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Nicotine therapeutic benefits: Difference between revisions

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*Citation: Gehricke, J.-G., Loughlin, S., Whalen, C., Potkin, S., Fallon, J., Jamner, L., … Leslie, F. (2007). Smoking to self-medicate attentional and emotional dysfunctions. Nicotine  Tobacco Research, 9, 523–536. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200701685039
*Citation: Gehricke, J.-G., Loughlin, S., Whalen, C., Potkin, S., Fallon, J., Jamner, L., … Leslie, F. (2007). Smoking to self-medicate attentional and emotional dysfunctions. Nicotine  Tobacco Research, 9, 523–536. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200701685039


===2007: [https://www.academia.edu/18995031/Smoking_to_self_medicate_attentional_and_emotional_dysfunctions Smoking to self-medicate attentional and emotional dysfunctions]===
===2007: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18022679/ Acute nicotine improves cognitive deficits in young adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder]===
*(Note: Need to add summary)
*Non-smoking young adults with ADHD-C showed improvements in cognitive performance following nicotine administration in several domains that are central to ADHD. The results from this study support the hypothesis that cholinergic system activity may be important in the cognitive deficits of ADHD and may be a useful therapeutic target.
**Citation: Potter AS, Newhouse PA. Acute nicotine improves cognitive deficits in young adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2008 Feb;88(4):407-17. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2007.09.014. Epub 2007 Sep 26. PMID: 18022679.
***Acknowledgement: Paywalled, unable to access.


===2006 [https://www.academia.edu/17983526/The_reinforcing_effects_of_nicotine_and_stimulant_medication_in_the_everyday_lives_of_adult_smokers_with_ADHD_A_preliminary_examination The reinforcing effects of nicotine and stimulant medication in the everyday lives of adult smokers with ADHD: A preliminary examination]===
===2006 [https://www.academia.edu/17983526/The_reinforcing_effects_of_nicotine_and_stimulant_medication_in_the_everyday_lives_of_adult_smokers_with_ADHD_A_preliminary_examination The reinforcing effects of nicotine and stimulant medication in the everyday lives of adult smokers with ADHD: A preliminary examination]===
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===2004: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC526783/ Nicotine as Therapy]===
===2004: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC526783/ Nicotine as Therapy]===
* Yet few of the horrendous health effects of smoking are traceable to nicotine itself—cigarettes contain nearly 4,000 other compounds that play a role. Until recently, nicotine research has been driven primarily by nicotine's unparalleled power to keep people smoking, rather than its potential therapeutic uses.
*Yet few of the horrendous health effects of smoking are traceable to nicotine itself—cigarettes contain nearly 4,000 other compounds that play a role. Until recently, nicotine research has been driven primarily by nicotine's unparalleled power to keep people smoking, rather than its potential therapeutic uses.
* There's a cheap, common, and mostly safe drug, in daily use for centuries by hundreds of millions of people, that only lately has been investigated for its therapeutic potential for a long list of common ills. The list includes Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, depression and anxiety, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and even pain and obesity.
*There's a cheap, common, and mostly safe drug, in daily use for centuries by hundreds of millions of people, that only lately has been investigated for its therapeutic potential for a long list of common ills. The list includes Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, depression and anxiety, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and even pain and obesity.
* People with depressive-spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, and adult ADHD tend to smoke heavily, which suggested to researchers that nicotine may soothe their symptoms. Common to all these disorders is a failure of attention, an inability to concentrate on particular stimuli and screen out the rest. Nicotine helps.
*People with depressive-spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, and adult ADHD tend to smoke heavily, which suggested to researchers that nicotine may soothe their symptoms. Common to all these disorders is a failure of attention, an inability to concentrate on particular stimuli and screen out the rest. Nicotine helps.
* Researchers at the National Institute on Drug Abuse have shown via functional magnetic resonance imaging that nicotine activates specific brain areas during tasks that demand attention
*Researchers at the National Institute on Drug Abuse have shown via functional magnetic resonance imaging that nicotine activates specific brain areas during tasks that demand attention
*Citation: Powledge TM. Nicotine as therapy. PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov;2(11):e404. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020404. Epub 2004 Nov 16. PMID: 15547644; PMCID: PMC526783
**Citation: Powledge TM. Nicotine as therapy. PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov;2(11):e404. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020404. Epub 2004 Nov 16. PMID: 15547644; PMCID: PMC526783
***Acknowledgement: None stated


===2003: [https://www.academia.edu/2412608/Is_There_a_Link_Between_Adolescent_Cigarette_Smoking_and_Pharmacotherapy_for_ADHD  Is There a Link Between Adolescent Cigarette Smoking and pharmacotherapy for ADHD?]===
===2003: [https://www.academia.edu/2412608/Is_There_a_Link_Between_Adolescent_Cigarette_Smoking_and_Pharmacotherapy_for_ADHD  Is There a Link Between Adolescent Cigarette Smoking and pharmacotherapy for ADHD?]===
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*"Inflammation involves multiple genes and signaling pathways. In addition, it promotes the occurrence and development of various diseases to varying degrees. Nicotine plays an active role in various immune disorders because of its broad anti-inflammatory properties. This section describes the therapeutic effects of nicotine in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), OA, sepsis, endotoxemia, ulcerative colitis (UC), and myocarditis."
*"Inflammation involves multiple genes and signaling pathways. In addition, it promotes the occurrence and development of various diseases to varying degrees. Nicotine plays an active role in various immune disorders because of its broad anti-inflammatory properties. This section describes the therapeutic effects of nicotine in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), OA, sepsis, endotoxemia, ulcerative colitis (UC), and myocarditis."
**Citation: Cao, Y., Sun, J., Wang, X., Zhang, X., Tian, H., Huang, L., Huang, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Li, L., & Zhou, S. (2024). The double-edged nature of nicotine: Toxicities and therapeutic potentials. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 15, 1427314. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1427314
**Citation: Cao, Y., Sun, J., Wang, X., Zhang, X., Tian, H., Huang, L., Huang, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Li, L., & Zhou, S. (2024). The double-edged nature of nicotine: Toxicities and therapeutic potentials. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 15, 1427314. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1427314
***Acknowledgement: This work was financially supported by the Technology Project of Anhui Zhongyan Industry Co., Ltd. (2022156), Science and Technology Projects of State Tobacco Monopoly Administration (110202201046XX-05), Startup Program of XMU and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities. Authors YC, XW, XZ, HT, YZ, JZ, and SZ were employed China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co., Ltd.  
***Acknowledgement: This work was financially supported by the Technology Project of Anhui Zhongyan Industry Co., Ltd. (2022156), Science and Technology Projects of State Tobacco Monopoly Administration (110202201046XX-05), Startup Program of XMU and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities. Authors YC, XW, XZ, HT, YZ, JZ, and SZ were employed China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co., Ltd.
 
===2021: [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11334575/ Meta-Analysis on Nicotine's Modulation of HIV-Associated Dementia]===
*However, alternative pathways with more holistic representations of molecular relationships revealed the potential of nicotine as a neuroprotective treatment. It was found that concurrent with nicotine treatment the individual inactivation of several of the intermediary molecules in the holistic pathways caused the downregulation of the HAD pathology molecules. These findings reveal that nicotine may have therapeutic properties for HAD when given alongside specific inhibitory drugs for one or more of the identified intermediary molecules.
**Citation: Krishnan, V., Vigorito, M., Kota, N.K. et al. Meta-Analysis on Nicotine's Modulation of HIV-Associated Dementia. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 17, 487–502 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-021-10027-2
***Acknowledgement: This study was partially supported by National Institute of Health grants DA43448 and DA046258 to SLC.


===2013 [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12017-013-8242-1 Nicotine Prevents Synaptic Impairment Induced by Amyloid-β Oligomers Through α7-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Activation]===  
===2013 [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12017-013-8242-1 Nicotine Prevents Synaptic Impairment Induced by Amyloid-β Oligomers Through α7-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Activation]===  
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*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1080/13607860220126808 PDF Version]
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1080/13607860220126808 PDF Version]
*Citation: K. N. Murray & N. Abeles (2002) Nicotine's effect on neural and cognitive functioning in an aging population, Aging & Mental Health, 6:2, 129-138, DOI: 10.1080/13607860220126808
*Citation: K. N. Murray & N. Abeles (2002) Nicotine's effect on neural and cognitive functioning in an aging population, Aging & Mental Health, 6:2, 129-138, DOI: 10.1080/13607860220126808
===2004: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC526783/ Nicotine as Therapy]===
*Yet few of the horrendous health effects of smoking are traceable to nicotine itself—cigarettes contain nearly 4,000 other compounds that play a role. Until recently, nicotine research has been driven primarily by nicotine's unparalleled power to keep people smoking, rather than its potential therapeutic uses.
*There's a cheap, common, and mostly safe drug, in daily use for centuries by hundreds of millions of people, that only lately has been investigated for its therapeutic potential for a long list of common ills. The list includes Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, depression and anxiety, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and even pain and obesity.
*People with depressive-spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, and adult ADHD tend to smoke heavily, which suggested to researchers that nicotine may soothe their symptoms. Common to all these disorders is a failure of attention, an inability to concentrate on particular stimuli and screen out the rest. Nicotine helps.
*Researchers at the National Institute on Drug Abuse have shown via functional magnetic resonance imaging that nicotine activates specific brain areas during tasks that demand attention
**Citation: Powledge TM. Nicotine as therapy. PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov;2(11):e404. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020404. Epub 2004 Nov 16. PMID: 15547644; PMCID: PMC526783.
***Acknowledgement: None stated


===2002 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12436427/ Nicotinic receptors in aging and dementia]===  
===2002 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12436427/ Nicotinic receptors in aging and dementia]===  
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**Citation: van Maanen MA, Lebre MC, van der Poll T, LaRosa GJ, Elbaum D, Vervoordeldonk MJ, Tak PP. Stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors attenuates collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Jan;60(1):114-22. doi: 10.1002/art.24177. PMID: 19116908.
**Citation: van Maanen MA, Lebre MC, van der Poll T, LaRosa GJ, Elbaum D, Vervoordeldonk MJ, Tak PP. Stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors attenuates collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Jan;60(1):114-22. doi: 10.1002/art.24177. PMID: 19116908.


