022 Aug 29;12(1):14701. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-19167-8. Erratum in: Sci Rep. 2023 Jun 27;13(1):10441. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-37432-2. PMID: 36038580; PMCID: PMC9424205.
***Acknowledgment: The study was funded in full by British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited (BAT). GH, NG, and MMcE are current employees of BAT. JM was an employee of BAT at the time of the study conduct and is currently an employee of R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, a subsidiary of BAT. CJP was an employee of BAT at the time of study conduct and is currently contracted to BAT to provide consultancy on tobacco product science and regulation. SM and LZ are employees of CRC, the clinic who performed the trial.


='''Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT)'''=
='''Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT)'''=
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**Citation: Campbell C, Jin T, Round EK, Schmidt E, Nelson P, Baxter S. Part one: abuse liability of Vuse Solo (G2) electronic nicotine delivery system relative to combustible cigarettes and nicotine gum. Sci Rep. 2022 Dec 21;12(1):22080. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-26417-2. PMID: 36543869; PMCID: PMC9772348.
**Citation: Campbell C, Jin T, Round EK, Schmidt E, Nelson P, Baxter S. Part one: abuse liability of Vuse Solo (G2) electronic nicotine delivery system relative to combustible cigarettes and nicotine gum. Sci Rep. 2022 Dec 21;12(1):22080. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-26417-2. PMID: 36543869; PMCID: PMC9772348.
***Acknowledgment: C.C., T.J., E.S., E.R., and S.B. are full-time employees of RAI Services Company, and P.N. is a former full-time employee of RAI Services Company. RAI Services Company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Reynolds American Inc., which is an indirect, wholly owned subsidiary of British American Tobacco plc.
***Acknowledgment: C.C., T.J., E.S., E.R., and S.B. are full-time employees of RAI Services Company, and P.N. is a former full-time employee of RAI Services Company. RAI Services Company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Reynolds American Inc., which is an indirect, wholly owned subsidiary of British American Tobacco plc.
===2022 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9424205/ An abuse liability assessment of the glo tobacco heating product in comparison to combustible cigarettes and nicotine replacement therapy]===
*"These findings suggest that the abuse liability of the THPs lies between that of subjects usual brand cigarettes and the NRT."
**Citation: Hardie G, Gale N, McEwan M, Oscar SM, Ziviani L, Proctor CJ, Murphy J. An abuse liability assessment of the glo tobacco heating product in comparison to combustible cigarettes and nicotine replacement therapy. Sci Rep. 2022 Aug 29;12(1):14701. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-19167-8. Erratum in: Sci Rep. 2023 Jun 27;13(1):10441. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-37432-2. PMID: 36038580; PMCID: PMC9424205.
***Acknowledgment: The study was funded in full by British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited (BAT). GH, NG, and MMcE are current employees of BAT. JM was an employee of BAT at the time of the study conduct and is currently an employee of R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, a subsidiary of BAT. CJP was an employee of BAT at the time of study conduct and is currently contracted to BAT to provide consultancy on tobacco product science and regulation. SM and LZ are employees of CRC, the clinic who performed the trial.


===2020 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33176942/ Abuse liability assessment of the JUUL system in four flavors relative to combustible cigarette, nicotine gum and a comparator electronic nicotine delivery system among adult smokers]===  
===2020 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33176942/ Abuse liability assessment of the JUUL system in four flavors relative to combustible cigarette, nicotine gum and a comparator electronic nicotine delivery system among adult smokers]===  
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**Citation: Goldenson NI, Buchhalter AR, Augustson EM, Rubinstein ML, Van Hoof D, Henningfield JE. Abuse liability assessment of the JUUL system in two nicotine concentrations compared to combustible cigarette, nicotine gum and comparator electronic nicotine delivery system. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020 Dec 1;217:108441. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108441. Epub 2020 Nov 24. PMID: 33250386.
**Citation: Goldenson NI, Buchhalter AR, Augustson EM, Rubinstein ML, Van Hoof D, Henningfield JE. Abuse liability assessment of the JUUL system in two nicotine concentrations compared to combustible cigarette, nicotine gum and comparator electronic nicotine delivery system. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020 Dec 1;217:108441. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108441. Epub 2020 Nov 24. PMID: 33250386.
