Nicotine - Addiction/Dependence: Difference between revisions

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**Citation: Etter JF, Eissenberg T. Dependence levels in users of electronic cigarettes, nicotine gums and tobacco cigarettes. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015 Feb 1;147:68-75. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.007. Epub 2014 Dec 18. PMID: 25561385; PMCID: PMC4920051.

***This study was partly funded by the Swiss Tobacco Prevention Fund (Swiss Federal Office of Public Health), grant 12.000189 to JFE. The Swiss Tobacco Prevention Fund had no role in the design or conduct of the study, interpretation of the data or decision to submit the paper for publication. TE is supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the U.S. National Institutes of Health under Award Number P50DA036105 and the Center for Tobacco Products of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health or the Food and Drug Administration.

='''ENDS/E-Cigarettes/NVP/Vaping - Not Compared with Smoking Tobacco'''=

===2024 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38800771/ Nicotine Dependency Levels Among Adult Electronic Cigarette Smokers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study]===

*Conclusion: "Most exclusive EC users in the study developed a moderate nicotine dependence level. The EC device type and nicotine concentration were significant drivers of nicotine dependence."

**Citation: Yahya L, Mandoura N, Harere R. Nicotine Dependency Levels Among Adult Electronic Cigarette Smokers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus. 2024 May 25;16(5):e61038. doi: 10.7759/cureus.61038. PMID: 38800771; PMCID: PMC11127123.

***Acknowledgment: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. (No funding mentioned.)

===2022 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35305014/ The Role of Nicotine and Flavor in the Abuse Potential and Appeal of Electronic Cigarettes for Adult Current and Former Cigarette and Electronic Cigarette Users: A Systematic Review]===

*"Implications: E-cigarettes may provide a reduced-harm alternative to cigarettes for smokers unwilling/unable to quit or serve as a path for quitting all nicotine products. Higher nicotine concentrations and flavor variety are associated with higher abuse potential and appeal of e-cigarettes. Higher abuse potential and appeal products may help facilitate complete switching from cigarettes to e-cigarettes. Regulation of nicotine concentration and flavors aimed at decreasing naïve uptake may inadvertently decrease uptake and complete switching among smokers, reducing the harm reduction potential of e-cigarettes. Evidence-based effects of regulating nicotine concentration and flavors must be considered for the population as a whole, including smokers."

**Citation: Gades MS, Alcheva A, Riegelman AL, Hatsukami DK. The Role of Nicotine and Flavor in the Abuse Potential and Appeal of Electronic Cigarettes for Adult Current and Former Cigarette and Electronic Cigarette Users: A Systematic Review. Nicotine Tob Res. 2022 Aug 6;24(9):1332-1343. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntac073. PMID: 35305014; PMCID: PMC9356694.

***Acknowledgment: This work was supported by the National Institute of Drug Abuse (T32 DA007097 and R36 DA050000 to MSG); and the National Institutes of Health (P01 CA217806 to DKH). No COI declared.

===2019 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31375364/ Changes in E-Cigarette Use Behaviors and Dependence in Long-term E-Cigarette Users]===

*"Results: A total of 494 subjects provided complete data on both surveys. At baseline, 402 subjects (81.4%) were exclusive e-cigarette users, and 71 subjects (14.4%) were poly users. Among baseline exclusive e-cigarette users, the majority (88.3%) continued using e-cigarettes exclusively, but 37 users (9.2%) became poly users and 1 returned to cigarette smoking at follow-up. Among baseline poly users, 60.6% became exclusive e-cigarette users at follow-up. The mean PSECDI score remained similar over time (8.4 at baseline vs 8.3 at follow-up)."

*NOTE: For information on the Penn State Ecigarette Dependence Index see this [https://research.med.psu.edu/smoking/dependence-index/ link]. Scores: 4 to 8 is low dependence and 9 to 12 is a medium dependence.

**Citation: Du P, Fan T, Yingst J, Veldheer S, Hrabovsky S, Chen C, Foulds J. Changes in E-Cigarette Use Behaviors and Dependence in Long-term E-Cigarette Users. Am J Prev Med. 2019 Sep;57(3):374-383. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.04.021. Epub 2019 Jul 31. PMID: 31375364; PMCID: PMC9811611.

***Acknowledgment: This work was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of NIH and the Center for Tobacco Products of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (P50-DA-036107). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH or the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Jonathan Foulds has acted as a paid consultant for pharmaceutical companies involved in producing smoking-cessation medications, including GSK, Pfizer, Novartis, and J&J and received a research grant and study products from Pfizer Inc. No other financial disclosures were reported.