= '''Atopic Dermatitis''' =
='''Ataxia'''=


=== 2023: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37454697/ Association of Atopic Dermatitis with Substance Use Disorders: A Case-Control Study in the All of Us Research Program.] ===
===2019: [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6379038/ Potential Therapeutic Application for Nicotinic Receptor Drugs in Movement Disorders]===
 
*Accumulating data from preclinical studies and clinical trials suggest that drugs targeting CNS cholinergic systems may be useful for symptomatic treatment of movement disorders. Nicotinic cholinergic drugs, including nicotine and selective nAChR receptor agonists, reduce L-dopa-induced dyskinesias, as well as antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia, and may be useful in Tourette's syndrome and ataxia. Subtype selective muscarinic cholinergic drugs may also provide effective therapies for Parkinson's disease, dyskinesias and dystonia. Continued studies/trials will help address this important issue.
* Joshi TP, Bancroft A, DeLeon D, Garcia D, Kunisetty B, Truong P, Kim SJ. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2023 Jul 14:S0190-9622(23)01361-0. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2023.06.051. Online ahead of print. PMID: 37454697 No abstract available.
**Citation: Quik M, Boyd JT, Bordia T, Perez X. Potential Therapeutic Application for Nicotinic Receptor Drugs in Movement Disorders. Nicotine Tob Res. 2019 Feb 18;21(3):357-369. doi: 10.1093/ntr/nty063. PMID: 30137517; PMCID: PMC6379038.
* Patients with AD, compared to controls, were more likely to use cannabis (4.4% vs 2.7%, 60 P <0.01), hallucinogens (3.2% vs 1.8%, P <0.01), opioids (3.5% vs 1.3%, P <0.01), and 61 stimulants (2.3% vs 1.5%, P <0.01) and less likely to use e-cigarettes (10.8% vs 15.6%, P <0.01) 62 and regular cigarettes (39.0% vs 56.0%, P <0.01).  
***Acknowledgement: This work was supported by grant NS R56NS095965 from the National Institutes of Health.
* In multivariable analysis adjusted for age, 63 income, insurance type, race, sex, depression, and anxiety, only the associations with cannabis 64 (aOR 1.49, 95% CI 1.24-1.80), e-cigarette (aOR 0.71, 95% CI 0.65-0.77), and regular cigarette 65 use (aOR 0.65, 95% CI 0.63-0.68) persisted (Table I)
<br>


= '''Auditory''' =
= '''Auditory''' =
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**Citation: Lewis AS, van Schalkwyk GI, Lopez MO, Volkmar FR, Picciotto MR, Sukhodolsky DG. An Exploratory Trial of Transdermal Nicotine for Aggression and Irritability in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2018 Aug;48(8):2748-2757. doi: 10.1007/s10803-018-3536-7. PMID: 29536216; PMCID: PMC6394231.
**Citation: Lewis AS, van Schalkwyk GI, Lopez MO, Volkmar FR, Picciotto MR, Sukhodolsky DG. An Exploratory Trial of Transdermal Nicotine for Aggression and Irritability in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2018 Aug;48(8):2748-2757. doi: 10.1007/s10803-018-3536-7. PMID: 29536216; PMCID: PMC6394231.
***Acknowledgements: This work was supported by Autism Speaks grant #9699 (ASL), National Institutes of Health grants R01DA14241 and R01MH077681 (MRP), R25MH071584, T32MH019961, and T32MH14276 (ASL), and the Child Study Center Associates and the AACAP Pilot Award for General Psychiatry Residents (GIvS).
***Acknowledgements: This work was supported by Autism Speaks grant #9699 (ASL), National Institutes of Health grants R01DA14241 and R01MH077681 (MRP), R25MH071584, T32MH019961, and T32MH14276 (ASL), and the Child Study Center Associates and the AACAP Pilot Award for General Psychiatry Residents (GIvS).
===2016: [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5101145/ Striatal cholinergic interneurons and D2 receptor-expressing GABAergic medium spiny neurons regulate tardive dyskinesia]===
*Animal Study
*
**Citation:
***Acknowledgement:
===2016: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27638450/ Altered nocifensive behavior in animal models of autism spectrum disorder: The role of the nicotinic cholinergic system]===
*Animal Study
*
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.09.013 PDF Full paper]
**Citation:
***Acknowledgement:
===2015: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26337613/ Modulation of social deficits and repetitive behaviors in a mouse model of autism: the role of the nicotinic cholinergic system]===
*Animal Study
*
**Citation:
***Acknowledgement:
<br>
<br>


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* Published online on: March 25, 2021 Molecular Medicine Reports  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12037</nowiki> Article Number: 398
* Published online on: March 25, 2021 Molecular Medicine Reports  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12037</nowiki> Article Number: 398
* Author: Ahmad Alhowail
* Author: Ahmad Alhowail
===2021: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1001841721007804 Real-time effects of nicotine exposure and withdrawal on neurotransmitter metabolism of hippocampal neuronal cells by microfluidic chip-coupled LC-MS]===
*Animal study
*Exposure to nicotine mainly altered the secretion of serotonin, kynurenic acid, choline and acetylcholine of HT22 cells to improve hippocampal dependent cognition, and the change are closely related to the dose and duration of exposure.
**Citation: Chen Z, Fu L, Liu X-A, Yang Z, Li W, Li F, Luo Q. Real-time effects of nicotine exposure and withdrawal on neurotransmitter metabolism of hippocampal neuronal cells by microfluidic chip-coupled LC-MS. Chin Chem Lett. 2022;33(6):3101–5.
***Acknowledgement: This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 22076197), the Scientific Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. YJKYYQ20200034), Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Single-molecule Detection and Instrument Development (No. XMHT20190204002), Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission (No. JCYJ20200109115405930), Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province (No. 2020B1515120080).
*Article: [https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-10-reveal-nicotine-hippocampal-dependent-cognition.html Researchers reveal how nicotine influences hippocampal-dependent cognition] "These results suggested the acute exposure to nicotine was beneficial to protect the neurons, especially cognitive enhancement, and the elevated picolinic acid continually protected neuronal cognitive function after nicotine withdrawal. Furthermore, the dynamic alterations of neurotransmitter metabolism induced by nicotine might be a possible protective mechanism of nicotine on hippocampal dependent cognition."


===2020 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306452220304723?via%3Dihub Effects of Nicotine on Task Switching and Distraction in Non-smokers. An fMRI Study]===  
===2020 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306452220304723?via%3Dihub Effects of Nicotine on Task Switching and Distraction in Non-smokers. An fMRI Study]===  
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*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6018192/pdf/CN-16-403.pdf PDF Version]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6018192/pdf/CN-16-403.pdf PDF Version]
*Citation: Valentine G, Sofuoglu M. Cognitive Effects of Nicotine: Recent Progress. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2018;16(4):403-414. doi: 10.2174/1570159X15666171103152136. PMID: 29110618; PMCID: PMC6018192.
*Citation: Valentine G, Sofuoglu M. Cognitive Effects of Nicotine: Recent Progress. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2018;16(4):403-414. doi: 10.2174/1570159X15666171103152136. PMID: 29110618; PMCID: PMC6018192.
===2017: [https://www.nature.com/articles/npp201715 Repeated Nicotine Strengthens Gamma Oscillations in the Prefrontal Cortex and Improves Visual Attention]===
*Consistent with this mechanism, the repeat dosing regimen in a separate cohort of subjects led to improved performance in an attention task. These data suggest that procognitive effects of nicotine may involve development of enhanced gamma oscillatory activity and a shift to excitatory–inhibitory balance in PFC neural activity. In the context of the clinical use of nicotine and related agonists for treating cognitive deficits, these data suggest that daily dosing may be critical to allow for development of robust gamma oscillations.
**Citation: Bueno-Junior, L., Simon, N., Wegener, M. et al. Repeated Nicotine Strengthens Gamma Oscillations in the Prefrontal Cortex and Improves Visual Attention. Neuropsychopharmacol 42, 1590–1598 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2017.15
***Acknowledgement: This work was supported by São Paulo Research Foundation, Brazil (FAPESP; fellowships 2012/21387-8 and 2012/06123-4) for investigator LSBJ, R01MH084906 (BM), and a pilot fund from the Center for Evaluation of Nicotine in Cigarettes (NWS). The authors declare no conflict of interest.