***Acknowledgment: The study was funded by Juul Labs, Inc. NIG, EMA, DVH and MLR are full-time employees of Juul Labs, Inc., JEH and ARB are full-time employees of PinneyAssociates, Inc. PinneyAssociates provides consulting services on tobacco harm reduction on an exclusive basis to Juul Labs, Inc. Within the last two years, PinneyAssociates has consulted for British American Tobacco and Reynolds American Inc and subsidiaries on tobacco harm reduction. JEH co-holds a patent for a novel nicotine medication that has not been developed or commercialized. There are no other interests declared by authors.
***Acknowledgment: The study was funded by Juul Labs, Inc. NIG, EMA, DVH and MLR are full-time employees of Juul Labs, Inc., JEH and ARB are full-time employees of PinneyAssociates, Inc. PinneyAssociates provides consulting services on tobacco harm reduction on an exclusive basis to Juul Labs, Inc. Within the last two years, PinneyAssociates has consulted for British American Tobacco and Reynolds American Inc and subsidiaries on tobacco harm reduction. JEH co-holds a patent for a novel nicotine medication that has not been developed or commercialized. There are no other interests declared by authors.
===2019 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6754311/ Abuse liability assessment of an electronic cigarette in combustible cigarette smokers]===
*"Collectively, the results of this study demonstrated that the ECIG device and liquids examined had moderate levels of abuse liability: on average lower than combustible cigarettes, but higher than an FDA-approved nicotine replacement therapy (i.e., nicotine inhaler)."
**Citation: Maloney SF, Breland A, Soule EK, Hiler M, Ramôa C, Lipato T, Eissenberg T. Abuse liability assessment of an electronic cigarette in combustible cigarette smokers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019 Oct;27(5):443-454. doi: 10.1037/pha0000261. Epub 2019 Feb 18. PMID: 30777773; PMCID: PMC6754311.
***Acknowledgment: Funding; This study was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number P50DA036105 and U54DA036105 and the Center for Tobacco Products of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health or the Food and Drug Administration. COI; Dr. Eissenberg is a paid consultant in litigation against the tobacco industry and is named on a patent for a device that measures the puffing behavior of ECIG users.


===2018 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29725702/ Assessment of the abuse liability of three menthol Vuse Solo electronic cigarettes relative to combustible cigarettes and nicotine gum]===  
===2018 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29725702/ Assessment of the abuse liability of three menthol Vuse Solo electronic cigarettes relative to combustible cigarettes and nicotine gum]===  
Line 183: Line 257:
**Citation: Stiles MF, Campbell LR, Jin T, Graff DW, Fant RV, Henningfield JE. Assessment of the abuse liability of three menthol Vuse Solo electronic cigarettes relative to combustible cigarettes and nicotine gum. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018 Jul;235(7):2077-2086. doi: 10.1007/s00213-018-4904-x. Epub 2018 May 3. PMID: 29725702; PMCID: PMC6015619.
**Citation: Stiles MF, Campbell LR, Jin T, Graff DW, Fant RV, Henningfield JE. Assessment of the abuse liability of three menthol Vuse Solo electronic cigarettes relative to combustible cigarettes and nicotine gum. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018 Jul;235(7):2077-2086. doi: 10.1007/s00213-018-4904-x. Epub 2018 May 3. PMID: 29725702; PMCID: PMC6015619.
***Acknowledgement: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02664012. MF Stiles, LR Campbell, and T Jin are full-time employees of RAI Services Company. RAI Services Company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Reynolds American Inc., which is a wholly owned subsidiary of British American Tobacco plc. DW Graff is a full-time employee of Celerion and provided the original draft of the manuscript. RV Fant and JE Henningfield are full-time employees of PinneyAssociates, which provides consulting services on smoking cessation and tobacco harm minimization (including nicotine replacement therapy and electronic vapor products) to Niconovum, USA, Inc., RJ Reynolds Vapor Company, and RAI Services Company (all subsidiaries of Reynolds American Inc.). JE Henningfield also owns an interest in intellectual property for a novel nicotine medication. Through PinneyAssociates, Fant and Henningfield provide consulting services to pharmaceutical companies on abuse potential assessment, and the regulation of substances with a potential for abuse.