===2015 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25592454/ Explaining the effects of electronic cigarettes on craving for tobacco in recent quitters]===

*Conclusion: "From a public health perspective, there is a trade-off between e-cigarettes that provide high levels of nicotine, high satisfaction and more effects on craving for tobacco, but may also be addictive, and e-cigarettes that contain less nicotine and are less addictive, but are also less satisfactory and less efficient at relieving craving and at helping dependent smokers quit smoking. This trade-off must be kept in mind when regulating e-cigarettes."

**Citation: Etter JF. Explaining the effects of electronic cigarettes on craving for tobacco in recent quitters. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015 Mar 1;148:102-8. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.030. Epub 2015 Jan 3. PMID: 25592454.

***Acknowledgment: This study was partly funded by the Swiss Tobacco Prevention Fund (Swiss Federal Office of Public Health), grant 12.000189 to JFE. The Swiss Tobacco Prevention Fund had no role in the design or conduct of the study, interpretation of the data or decision to submit the paper for publication... JFE was reimbursed by Dekang, a manufacturer of e-cigarettes and e-liquids for traveling to London and to China, to visit e-cigarette factories, but he received no honoraria for these meetings. JFE's salary is paid by the University of Geneva... Vincent Baujard, from the HON Foundation, Geneva, Switzerland developed the software for data collection. Thomas Eissenberg (Virginia Commonwealth University, USA), was a consultant for this study...

='''Heated Tobacco Product (HTP)'''=

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Line 176:

*"These findings suggest that the abuse liability of the THPs lies between that of subjects usual brand cigarettes and the NRT."

**Citation: Hardie G, Gale N, McEwan M, Oscar SM, Ziviani L, Proctor CJ, Murphy J. An abuse liability assessment of the glo tobacco heating product in comparison to combustible cigarettes and nicotine replacement therapy. Sci Rep. 2022 Aug 29;12(1):14701. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-19167-8. Erratum in: Sci Rep. 2023 Jun 27;13(1):10441. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-37432-2. PMID: 36038580; PMCID: PMC9424205.

***Acknowledgment: The study was funded in full by British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited (BAT). GH, NG, and MMcE are current employees of BAT. JM was an employee of BAT at the time of the study conduct and is currently an employee of R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, a subsidiary of BAT. CJP was an employee of BAT at the time of study conduct and is currently contracted to BAT to provide consultancy on tobacco product science and regulation. SM and LZ are employees of CRC, the clinic who performed the trial.