===2016: [https://truthinitiative.org/sites/default/files/media/files/2019/08/ReThinking-Nicotine_0.pdf Re-thinking nicotine and its effects]===
===2016: [https://truthinitiative.org/sites/default/files/media/files/2019/08/ReThinking-Nicotine_0.pdf Re-thinking nicotine and its effects]===
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*Citation: Dawkins, L., Turner, J., Hasna, S., & Soar, K. (2012). The electronic-cigarette: Effects on desire to smoke, withdrawal symptoms and cognition. Addictive Behaviors, 37(8), 970–973. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.03.004  
*Citation: Dawkins, L., Turner, J., Hasna, S., & Soar, K. (2012). The electronic-cigarette: Effects on desire to smoke, withdrawal symptoms and cognition. Addictive Behaviors, 37(8), 970–973. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.03.004  
*Electronic Cigarette Company (TECC) supplied the e-cigarettes and cartridges for this study. TECC had no involvement in the design or conduct of the study.
*Electronic Cigarette Company (TECC) supplied the e-cigarettes and cartridges for this study. TECC had no involvement in the design or conduct of the study.
===2006: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16902999/ Nicotine reverses adult-onset hypothyroidism-induced impairment of learning and memory: Behavioral and electrophysiological studies]===
*Animal Study
*The major finding of the present study is that chronic nicotine treatment reverses hypothyroidism-induced learning, short-term memory, and longterm memory impairment. This is indicated by the ability of chronic nicotine treatment to normalize the performance of hypothyroid rats in the RAWM spatial learning and memory tasks. Chronic nicotine treatment also reverses the hypothyroidism-induced impairment of E-LTP and L-LTP, the widely accepted electrophysiological correlates of cognitive function (Bliss and Collingridge, 1993).
* [https://sci-hub.st/10.1002/jnr.21014 PDF Full study]
**Citation: Alzoubi KH, Aleisa AM, Gerges NZ, Alkadhi KA. Nicotine reverses adult-onset hypothyroidism-induced impairment of learning and memory: Behavioral and electrophysiological studies. J Neurosci Res. 2006 Oct;84(5):944-53. doi: 10.1002/jnr.21014. PMID: 16902999.
***Acknowledgement: None stated


===2003 [https://www.nature.com/articles/1300202 Psychoactive Drugs and Pilot Performance: A Comparison of Nicotine, Donepezil, and Alcohol Effects]===  
===2003 [https://www.nature.com/articles/1300202 Psychoactive Drugs and Pilot Performance: A Comparison of Nicotine, Donepezil, and Alcohol Effects]===  
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='''Dyskinesia'''=
='''Dyskinesia'''=
===2019: [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6379038/ Potential Therapeutic Application for Nicotinic Receptor Drugs in Movement Disorders]===
*Accumulating data from preclinical studies and clinical trials suggest that drugs targeting CNS cholinergic systems may be useful for symptomatic treatment of movement disorders. Nicotinic cholinergic drugs, including nicotine and selective nAChR receptor agonists, reduce L-dopa-induced dyskinesias, as well as antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia, and may be useful in Tourette's syndrome and ataxia. Subtype selective muscarinic cholinergic drugs may also provide effective therapies for Parkinson's disease, dyskinesias and dystonia. Continued studies/trials will help address this important issue.
**Citation: Quik M, Boyd JT, Bordia T, Perez X. Potential Therapeutic Application for Nicotinic Receptor Drugs in Movement Disorders. Nicotine Tob Res. 2019 Feb 18;21(3):357-369. doi: 10.1093/ntr/nty063. PMID: 30137517; PMCID: PMC6379038.
***Acknowledgement: This work was supported by grant NS R56NS095965 from the National Institutes of Health.
===2012: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3286320/ Nicotine Reduces Antipsychotic-Induced Orofacial Dyskinesia in Rats]===
===2012: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3286320/ Nicotine Reduces Antipsychotic-Induced Orofacial Dyskinesia in Rats]===
*In summary, our data show that nicotine treatment decreases haloperidol-induced VCMs [vacuous chewing movements] in an established rat model of tardive dyskinesia. The demonstration that nicotine removal leads to a return of VCMs, whereas nicotine re-exposure reduced haloperidol-induced VCMs, suggests a causal relationship. These data have clinical applications for the treatment of tardive dyskinesias associated with long-term antipsychotic treatment using nicotine.
*In summary, our data show that nicotine treatment decreases haloperidol-induced VCMs [vacuous chewing movements] in an established rat model of tardive dyskinesia. The demonstration that nicotine removal leads to a return of VCMs, whereas nicotine re-exposure reduced haloperidol-induced VCMs, suggests a causal relationship. These data have clinical applications for the treatment of tardive dyskinesias associated with long-term antipsychotic treatment using nicotine.
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<br>


='''Endurance / Exercise / Athletic Performance'''=
='''Dystonia'''=
 
===2019: [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6379038/ Potential Therapeutic Application for Nicotinic Receptor Drugs in Movement Disorders]===
*Accumulating data from preclinical studies and clinical trials suggest that drugs targeting CNS cholinergic systems may be useful for symptomatic treatment of movement disorders. Nicotinic cholinergic drugs, including nicotine and selective nAChR receptor agonists, reduce L-dopa-induced dyskinesias, as well as antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia, and may be useful in Tourette's syndrome and ataxia. Subtype selective muscarinic cholinergic drugs may also provide effective therapies for Parkinson's disease, dyskinesias and dystonia. Continued studies/trials will help address this important issue.
**Citation: Quik M, Boyd JT, Bordia T, Perez X. Potential Therapeutic Application for Nicotinic Receptor Drugs in Movement Disorders. Nicotine Tob Res. 2019 Feb 18;21(3):357-369. doi: 10.1093/ntr/nty063. PMID: 30137517; PMCID: PMC6379038.
***Acknowledgement: This work was supported by grant NS R56NS095965 from the National Institutes of Health.
<br>
 
='''Endurance / Exercise / Athletic Performance'''=


===2024 Article: [https://web.archive.org/web/20241002001111/https://www.golfdigest.com/story/tour-pros-little-helper-does-nicotine-create-a-competitive-advantage Tour Pro’s Little Helper: Does nicotine create a competitive advantage?]===
===2024 Article: [https://web.archive.org/web/20241002001111/https://www.golfdigest.com/story/tour-pros-little-helper-does-nicotine-create-a-competitive-advantage Tour Pro’s Little Helper: Does nicotine create a competitive advantage?]===
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***Acknowledgement: Funded by ANU Connect Ventures through a Discovery Translation Fund grant (Project ID: DTF311).  
***Acknowledgement: Funded by ANU Connect Ventures through a Discovery Translation Fund grant (Project ID: DTF311).  
<br>
<br>
='''Hashimoto's disease (Hashimoto thyroiditis)'''=
*[https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/hashimotos-thyroiditis Hashimoto's Thyroiditis] "is when your thyroid gland becomes irritated or inflamed. Hashimoto thyroiditis is the most common type of this health problem. It may also be called chronic autoimmune thyroiditis. This thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease. It occurs when your body makes antibodies that attack the cells in your thyroid. The thyroid gland becomes overrun with white blood cells and becomes scarred. This makes the gland feel firm and rubbery. The thyroid then can’t make enough of the thyroid hormone."
===2020: [https://www.endocrine-abstracts.org/ea/0070/ea0070oc8.4?_ga=2.114580999.1434360570.1735281186-102848752.1735281184 Cigarette smoking and the risk to develop symptoms of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis]===
*"In patients who had discontinued smoking at the age of 39 years or more, the diagnosis of HT was predominantly made after the discontinuation of smoking."
===2013: [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cen.12222 Smoking and thyroid]===
*"Smoking has distinct associations with thyroid function and size in healthy subjects. It has remarkable and contrasting associations with thyroid function in autoimmune thyroid disease (lower risk of Hashimoto's disease and higher risk of Graves’ disease) and with thyroid size in nodular disease (lower risk of thyroid carcinoma and higher risk of nontoxic goitre and multinodularity). The observed associations likely indicate causal relationships in view of consistent associations across studies, the presence of a dose–response relationship and disappearance of the associations after cessation of smoking. Which mechanisms mediate the many effects of smoking remains largely obscure. Probably, they differ between the various effects. The divergent effects of smoking on the expression of autoimmune thyroid disease are intriguing and reminiscent on the contrasting effects of smoking on inflammatory bowel disease: protective against ulcerative colitis (OR 0·41, 0·34–0·48) but risky for Crohn's disease (OR 1·61, 1·27–2·03)."
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1111/cen.12222 PDF Full paper]
**Citation: Wiersinga, W. M. (2013). Smoking and thyroid. Clinical Endocrinology, 79(2), 145–151. doi:10.1111/cen.12222
***Acknowledgement: None stated
='''HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)'''=
===2025: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763425003495 Nicotine and neurocognition in HIV: Translational challenges and therapeutic potential]===
*"Approximately half of people with HIV (PWH) experience neurocognitive impairment (NCI), despite antiretroviral therapies that have turned what was formerly a death sentence to a chronic illness. No targeted treatments exist for HIV-associated NCI, impacting long-term quality of life. Smoking rates in PWH are nearly double those of the general population, and with evidence for pro-cognitive effects of nicotine, this may reflect self-medication. However, clinical studies yield inconsistent findings-some showing benefits, others reporting harm-likely due to variability in nicotine exposure methods, cognitive testing paradigms, withdrawal states, and confounding comorbidities. In contrast, animal studies offer a more controlled framework to isolate the effects of nicotine. Preclinical models suggest that nicotine may mitigate HIV-associated cognitive deficits by acting on α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), leading to reduced neuroinflammation. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting nAChRs, though mechanisms remain incompletely understood..."
**Citation: Jha NA, Ayoub SM, Brody AL, Young JW. Nicotine and neurocognition in HIV: Translational challenges and therapeutic potential. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2025 Aug 23;177:106348. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106348. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 40854454.
***Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health [grant numbers: R01MH134175 (JWY), R01MH128869 (JWY), R01DA051295 (JWY)]...
===2021: [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11334575/ Meta-Analysis on Nicotine's Modulation of HIV-Associated Dementia]===
*However, alternative pathways with more holistic representations of molecular relationships revealed the potential of nicotine as a neuroprotective treatment. It was found that concurrent with nicotine treatment the individual inactivation of several of the intermediary molecules in the holistic pathways caused the downregulation of the HAD pathology molecules. These findings reveal that nicotine may have therapeutic properties for HAD when given alongside specific inhibitory drugs for one or more of the identified intermediary molecules.
**Citation: Krishnan, V., Vigorito, M., Kota, N.K. et al. Meta-Analysis on Nicotine's Modulation of HIV-Associated Dementia. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 17, 487–502 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-021-10027-2
***Acknowledgement: This study was partially supported by National Institute of Health grants DA43448 and DA046258 to SLC.