***Acknowledgement: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02664012. MF Stiles, LR Campbell, and T Jin are full-time employees of RAI Services Company. RAI Services Company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Reynolds American Inc., which is a wholly owned subsidiary of British American Tobacco plc. DW Graff is a full-time employee of Celerion and provided the original draft of the manuscript. RV Fant and JE Henningfield are full-time employees of PinneyAssociates, which provides consulting services on smoking cessation and tobacco harm minimization (including nicotine replacement therapy and electronic vapor products) to Niconovum, USA, Inc., RJ Reynolds Vapor Company, and RAI Services Company (all subsidiaries of Reynolds American Inc.). JE Henningfield also owns an interest in intellectual property for a novel nicotine medication. Through PinneyAssociates, Fant and Henningfield provide consulting services to pharmaceutical companies on abuse potential assessment, and the regulation of substances with a potential for abuse.
===2017 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28634710/ Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic assessment of electronic cigarettes, combustible cigarettes, and nicotine gum: implications for abuse liability]===
*"In summary, this study is the most robust assessment of the abuse liability of ECs published to date and uses approaches similar to those found in classic abuse liability studies of pharmaceutical products, including multiple instruments to measure the subjective effects of product use, as well as nicotine uptake. Under the set of study conditions described herein, use of the three Vuse Solo ECs tended to result in subjective measures responses and nicotine uptake that were between those measured with use of combustible cigarettes and nicotine gum. In general, the results are consistent with the conclusions of others that the abuse liability of ECs as a category is less than that of combustible cigarettes but greater than for nicotine gum, and likely other nicotine replacement products'
**Citation: Stiles MF, Campbell LR, Graff DW, Jones BA, Fant RV, Henningfield JE. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic assessment of electronic cigarettes, combustible cigarettes, and nicotine gum: implications for abuse liability. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2017 Sep;234(17):2643-2655. doi: 10.1007/s00213-017-4665-y. Epub 2017 Jun 20. PMID: 28634710; PMCID: PMC5548902.
***Acknowledgment: Funding; This study was funded by RJ Reynolds Vapor Company through its affiliate RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company. COI; MF Stiles, LR Campbell, and BA Jones are full-time employees of RAI Services Company, which provides support across the Reynolds American Inc. operating companies. DW Graff is a full-time employee of Celerion and provided the original draft of this manuscript. RV Fant and JE Henningfield are full-time employees of PinneyAssociates, which provides consulting services on tobacco harm minimization (including nicotine replacement therapy and digital vapor products) to Niconovum USA, RJ Reynolds Vapor Company, and RAI Services Company (all subsidiaries of Reynolds American Inc.) In the past 3 years, PinneyAssociates has consulted to GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare on smoking cessation and NJOY on electronic cigarettes. JE Henningfield also owns an interest in intellectual property for a novel nicotine medication, an option for which has been sold to Niconovum USA. Through PinneyAssociates, Fant and Henningfield also provide consulting services to pharmaceutical companies on abuse potential assessment and the regulation of substances with a potential for abuse.


===2015 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25561385/ Dependence levels in users of electronic cigarettes, nicotine gums and tobacco cigarettes]===  
===2015 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25561385/ Dependence levels in users of electronic cigarettes, nicotine gums and tobacco cigarettes]===  
*
*Conclusion: "Conclusions: Some e-cigarette users were dependent on nicotine-containing e-cigarettes, but these products were less addictive than tobacco cigarettes."
**Citation: Etter JF, Eissenberg T. Dependence levels in users of electronic cigarettes, nicotine gums and tobacco cigarettes. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015 Feb 1;147:68-75. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.007. Epub 2014 Dec 18. PMID: 25561385; PMCID: PMC4920051.
***This study was partly funded by the Swiss Tobacco Prevention Fund (Swiss Federal Office of Public Health), grant 12.000189 to JFE. The Swiss Tobacco Prevention Fund had no role in the design or conduct of the study, interpretation of the data or decision to submit the paper for publication. TE is supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the U.S. National Institutes of Health under Award Number P50DA036105 and the Center for Tobacco Products of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health or the Food and Drug Administration.