='''Nicotine Pouches'''=

@@ Line 146: / Line 146: @@
 **Citation: Etter JF, Eissenberg T. Dependence levels in users of electronic cigarettes, nicotine gums and tobacco cigarettes. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015 Feb 1;147:68-75. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.007. Epub 2014 Dec 18. PMID: 25561385; PMCID: PMC4920051.
 ***This study was partly funded by the Swiss Tobacco Prevention Fund (Swiss Federal Office of Public Health), grant 12.000189 to JFE. The Swiss Tobacco Prevention Fund had no role in the design or conduct of the study, interpretation of the data or decision to submit the paper for publication. TE is supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the U.S. National Institutes of Health under Award Number P50DA036105 and the Center for Tobacco Products of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health or the Food and Drug Administration.
+='''ENDS/E-Cigarettes/NVP/Vaping - Not Compared with Smoking Tobacco'''=
+===2024 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38800771/ Nicotine Dependency Levels Among Adult Electronic Cigarette Smokers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study]===
+*Conclusion: "Most exclusive EC users in the study developed a moderate nicotine dependence level. The EC device type and nicotine concentration were significant drivers of nicotine dependence."
+**Citation: Yahya L, Mandoura N, Harere R. Nicotine Dependency Levels Among Adult Electronic Cigarette Smokers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus. 2024 May 25;16(5):e61038. doi: 10.7759/cureus.61038. PMID: 38800771; PMCID: PMC11127123.
+***Acknowledgment: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. (No funding mentioned.)
+===2022 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35305014/ The Role of Nicotine and Flavor in the Abuse Potential and Appeal of Electronic Cigarettes for Adult Current and Former Cigarette and Electronic Cigarette Users: A Systematic Review]===
+*"Implications: E-cigarettes may provide a reduced-harm alternative to cigarettes for smokers unwilling/unable to quit or serve as a path for quitting all nicotine products. Higher nicotine concentrations and flavor variety are associated with higher abuse potential and appeal of e-cigarettes. Higher abuse potential and appeal products may help facilitate complete switching from cigarettes to e-cigarettes. Regulation of nicotine concentration and flavors aimed at decreasing naïve uptake may inadvertently decrease uptake and complete switching among smokers, reducing the harm reduction potential of e-cigarettes. Evidence-based effects of regulating nicotine concentration and flavors must be considered for the population as a whole, including smokers."
+**Citation: Gades MS, Alcheva A, Riegelman AL, Hatsukami DK. The Role of Nicotine and Flavor in the Abuse Potential and Appeal of Electronic Cigarettes for Adult Current and Former Cigarette and Electronic Cigarette Users: A Systematic Review. Nicotine Tob Res. 2022 Aug 6;24(9):1332-1343. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntac073. PMID: 35305014; PMCID: PMC9356694.
+***Acknowledgment: This work was supported by the National Institute of Drug Abuse (T32 DA007097 and R36 DA050000 to MSG); and the National Institutes of Health (P01 CA217806 to DKH). No COI declared.
+===2019 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31375364/ Changes in E-Cigarette Use Behaviors and Dependence in Long-term E-Cigarette Users]===
+*"Results: A total of 494 subjects provided complete data on both surveys. At baseline, 402 subjects (81.4%) were exclusive e-cigarette users, and 71 subjects (14.4%) were poly users. Among baseline exclusive e-cigarette users, the majority (88.3%) continued using e-cigarettes exclusively, but 37 users (9.2%) became poly users and 1 returned to cigarette smoking at follow-up. Among baseline poly users, 60.6% became exclusive e-cigarette users at follow-up. The mean PSECDI score remained similar over time (8.4 at baseline vs 8.3 at follow-up)."
+*NOTE: For information on the Penn State Ecigarette Dependence Index see this [https://research.med.psu.edu/smoking/dependence-index/ link]. Scores: 4 to 8 is low dependence and 9 to 12 is a medium dependence.
+**Citation: Du P, Fan T, Yingst J, Veldheer S, Hrabovsky S, Chen C, Foulds J. Changes in E-Cigarette Use Behaviors and Dependence in Long-term E-Cigarette Users. Am J Prev Med. 2019 Sep;57(3):374-383. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.04.021. Epub 2019 Jul 31. PMID: 31375364; PMCID: PMC9811611.
+***Acknowledgment: This work was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of NIH and the Center for Tobacco Products of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (P50-DA-036107). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH or the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Jonathan Foulds has acted as a paid consultant for pharmaceutical companies involved in producing smoking-cessation medications, including GSK, Pfizer, Novartis, and J&J and received a research grant and study products from Pfizer Inc. No other financial disclosures were reported.
+===2015 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25592454/ Explaining the effects of electronic cigarettes on craving for tobacco in recent quitters]===
+*Conclusion: "From a public health perspective, there is a trade-off between e-cigarettes that provide high levels of nicotine, high satisfaction and more effects on craving for tobacco, but may also be addictive, and e-cigarettes that contain less nicotine and are less addictive, but are also less satisfactory and less efficient at relieving craving and at helping dependent smokers quit smoking. This trade-off must be kept in mind when regulating e-cigarettes."
+**Citation: Etter JF. Explaining the effects of electronic cigarettes on craving for tobacco in recent quitters. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015 Mar 1;148:102-8. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.030. Epub 2015 Jan 3. PMID: 25592454.
+***Acknowledgment: This study was partly funded by the Swiss Tobacco Prevention Fund (Swiss Federal Office of Public Health), grant 12.000189 to JFE. The Swiss Tobacco Prevention Fund had no role in the design or conduct of the study, interpretation of the data or decision to submit the paper for publication... JFE was reimbursed by Dekang, a manufacturer of e-cigarettes and e-liquids for traveling to London and to China, to visit e-cigarette factories, but he received no honoraria for these meetings. JFE's salary is paid by the University of Geneva... Vincent Baujard, from the HON Foundation, Geneva, Switzerland developed the software for data collection. Thomas Eissenberg (Virginia Commonwealth University, USA), was a consultant for this study...
 ='''Heated Tobacco Product (HTP)'''=
@@ Line 152: / Line 176: @@
 *"These findings suggest that the abuse liability of the THPs lies between that of subjects usual brand cigarettes and the NRT."
 **Citation: Hardie G, Gale N, McEwan M, Oscar SM, Ziviani L, Proctor CJ, Murphy J. An abuse liability assessment of the glo tobacco heating product in comparison to combustible cigarettes and nicotine replacement therapy. Sci Rep. 2022 Aug 29;12(1):14701. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-19167-8. Erratum in: Sci Rep. 2023 Jun 27;13(1):10441. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-37432-2. PMID: 36038580; PMCID: PMC9424205.
 ***Acknowledgment: The study was funded in full by British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited (BAT). GH, NG, and MMcE are current employees of BAT. JM was an employee of BAT at the time of the study conduct and is currently an employee of R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, a subsidiary of BAT. CJP was an employee of BAT at the time of study conduct and is currently contracted to BAT to provide consultancy on tobacco product science and regulation. SM and LZ are employees of CRC, the clinic who performed the trial.
 ='''Nicotine Pouches'''=