='''Huntington’s Disease'''=
='''Huntington’s Disease'''=
Line 830: Line 922:
**Citation: Tariq M, Khan HA, Elfaki I, Al Deeb S, Al Moutaery K. Neuroprotective effect of nicotine against 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP)-induced experimental Huntington's disease in rats. Brain Res Bull. 2005 Sep 30;67(1-2):161-8. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.06.024. PMID: 16140176.
**Citation: Tariq M, Khan HA, Elfaki I, Al Deeb S, Al Moutaery K. Neuroprotective effect of nicotine against 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP)-induced experimental Huntington's disease in rats. Brain Res Bull. 2005 Sep 30;67(1-2):161-8. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.06.024. PMID: 16140176.
<br>
<br>
='''Hashimoto's disease (Hashimoto thyroiditis)'''=
*[https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/hashimotos-thyroiditis Hashimoto's Thyroiditis] "is when your thyroid gland becomes irritated or inflamed. Hashimoto thyroiditis is the most common type of this health problem. It may also be called chronic autoimmune thyroiditis. This thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease. It occurs when your body makes antibodies that attack the cells in your thyroid. The thyroid gland becomes overrun with white blood cells and becomes scarred. This makes the gland feel firm and rubbery. The thyroid then can’t make enough of the thyroid hormone."
===2020: [https://www.endocrine-abstracts.org/ea/0070/ea0070oc8.4?_ga=2.114580999.1434360570.1735281186-102848752.1735281184 Cigarette smoking and the risk to develop symptoms of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis]===
*"In patients who had discontinued smoking at the age of 39 years or more, the diagnosis of HT was predominantly made after the discontinuation of smoking."
===2013: [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cen.12222 Smoking and thyroid]===
*"Smoking has distinct associations with thyroid function and size in healthy subjects. It has remarkable and contrasting associations with thyroid function in autoimmune thyroid disease (lower risk of Hashimoto's disease and higher risk of Graves’ disease) and with thyroid size in nodular disease (lower risk of thyroid carcinoma and higher risk of nontoxic goitre and multinodularity). The observed associations likely indicate causal relationships in view of consistent associations across studies, the presence of a dose–response relationship and disappearance of the associations after cessation of smoking. Which mechanisms mediate the many effects of smoking remains largely obscure. Probably, they differ between the various effects. The divergent effects of smoking on the expression of autoimmune thyroid disease are intriguing and reminiscent on the contrasting effects of smoking on inflammatory bowel disease: protective against ulcerative colitis (OR 0·41, 0·34–0·48) but risky for Crohn's disease (OR 1·61, 1·27–2·03)."


='''Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis / Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis''' (See Also: Allergies/Hayfever/Histamines)=
='''Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis / Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis''' (See Also: Allergies/Hayfever/Histamines)=
Line 871: Line 954:
<br>
<br>


='''Inflammation'''=
='''Hypothyroidism'''=
 
===2006: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16902999/ Nicotine reverses adult-onset hypothyroidism-induced impairment of learning and memory: Behavioral and electrophysiological studies]===
*Animal Study
*The major finding of the present study is that chronic nicotine treatment reverses hypothyroidism-induced learning, short-term memory, and longterm memory impairment. This is indicated by the ability of chronic nicotine treatment to normalize the performance of hypothyroid rats in the RAWM spatial learning and memory tasks. Chronic nicotine treatment also reverses the hypothyroidism-induced impairment of E-LTP and L-LTP, the widely accepted electrophysiological correlates of cognitive function (Bliss and Collingridge, 1993).
* [https://sci-hub.st/10.1002/jnr.21014 PDF Full study]
**Citation: Alzoubi KH, Aleisa AM, Gerges NZ, Alkadhi KA. Nicotine reverses adult-onset hypothyroidism-induced impairment of learning and memory: Behavioral and electrophysiological studies. J Neurosci Res. 2006 Oct;84(5):944-53. doi: 10.1002/jnr.21014. PMID: 16902999.
***Acknowledgement: None stated
<br>
 
='''Inflammation'''=


===2023: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9871277/  Effect of Nicotine on Immune System Function]===
===2023: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9871277/  Effect of Nicotine on Immune System Function]===
Line 985: Line 1,078:
*Some subgroups, such as those with an underlying vulnerability to mental health or medical conditions, may benefit, more or less, from the use of nicotine, when compared with the general population.
*Some subgroups, such as those with an underlying vulnerability to mental health or medical conditions, may benefit, more or less, from the use of nicotine, when compared with the general population.
*Truth Initiative / Schroeder Institute: Raymond Niaura, PhD. - This paper was also reviewed by content area experts whose feedback was included: Drs. Neal Benowitz, Peter Shields, Dorothy Hatsukami, and Ken Warner
*Truth Initiative / Schroeder Institute: Raymond Niaura, PhD. - This paper was also reviewed by content area experts whose feedback was included: Drs. Neal Benowitz, Peter Shields, Dorothy Hatsukami, and Ken Warner
===2004: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC526783/ Nicotine as Therapy]===
*Yet few of the horrendous health effects of smoking are traceable to nicotine itself—cigarettes contain nearly 4,000 other compounds that play a role. Until recently, nicotine research has been driven primarily by nicotine's unparalleled power to keep people smoking, rather than its potential therapeutic uses.
*There's a cheap, common, and mostly safe drug, in daily use for centuries by hundreds of millions of people, that only lately has been investigated for its therapeutic potential for a long list of common ills. The list includes Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, depression and anxiety, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and even pain and obesity.
*People with depressive-spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, and adult ADHD tend to smoke heavily, which suggested to researchers that nicotine may soothe their symptoms. Common to all these disorders is a failure of attention, an inability to concentrate on particular stimuli and screen out the rest. Nicotine helps.
*Researchers at the National Institute on Drug Abuse have shown via functional magnetic resonance imaging that nicotine activates specific brain areas during tasks that demand attention
**Citation: Powledge TM. Nicotine as therapy. PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov;2(11):e404. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020404. Epub 2004 Nov 16. PMID: 15547644; PMCID: PMC526783
***Acknowledgement: None stated
<br>
<br>


Line 1,031: Line 1,132:
*Some subgroups, such as those with an underlying vulnerability to mental health or medical conditions, may benefit, more or less, from the use of nicotine, when compared with the general population.
*Some subgroups, such as those with an underlying vulnerability to mental health or medical conditions, may benefit, more or less, from the use of nicotine, when compared with the general population.
*Truth Initiative / Schroeder Institute: Raymond Niaura, PhD. - This paper was also reviewed by content area experts whose feedback was included: Drs. Neal Benowitz, Peter Shields, Dorothy Hatsukami, and Ken Warner
*Truth Initiative / Schroeder Institute: Raymond Niaura, PhD. - This paper was also reviewed by content area experts whose feedback was included: Drs. Neal Benowitz, Peter Shields, Dorothy Hatsukami, and Ken Warner
===2004: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC526783/ Nicotine as Therapy]===
*Yet few of the horrendous health effects of smoking are traceable to nicotine itself—cigarettes contain nearly 4,000 other compounds that play a role. Until recently, nicotine research has been driven primarily by nicotine's unparalleled power to keep people smoking, rather than its potential therapeutic uses.
*There's a cheap, common, and mostly safe drug, in daily use for centuries by hundreds of millions of people, that only lately has been investigated for its therapeutic potential for a long list of common ills. The list includes Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, depression and anxiety, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and even pain and obesity.
*People with depressive-spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, and adult ADHD tend to smoke heavily, which suggested to researchers that nicotine may soothe their symptoms. Common to all these disorders is a failure of attention, an inability to concentrate on particular stimuli and screen out the rest. Nicotine helps.
*Researchers at the National Institute on Drug Abuse have shown via functional magnetic resonance imaging that nicotine activates specific brain areas during tasks that demand attention
**Citation: Powledge TM. Nicotine as therapy. PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov;2(11):e404. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020404. Epub 2004 Nov 16. PMID: 15547644; PMCID: PMC526783
***Acknowledgement: None stated