===2013 [https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2013/04/02/2013-07528/modifications-to-labeling-of-nicotine-replacement-therapy-products-for-over-the-counter-human-use Modifications To Labeling of Nicotine Replacement Therapy Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use]===  
===2013 [https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2013/04/02/2013-07528/modifications-to-labeling-of-nicotine-replacement-therapy-products-for-over-the-counter-human-use Modifications To Labeling of Nicotine Replacement Therapy Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use]===  
Line 203: Line 284:
**Citation: Houtsmuller EJ, Fant RV, Eissenberg TE, Henningfield JE, Stitzer ML. Flavor improvement does not increase abuse liability of nicotine chewing gum. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2002 Jun;72(3):559-68. doi: 10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00723-2. PMID: 12175452.
**Citation: Houtsmuller EJ, Fant RV, Eissenberg TE, Henningfield JE, Stitzer ML. Flavor improvement does not increase abuse liability of nicotine chewing gum. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2002 Jun;72(3):559-68. doi: 10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00723-2. PMID: 12175452.
***Acknowledgement: This study was supported by SmithKline Beecham Consumer Healthcare.
***Acknowledgement: This study was supported by SmithKline Beecham Consumer Healthcare.
===2000 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10823399/ A comparison of the abuse liability and dependence potential of nicotine patch, gum, spray and inhaler]===
*"We conclude that abuse liability from all four NRT products was low. Subjective dependence was moderate and did not differ across products. Behavioural dependence was modest and was positively related to rate of nicotine delivery."
**Citation: West R, Hajek P, Foulds J, Nilsson F, May S, Meadows A. A comparison of the abuse liability and dependence potential of nicotine patch, gum, spray and inhaler. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2000 Apr;149(3):198-202. doi: 10.1007/s002130000382. PMID: 10823399.
***Acknowledgment: This study was funded by Pharmacia and Upjohn, Sweden.
===1997 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9160851/ Nicotine nasal spray and vapor inhaler: abuse liability assessment]===
*"Overall, results are consistent with the conclusion that the nicotine nasal spray and vapor inhaler are of substantially lower abuse liability than cigarettes in experienced cigarette smokers receiving initial exposure to these products."
**Citation: Schuh KJ, Schuh LM, Henningfield JE, Stitzer ML. Nicotine nasal spray and vapor inhaler: abuse liability assessment. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1997 Apr;130(4):352-61. doi: 10.1007/s002130050250. PMID: 9160851.
***Acknowledgment: This work was supported by USPHS research grant DA03893 and training grant T32 DA07209 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse and conducted in collaboration with the NIDA Intramural Research Program Addiction Research Center. The authors thank Pharmacia Upjohn who kindly donated pharmaceutical supplies and conducted blood assays for this study.
='''Novel Oral Products (Chewable)'''=
===2021 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33502815/ Characterization of the Abuse Potential in Adult Smokers of a Novel Oral Tobacco Product Relative to Combustible Cigarettes and Nicotine Polacrilex Gum]===
*"The test products, under the conditions of this study, carry lower abuse potential than own-brand cigarettes and similar to nicotine polacrilex gum."
**Citation: Liu J, Wang J, Vansickel A, Edmiston J, Graff D, Sarkar M. Characterization of the Abuse Potential in Adult Smokers of a Novel Oral Tobacco Product Relative to Combustible Cigarettes and Nicotine Polacrilex Gum. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2021 Mar;10(3):241-250. doi: 10.1002/cpdd.909. Epub 2021 Jan 27. PMID: 33502815; PMCID: PMC7986766.
***Acknowledgment: J.L., J.W., A.V., J.E., and M.S. are employees of Altria Client Services LLC. D.G. was an employee of Celerion, Inc., who was contracted by Altria Client Services LLC to perform the study and analyze the study data.


='''VLNC - Very Low Nicotine Cigarettes'''=
='''VLNC - Very Low Nicotine Cigarettes'''=
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='''Suggestions to add to this page'''=
='''Suggestions to add to this page'''=
===2024: [https://osf.io/rf74g Chapter 26 Tobacco smoking addiction and nicotine dependence]===
*Sharon Cox
===2016 [https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00126/full Belief about Nicotine Modulates Subjective Craving and Insula Activity in Deprived Smokers]===
Retrieved from "https://safernicotine.wiki/mediawiki/index.php/Nicotine_-_Addiction/Dependence"