===2000 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0091305700002057 The Effects of Nicotine on Neural Pathways Implicated in Depression: A Factor in Nicotine Addiction?]===  
===2000 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0091305700002057 The Effects of Nicotine on Neural Pathways Implicated in Depression: A Factor in Nicotine Addiction?]===  
Line 1,180: Line 1,289:
**Citation: Levin ED, Rezvani AH. Nicotinic interactions with antipsychotic drugs, models of schizophrenia and impacts on cognitive function. Biochem Pharmacol. 2007 Oct 15;74(8):1182-91. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.07.019. Epub 2007 Jul 20. PMID: 17714691; PMCID: PMC2702723.
**Citation: Levin ED, Rezvani AH. Nicotinic interactions with antipsychotic drugs, models of schizophrenia and impacts on cognitive function. Biochem Pharmacol. 2007 Oct 15;74(8):1182-91. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.07.019. Epub 2007 Jul 20. PMID: 17714691; PMCID: PMC2702723.
***Acknowledgement: Research presented was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health grant MH64494.
***Acknowledgement: Research presented was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health grant MH64494.
===2004: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC526783/ Nicotine as Therapy]===
*Yet few of the horrendous health effects of smoking are traceable to nicotine itself—cigarettes contain nearly 4,000 other compounds that play a role. Until recently, nicotine research has been driven primarily by nicotine's unparalleled power to keep people smoking, rather than its potential therapeutic uses.
*There's a cheap, common, and mostly safe drug, in daily use for centuries by hundreds of millions of people, that only lately has been investigated for its therapeutic potential for a long list of common ills. The list includes Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, depression and anxiety, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and even pain and obesity.
*People with depressive-spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, and adult ADHD tend to smoke heavily, which suggested to researchers that nicotine may soothe their symptoms. Common to all these disorders is a failure of attention, an inability to concentrate on particular stimuli and screen out the rest. Nicotine helps.
*Researchers at the National Institute on Drug Abuse have shown via functional magnetic resonance imaging that nicotine activates specific brain areas during tasks that demand attention
**Citation: Powledge TM. Nicotine as therapy. PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov;2(11):e404. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020404. Epub 2004 Nov 16. PMID: 15547644; PMCID: PMC526783
***Acknowledgement: None stated


===2002 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12769614/ Nicotinic treatment for cognitive dysfunction]===
===2002 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12769614/ Nicotinic treatment for cognitive dysfunction]===
Line 1,291: Line 1,408:
**Citation: Nakamoto, K., Matsuura, W., & Tokuyama, S. (2023). Nicotine suppresses central post-stroke pain via facilitation of descending noradrenergic neuron through activation of orexinergic neuron. European journal of pharmacology, 175518. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175518
**Citation: Nakamoto, K., Matsuura, W., & Tokuyama, S. (2023). Nicotine suppresses central post-stroke pain via facilitation of descending noradrenergic neuron through activation of orexinergic neuron. European journal of pharmacology, 175518. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175518
***Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the Smoking Research Foundation (FP01807092).
***Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the Smoking Research Foundation (FP01807092).
===2023: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36947193/ Analgesic potential of transdermal nicotine patch in surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials]===
*Perioperative use of NP significantly improved postoperative pain, even when opioids were administered or prescribed. Nevertheless, the clinical relevance should be interpreted with caution, owing to the effect sizes of the summary measures and methodological issues. The analgesic potential of NP as an adjuvant therapy to regulate pain and acute inflammation may offer certain clinical advantages, thus warranting further investigation.
**Citation: da Silva Barbirato D, de Melo Vasconcelos AF, Dantas de Moraes SL, Pellizzer EP, do Egito Vasconcelos BC. Analgesic potential of transdermal nicotine patch in surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2023 May;79(5):589-607. doi: 10.1007/s00228-023-03475-7. Epub 2023 Mar 22. PMID: 36947193.
***Acknowledgement: Paywalled, can't access


===2020 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32381373/ Effectiveness of nicotine patch for the control of pain, oedema, and trismus following third molar surgery: a randomized clinical trial]===  
===2020 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32381373/ Effectiveness of nicotine patch for the control of pain, oedema, and trismus following third molar surgery: a randomized clinical trial]===  
Line 1,324: Line 1,446:
*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1213/ane.0b013e31816f2616# PDF Version]
*[https://sci-hub.se/10.1213/ane.0b013e31816f2616# PDF Version]
*Citation: Habib, Ashraf S., MBBCh, MSc, FRCA*; White, William D., MPH*; El Gasim, Magdi A., MD*; Saleh, Gamal, MD*; Polascik, Thomas J., MD†; Moul, Judd W., MD†; Gan, Tong J., MB, FRCA* Transdermal Nicotine for Analgesia After Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy, Anesthesia & Analgesia: September 2008 - Volume 107 - Issue 3 - p 999-1004 doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e31816f2616
*Citation: Habib, Ashraf S., MBBCh, MSc, FRCA*; White, William D., MPH*; El Gasim, Magdi A., MD*; Saleh, Gamal, MD*; Polascik, Thomas J., MD†; Moul, Judd W., MD†; Gan, Tong J., MB, FRCA* Transdermal Nicotine for Analgesia After Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy, Anesthesia & Analgesia: September 2008 - Volume 107 - Issue 3 - p 999-1004 doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e31816f2616
===2004: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC526783/ Nicotine as Therapy]===
*Yet few of the horrendous health effects of smoking are traceable to nicotine itself—cigarettes contain nearly 4,000 other compounds that play a role. Until recently, nicotine research has been driven primarily by nicotine's unparalleled power to keep people smoking, rather than its potential therapeutic uses.
*There's a cheap, common, and mostly safe drug, in daily use for centuries by hundreds of millions of people, that only lately has been investigated for its therapeutic potential for a long list of common ills. The list includes Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, depression and anxiety, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and even pain and obesity.
*People with depressive-spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, and adult ADHD tend to smoke heavily, which suggested to researchers that nicotine may soothe their symptoms. Common to all these disorders is a failure of attention, an inability to concentrate on particular stimuli and screen out the rest. Nicotine helps.
*Researchers at the National Institute on Drug Abuse have shown via functional magnetic resonance imaging that nicotine activates specific brain areas during tasks that demand attention
**Citation: Powledge TM. Nicotine as therapy. PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov;2(11):e404. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020404. Epub 2004 Nov 16. PMID: 15547644; PMCID: PMC526783
***Acknowledgement: None stated


===2002 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12131122/ Isoflurane hyperalgesia is modulated by nicotinic inhibition]===  
===2002 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12131122/ Isoflurane hyperalgesia is modulated by nicotinic inhibition]===  
Line 1,387: Line 1,517:
**Citation: Tizabi Y, Getachew B, Aschner M. Butyrate protects and synergizes with nicotine against iron- and manganese-induced toxicities in cell culture: Implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Res Sq [Preprint]. 2023 Oct 5:rs.3.rs-3389904. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3389904/v1. Update in: Neurotox Res. 2023 Dec 14;42(1):3. doi: 10.1007/s12640-023-00682-z. PMID: 37886507; PMCID: PMC10602090.
**Citation: Tizabi Y, Getachew B, Aschner M. Butyrate protects and synergizes with nicotine against iron- and manganese-induced toxicities in cell culture: Implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Res Sq [Preprint]. 2023 Oct 5:rs.3.rs-3389904. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3389904/v1. Update in: Neurotox Res. 2023 Dec 14;42(1):3. doi: 10.1007/s12640-023-00682-z. PMID: 37886507; PMCID: PMC10602090.
***Acknowledgement: Supported in part by: NIH/NIAAA R03 AA022479 and NIH/NIGMS (2 SO6 GM08016‐39) (YT), and NIEHS R01ES10563 and R01ES07331 (MA).
***Acknowledgement: Supported in part by: NIH/NIAAA R03 AA022479 and NIH/NIGMS (2 SO6 GM08016‐39) (YT), and NIEHS R01ES10563 and R01ES07331 (MA).
=== 2023: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36857384/ Parkinsonian phenotypes induced by Synphilin-1 expression are differentially contributed by serotonergic and dopaminergic circuits and suppressed by nicotine treatment.] ===
*Insect study
*We found that olfactory and visual symptoms are majorly contributed by the serotonergic system, and that motor symptoms and reduction in survival are mainly contributed by the dopaminergic system. Chronic nicotine treatment was able to suppress several of these symptoms. These results indicate that both the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems contribute to different aspects of PD symptomatology and that nicotine has beneficial effects on specific symptoms.
**Citation: Carvajal-Oliveros A, Dominguez-Baleón C, Sánchez-Díaz I, Zambrano-Tipan D, Hernández-Vargas R, Campusano JM, Narváez-Padilla V, Reynaud E. Parkinsonian phenotypes induced by Synphilin-1 expression are differentially contributed by serotonergic and dopaminergic circuits and suppressed by nicotine treatment. PLoS One. 2023 Mar 1;18(3):e0282348. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282348. PMID: 36857384; PMCID: PMC9977059.
***Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT), grant number 255478 and by Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (DGAPA-PAPIIT) grant number IN206517) ER was the recipient of the grants. AC received fellowships (446128) from CONACYT, PAEP-UNAM and Alianza del Pacífico- AGCID. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.


===2021 [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-88910-4 Nicotine suppresses Parkinson’s disease like phenotypes induced by Synphilin-1 overexpression in Drosophila melanogaster by increasing tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine levels]===
===2021 [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-88910-4 Nicotine suppresses Parkinson’s disease like phenotypes induced by Synphilin-1 overexpression in Drosophila melanogaster by increasing tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine levels]===
Line 1,403: Line 1,539:
**Citation: Chaoran Ma, Samantha Molsberry, Yanping Li, Michael Schwarzschild, Alberto Ascherio, Xiang Gao, Dietary nicotine intake and risk of Parkinson disease: a prospective study, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 112, Issue 4, October 2020, Pages 1080–1087, doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa186
**Citation: Chaoran Ma, Samantha Molsberry, Yanping Li, Michael Schwarzschild, Alberto Ascherio, Xiang Gao, Dietary nicotine intake and risk of Parkinson disease: a prospective study, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 112, Issue 4, October 2020, Pages 1080–1087, doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa186
***Acknowledgements: Supported by National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke at the NIH grant 1R03NS093245-01A1 (to XG). The Nurses’ Health Study is supported by the NIH through grant UM1 CA186107. The Health Professionals Follow-up Study cohort is supported by the NIH through grant U01 CA167552.
***Acknowledgements: Supported by National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke at the NIH grant 1R03NS093245-01A1 (to XG). The Nurses’ Health Study is supported by the NIH through grant UM1 CA186107. The Health Professionals Follow-up Study cohort is supported by the NIH through grant U01 CA167552.
===2019: [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6379038/ Potential Therapeutic Application for Nicotinic Receptor Drugs in Movement Disorders]===
*Accumulating data from preclinical studies and clinical trials suggest that drugs targeting CNS cholinergic systems may be useful for symptomatic treatment of movement disorders. Nicotinic cholinergic drugs, including nicotine and selective nAChR receptor agonists, reduce L-dopa-induced dyskinesias, as well as antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia, and may be useful in Tourette's syndrome and ataxia. Subtype selective muscarinic cholinergic drugs may also provide effective therapies for Parkinson's disease, dyskinesias and dystonia. Continued studies/trials will help address this important issue.
**Citation: Quik M, Boyd JT, Bordia T, Perez X. Potential Therapeutic Application for Nicotinic Receptor Drugs in Movement Disorders. Nicotine Tob Res. 2019 Feb 18;21(3):357-369. doi: 10.1093/ntr/nty063. PMID: 30137517; PMCID: PMC6379038.
***Acknowledgement: This work was supported by grant NS R56NS095965 from the National Institutes of Health.


===2018 [https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-018-0625-y Nicotine promotes neuron survival and partially protects from Parkinson’s disease by suppressing SIRT6]===
===2018 [https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-018-0625-y Nicotine promotes neuron survival and partially protects from Parkinson’s disease by suppressing SIRT6]===
Line 1,426: Line 1,567:
**Citation: Quik M, Bordia T, O'Leary K. Nicotinic receptors as CNS targets for Parkinson's disease. Biochem Pharmacol. 2007 Oct 15;74(8):1224-34. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.06.015. Epub 2007 Jun 17. PMID: 17631864; PMCID: PMC2046219.
**Citation: Quik M, Bordia T, O'Leary K. Nicotinic receptors as CNS targets for Parkinson's disease. Biochem Pharmacol. 2007 Oct 15;74(8):1224-34. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.06.015. Epub 2007 Jun 17. PMID: 17631864; PMCID: PMC2046219.
***Acknowledgements: This work was supported by NIH grants NS42091 and NS47162.
***Acknowledgements: This work was supported by NIH grants NS42091 and NS47162.
===2004: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC526783/ Nicotine as Therapy]===
*Yet few of the horrendous health effects of smoking are traceable to nicotine itself—cigarettes contain nearly 4,000 other compounds that play a role. Until recently, nicotine research has been driven primarily by nicotine's unparalleled power to keep people smoking, rather than its potential therapeutic uses.
*There's a cheap, common, and mostly safe drug, in daily use for centuries by hundreds of millions of people, that only lately has been investigated for its therapeutic potential for a long list of common ills. The list includes Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, depression and anxiety, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and even pain and obesity.
*People with depressive-spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, and adult ADHD tend to smoke heavily, which suggested to researchers that nicotine may soothe their symptoms. Common to all these disorders is a failure of attention, an inability to concentrate on particular stimuli and screen out the rest. Nicotine helps.
*Researchers at the National Institute on Drug Abuse have shown via functional magnetic resonance imaging that nicotine activates specific brain areas during tasks that demand attention
**Citation: Powledge TM. Nicotine as therapy. PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov;2(11):e404. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020404. Epub 2004 Nov 16. PMID: 15547644; PMCID: PMC526783
***Acknowledgement: None stated


===1996 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9006184/ Does nicotine have beneficial effects in the treatment of certain diseases?]===  
===1996 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9006184/ Does nicotine have beneficial effects in the treatment of certain diseases?]===  
Line 1,488: Line 1,637:
<br>
<br>


='''Sarcoidosis'''=  
='''Rett syndrome'''=
 
===2016: [https://www.nature.com/articles/cr201648 Loss of MeCP2 in cholinergic neurons causes part of RTT-like phenotypes via α7 receptor in hippocampus]===
*Animal Study
*In addition, application of PNU282987 or nicotine rescued impaired social interaction and anxiolytic behaviors in Chat-Mecp2−/y mice.
*Nicotine appears to be the primary agent in cigarettes that can target all nAChRs, including α7 nAChRs. Application of nicotine also rescued the behavioral phenotypes of Chat-Mecp2−/y mice. Long-term delivery of nicotine in the hippocampus also improved social memory in WT mice...Of particular importance, intracerebral infusion of PNU282987 or nicotine rescued the behavioral defects in Chat-Mecp2−/y mice. These findings suggest that MeCP2 is critical for normal function of cholinergic neurons and dysfunction of cholinergic neurons can contribute to numerous neuropsychiatric phenotypes.
**Citation: Zhang Y, Cao SX, Sun P, He HY, Yang CH, Chen XJ, Shen CJ, Wang XD, Chen Z, Berg DK, Duan S, Li XM. Loss of MeCP2 in cholinergic neurons causes part of RTT-like phenotypes via α7 receptor in hippocampus. Cell Res. 2016 Jun;26(6):728-42. doi: 10.1038/cr.2016.48. Epub 2016 Apr 22. PMID: 27103432; PMCID: PMC4897179.
***Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Distinguished Young Scientists (81225007), Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31430034), Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91432306), Funds for Creative Research Groups of China (81221003), Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University, and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities. This work was also sponsored by the Zhejiang Province Program for Cultivation of High-level Health Talents.
<br>
 
='''Sarcoidosis'''=  
 
===2021 [https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(21)01282-4/fulltext Promise of Nicotine as a Treatment for Pulmonary Sarcoidosis]===  
===2021 [https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(21)01282-4/fulltext Promise of Nicotine as a Treatment for Pulmonary Sarcoidosis]===  
===2021 [https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(21)00962-4/fulltext A Pilot Randomized Trial of Transdermal Nicotine for Pulmonary Sarcoidosis]===
===2021 [https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(21)00962-4/fulltext A Pilot Randomized Trial of Transdermal Nicotine for Pulmonary Sarcoidosis]===
Line 1,663: Line 1,823:


='''Tourette's Syndrome'''=  
='''Tourette's Syndrome'''=  
===2019: [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6379038/ Potential Therapeutic Application for Nicotinic Receptor Drugs in Movement Disorders]===
*Accumulating data from preclinical studies and clinical trials suggest that drugs targeting CNS cholinergic systems may be useful for symptomatic treatment of movement disorders. Nicotinic cholinergic drugs, including nicotine and selective nAChR receptor agonists, reduce L-dopa-induced dyskinesias, as well as antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia, and may be useful in Tourette's syndrome and ataxia. Subtype selective muscarinic cholinergic drugs may also provide effective therapies for Parkinson's disease, dyskinesias and dystonia. Continued studies/trials will help address this important issue.
**Citation: Quik M, Boyd JT, Bordia T, Perez X. Potential Therapeutic Application for Nicotinic Receptor Drugs in Movement Disorders. Nicotine Tob Res. 2019 Feb 18;21(3):357-369. doi: 10.1093/ntr/nty063. PMID: 30137517; PMCID: PMC6379038.
***Acknowledgement: This work was supported by grant NS R56NS095965 from the National Institutes of Health.


===2012 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22776623/ Translating laboratory discovery to the clinic: from nicotine and mecamylamine to Tourette's, depression, and beyond]===  
===2012 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22776623/ Translating laboratory discovery to the clinic: from nicotine and mecamylamine to Tourette's, depression, and beyond]===  
Line 1,670: Line 1,836:
* [https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.06.023 PDF Version]
* [https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.06.023 PDF Version]
*Citation: Sanberg, P. R., Vindrola-Padros, C., & Shytle, R. D. (2012). Translating laboratory discovery to the clinic: From nicotine and mecamylamine to Tourette’s, depression, and beyond. Physiology & Behavior, 107(5), 801–808. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.06.023  
*Citation: Sanberg, P. R., Vindrola-Padros, C., & Shytle, R. D. (2012). Translating laboratory discovery to the clinic: From nicotine and mecamylamine to Tourette’s, depression, and beyond. Physiology & Behavior, 107(5), 801–808. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.06.023  
*Acknowledgement: Paul R. Sanberg and R. Douglas Shytle are inventors on patents related to technology described herein and licensed from the University of South Florida to Targacept, Inc. Because of the historical nature of this article, the authors included a number of self-citations required for a chronological discussion.  
*Acknowledgement: Paul R. Sanberg and R. Douglas Shytle are inventors on patents related to technology described herein and licensed from the University of South Florida to Targacept, Inc. Because of the historical nature of this article, the authors included a number of self-citations required for a chronological discussion.


===2004 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15132126/ Clinical and attentional effects of acute nicotine treatment in Tourette's syndrome]===  
===2004 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15132126/ Clinical and attentional effects of acute nicotine treatment in Tourette's syndrome]===  
Line 1,710: Line 1,876:
*Acknowledgements: Supported in part by grants from the Smokeless Tobacco Research Council, Inc., the Tourette Syndrome Association, and Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals. The authors thank Roger Stuebing, B.S.M.E., M.S.I.E., and Sunny Y. Lu, M.D., Ph.D. for statistical advice and Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals for supplying both Nicoreue® gum and placebo nicotine gum.
*Acknowledgements: Supported in part by grants from the Smokeless Tobacco Research Council, Inc., the Tourette Syndrome Association, and Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals. The authors thank Roger Stuebing, B.S.M.E., M.S.I.E., and Sunny Y. Lu, M.D., Ph.D. for statistical advice and Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals for supplying both Nicoreue® gum and placebo nicotine gum.


===1991 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1859921/ Beneficial effects of nicotine]===  
='''Suggested additions to this page'''=  
*When chronically taken, nicotine may result in: protection against Tourette's disease (other diseases mentioned in study)
 
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x PDF Version]
===2021: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12640-021-00375-5 Novel Pharmacotherapies in Parkinson’s Disease]===
*Citation: Jarvik ME. Beneficial effects of nicotine. Br J Addict. 1991 May;86(5):571-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x. PMID: 1859921.
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1007/s12640-021-00375-5 PDF Full paper]
*Acknowledgement: Supported by U. C. Tobacco-related Disease program, grant # RT87 and a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.
 
===2001: [https://today.duke.edu/2001/08/mm_medicaluses.html Medical Uses for Nicotine]===


===1989 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/002432058990444X?via%3Dihub Nicotine and cannabinoids as adjuncts to neuroleptics in the treatment of tourette syndrome and other motor disorders]===  
===2021: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33675460/ Nicotine gum enhances visual processing in healthy nonsmokers]===
*Chewing nicotine gum produced striking relief from tics and other symptoms of Tourette syndrome not controlled by neuroleptic treatment alone. It appears that the use of nicotine or cannabinoids may greatly improve the clinical response to neuroleptics in motor disorders.
*[https://sci-hub.st/https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(89)90444-X PDF Version]
*Citation: D.E. Moss, Patricia Z. Manderscheid, S.P. Montgomery, Andrew B. Norman, Paul R. Sanberg, Nicotine and cannabinoids as adjuncts to neuroleptics in the treatment of tourette syndrome and other motor disorders, Life Sciences, Volume 44, Issue 21, 1989, Pages 1521-1525, ISSN 0024-3205, doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(89)90444-X.
*Acknowledgements: Supported in part by NIMH (RR 08012) and NIDA. Levonantradol and fluphenazine HCL were generous gifts from Pfizer Pharmaceuticals (Groton, Conn.) and E.R. Squibb and Sons (Princeton, N.J.), respectively.
<br>


='''Weight Loss / Appetite Control / Metabolism / Obesity'''=
===[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325159226_Resolution_of_chronic_rhinitis_to_staphylococcus_aureus_in_a_non-smoker_who_started_to_use_glycerine_based_e-cigarettes_Antibacterial_effects_of_vaping Resolution of chronic rhinitis to staphylococcus aureus in a non-smoker who started to use glycerine based e-cigarettes: Antibacterial effects of vaping?]===  
===2024 Article [https://web.archive.org/web/20241204102835/https://tobaccoreporter.com/2024/12/03/slim-chances/ Harm reduction, smoking cessation and weight]====
*"Nicotine influences eating and weight in multiple ways, from hormones to microbiomes to taste perceptions. The bottom line: Nicotine raises the metabolic rate while also depressing appetite."


===2011 [https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1479-5876-9-129 Anti-inflammatory effects of nicotine in obesity and ulcerative colitis]===
===2019: [https://medium.com/parkinsons-uk/protecting-brain-cells-the-story-of-nicotine-b3b51f5b8259 Protecting brain cells — the story of nicotine]===
*Nicotine, the principal addictive constituent of tobacco, has been shown to suppress appetite and attenuates obesity in many studies, but the underlying mechanism is not clear.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20221021040501/https://www.parkinsons.org.uk/nicotine-good-bad-and-ugly Nicotine - Good, Bad, Ugly]
*Low-grade inflammation is a key feature of obesity and links obesity to insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance and even diabetes.
*Overall, these findings suggest that nicotine and specific α7nAChR agonists may be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. However, there is also evidence that heavy smoking affects body fat distribution that is associated with central obesity and insulin resistance. Moreover, smoking appears to aggravate insulin resistance in persons with type 2 diabetes and to impair glycemic control.
*Much work remains in terms of understanding the anti-inflammatory effects of nicotine in obesity-related inflammation and ulcerative colitis. However, it is now known that the α7nAChR plays a major role in the anti-inflammatory effects of nicotine and nicotine attenuates inflammation in both obesity and ulcerative colitis. Since the inflammatory response is an integral process in both obesity and ulcerative colitis, controlling the inflammatory response could ameliorate tissue damage.
*Acknowledgement: This development of this work was supported by the Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation (GNIF).
*Citation: Lakhan, S.E., Kirchgessner, A. Anti-inflammatory effects of nicotine in obesity and ulcerative colitis. J Transl Med 9, 129 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-9-129


===1991 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1859921/ Beneficial effects of nicotine]===  
===2017 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27940486 Moist smokeless tobacco (Snus) use and risk of Parkinson's disease]===  
* When chronically taken, nicotine may result in reduction of body weight
*Smoke-free nicotine appears to reduce the risk of Parkinson’s disease by 60%.
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x PDF version]
*different website same study? [Moist smokeless tobacco (Snus) use and risk of Parkinson’s disease|https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/46/3/872/2656164]
*Citation: Jarvik ME. Beneficial effects of nicotine. Br J Addict. 1991 May;86(5):571-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x. PMID: 1859921.
 
*Acknowledgement: Supported by U. C. Tobacco-related Disease program, grant # RT87 and a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.
===1986: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3786334/ Effects of nicotine on finger tapping rate in non-smokers]===
<br>
 
===1996: [https://sci-hub.st/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011533 Beneficial effects of nicotine and cigarette smoking: the real, the possible and the spurious]===
 
===2020 [https://n.neurology.org/content/neurology/94/20/e2132.full.pdf Tobacco smoking and the risk of Parkinson disease A 65-year follow-up of 30,000 male British doctors]===


='''Suggested additions to this page'''=
===[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC526783/ Nicotine as Therapy]===


===2023: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36947193/ Analgesic potential of transdermal nicotine patch in surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials]===
=== 2021: [https://www.spektrum.de/news/kognition-nikotin-gegen-neuropsychiatrische-erkrankungen/1924141 Kognition: Nikotin gegen neuropsychiatrische Erkrankungen] (German)  'Cognition: nicotine versus neuropsychiatric disorders' ===


=== 2023: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36857384/ Parkinsonian phenotypes induced by Synphilin-1 expression are differentially contributed by serotonergic and dopaminergic circuits and suppressed by nicotine treatment.] ===
===Dr. Newhouse [http://mindstudy.org/news Mind Study]===  


* Information on how nicotine is protective, technical.  
===2010 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20414766/ Meta-analysis of the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on human performance] and 2012 [https://n.neurology.org/content/78/2/91.short Nicotine treatment of mild cognitive impairment A 6-month double-blind pilot clinical trial]===
* These results indicate that both the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems contribute to different aspects of PD symptomatology and that nicotine has beneficial effects on specific symptoms.
*Clinical studies suggest some cognitive improvements as a result of nicotine.
* Carvajal-Oliveros A, Dominguez-Baleón C, Sánchez-Díaz I, Zambrano-Tipan D, Hernández-Vargas R, Campusano JM, Narváez-Padilla V, Reynaud E. PLoS One. 2023 Mar 1;18 PMID: 36857384


===2023 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027869152300039X?via%3Dihub Tobacco heating system has less impact on bone metabolism than cigarette smoke]===
===2021 [https://www.dovepress.com/effectiveness-and-safety-profile-of-alternative-tobacco-and-nicotine-p-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JMDH Effectiveness and Safety Profile of Alternative Tobacco and Nicotine Products for Smoking Reduction and Cessation: A Systematic Review]===  


===2023 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9849855/ Effect of nicotine on cholesterol gallstone formation in C57BL/6J mice fed on a lithogenic diet]===
===[https://docs.google.com/document/d/13-D2q1P0KpmZuoFBkKV4l9wUEQ-zcHfp6MAVJGoAaG4/edit?usp=sharing INNCO's List smoking cessation]===  


=== The following articles address the possible transmission of the SARS CoV 2 virus (and other pathogens) through vaping exhalations. We show that the latter are extremely weak transmission vehicles. ===


* 2022: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-022-20499-1 Analytic modeling and risk assessment of aerial transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus through vaping expirations in shared micro-environments]
Started: continue @ “Among smokers who have attempted to stop without professional support, those who use e-cigarettes are more likely to report continued abstinence than those who used a licensed NRT products [i.e., nicotine patches, gum or lozenges].”
* 2021: [https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041437 Aerial transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus through environmental e-cigarette aerosol: implications for public policies.]
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/add.12623
* 2021: [http://doi.org/10.3390/app11146355 Modeling Aerial Transmission of Pathogens (Including the SARS-CoV-2 Virus) through Aerosol Emissions from E-Cigarettes.]


=== 2022: [https://assets.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1062121/v1/fb8f5195-4cce-470f-9e09-e752fae3c931.pdf?c=1642705044 Part One: Abuse Liability of Vuse Solo Relative To Combustible Cigarettes And Nicotine Gum] ===
===[https://twitter.com/jkelovuori/status/1413963688709664769 Go through the links in this thread]===  


=== 2014: [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-1167-7_20 Nicotinic Receptors and Mental Illness] ===
===To do: Go through the references for nicotine related studies===
====2020: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7404387/ Allosterism of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Therapeutic Potential for Neuroinflammation Underlying Brain Trauma and Degenerative Disorders]====


===2021: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34757527/ Meta-Analysis on Nicotine's Modulation of HIV-Associated Dementia]===
===1989 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/002432058990444X?via%3Dihub Nicotine and cannabinoids as adjuncts to neuroleptics in the treatment of tourette syndrome and other motor disorders]===
*Chewing nicotine gum produced striking relief from tics and other symptoms of Tourette syndrome not controlled by neuroleptic treatment alone. It appears that the use of nicotine or cannabinoids may greatly improve the clinical response to neuroleptics in motor disorders.
*[https://sci-hub.st/https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(89)90444-X PDF Version]
*Citation: D.E. Moss, Patricia Z. Manderscheid, S.P. Montgomery, Andrew B. Norman, Paul R. Sanberg, Nicotine and cannabinoids as adjuncts to neuroleptics in the treatment of tourette syndrome and other motor disorders, Life Sciences, Volume 44, Issue 21, 1989, Pages 1521-1525, ISSN 0024-3205, doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(89)90444-X.
*Acknowledgements: Supported in part by NIMH (RR 08012) and NIDA. Levonantradol and fluphenazine HCL were generous gifts from Pfizer Pharmaceuticals (Groton, Conn.) and E.R. Squibb and Sons (Princeton, N.J.), respectively.
<br>


===2012: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3286320/ Nicotine Reduces Antipsychotic-Induced Orofacial Dyskinesia in Rats]===
='''Weight Loss / Appetite Control / Metabolism / Obesity'''=  
*Animal


===2021: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1001841721007804 Real-time effects of nicotine exposure and withdrawal on neurotransmitter metabolism of hippocampal neuronal cells by microfluidic chip-coupled LC-MS]===
===2024 Article [https://web.archive.org/web/20241204102835/https://tobaccoreporter.com/2024/12/03/slim-chances/ Harm reduction, smoking cessation and weight]====
*mouse study
*"Nicotine influences eating and weight in multiple ways, from hormones to microbiomes to taste perceptions. The bottom line: Nicotine raises the metabolic rate while also depressing appetite."


===2021: [https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006219.pub4/full Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation]===
===2021: [https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006219.pub4/full Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation]===
*There was moderate‐certainty that NRT reduced weight at end of treatment and moderate‐certainty that the effect may be similar at 12 months, although the estimates are too imprecise to assess long‐term benefit.
*There was moderate‐certainty that NRT reduced weight at end of treatment and moderate‐certainty that the effect may be similar at 12 months, although the estimates are too imprecise to assess long‐term benefit.
**Citation: Hartmann-Boyce J, Theodoulou A, Farley A, Hajek P, Lycett D, Jones LL, Kudlek L, Heath L, Hajizadeh A, Schenkels M, Aveyard P. Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2021, Issue 10. Art. No.: CD006219. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006219.pub4. Accessed 03 July 2025.
***[https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006219.pub4/information Acknowledgement]
===2011 [https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1479-5876-9-129 Anti-inflammatory effects of nicotine in obesity and ulcerative colitis]===
*Nicotine, the principal addictive constituent of tobacco, has been shown to suppress appetite and attenuates obesity in many studies, but the underlying mechanism is not clear.
*Low-grade inflammation is a key feature of obesity and links obesity to insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance and even diabetes.
*Overall, these findings suggest that nicotine and specific α7nAChR agonists may be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. However, there is also evidence that heavy smoking affects body fat distribution that is associated with central obesity and insulin resistance. Moreover, smoking appears to aggravate insulin resistance in persons with type 2 diabetes and to impair glycemic control.
*Much work remains in terms of understanding the anti-inflammatory effects of nicotine in obesity-related inflammation and ulcerative colitis. However, it is now known that the α7nAChR plays a major role in the anti-inflammatory effects of nicotine and nicotine attenuates inflammation in both obesity and ulcerative colitis. Since the inflammatory response is an integral process in both obesity and ulcerative colitis, controlling the inflammatory response could ameliorate tissue damage.
**Citation: Lakhan, S.E., Kirchgessner, A. Anti-inflammatory effects of nicotine in obesity and ulcerative colitis. J Transl Med 9, 129 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-9-129
***Acknowledgement: This development of this work was supported by the Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation (GNIF).


===2004: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC526783/ Nicotine as Therapy]===
===2004: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC526783/ Nicotine as Therapy]===
*Yet few of the horrendous health effects of smoking are traceable to nicotine itself—cigarettes contain nearly 4,000 other compounds that play a role. Until recently, nicotine research has been driven primarily by nicotine's unparalleled power to keep people smoking, rather than its potential therapeutic uses.
*There's a cheap, common, and mostly safe drug, in daily use for centuries by hundreds of millions of people, that only lately has been investigated for its therapeutic potential for a long list of common ills. The list includes Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, depression and anxiety, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and even pain and obesity.
*People with depressive-spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, and adult ADHD tend to smoke heavily, which suggested to researchers that nicotine may soothe their symptoms. Common to all these disorders is a failure of attention, an inability to concentrate on particular stimuli and screen out the rest. Nicotine helps.
*Researchers at the National Institute on Drug Abuse have shown via functional magnetic resonance imaging that nicotine activates specific brain areas during tasks that demand attention
**Citation: Powledge TM. Nicotine as therapy. PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov;2(11):e404. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020404. Epub 2004 Nov 16. PMID: 15547644; PMCID: PMC526783
***Acknowledgement: None stated
===1991 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1859921/ Beneficial effects of nicotine]===
* When chronically taken, nicotine may result in reduction of body weight
*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x PDF version]
**Citation: Jarvik ME. Beneficial effects of nicotine. Br J Addict. 1991 May;86(5):571-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01810.x. PMID: 1859921.
***Acknowledgement: Supported by U. C. Tobacco-related Disease program, grant # RT87 and a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.
<br>


* Yet few of the horrendous health effects of smoking are traceable to nicotine itself—cigarettes contain nearly 4,000 other compounds that play a role. Until recently, nicotine research has been driven primarily by nicotine's unparalleled power to keep people smoking, rather than its potential therapeutic uses.
='''Suggested additions to this page'''=
* There's a cheap, common, and mostly safe drug, in daily use for centuries by hundreds of millions of people, that only lately has been investigated for its therapeutic potential for a long list of common ills. The list includes Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, depression and anxiety, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and even pain and obesity.
 
* People with depressive-spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, and adult ADHD tend to smoke heavily, which suggested to researchers that nicotine may soothe their symptoms. Common to all these disorders is a failure of attention, an inability to concentrate on particular stimuli and screen out the rest. Nicotine helps.
===2021: [https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006219.pub4/full Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation]===
* Researchers at the National Institute on Drug Abuse have shown via functional magnetic resonance imaging that nicotine activates specific brain areas during tasks that demand attention
*There was moderate‐certainty that NRT reduced weight at end of treatment and moderate‐certainty that the effect may be similar at 12 months, although the estimates are too imprecise to assess long‐term benefit.
* Powledge TM (2004) Nicotine as Therapy. PLoS Biol 2(11): e404. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020404</nowiki>


===2021: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12640-021-00375-5 Novel Pharmacotherapies in Parkinson’s Disease]===
===2021: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12640-021-00375-5 Novel Pharmacotherapies in Parkinson’s Disease]===
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