Does nicotine cause mental health issues?: Difference between revisions

*Students who reported depressive symptoms had 2.1 times higher adjusted odds of vaping, 2.7 times higher adjusted odds of smoking, and 3.0 times higher adjusted odds of vaping and smoking compared with students who did not report depressive symptoms.

*Tilton, G., Huston, S., & Albert, P. (2023). Risk and Protective Factors for Vaping and Smoking Among High School Students in Maine. Preventing chronic disease, 20, E28. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd20.220307

===2023: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36912516/ Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety and Subsequent Use of Nicotine and THC in Electronic Cigarettes]===

*Symptoms of depression and comorbid depression and anxiety at baseline were significantly associated with both nicotine and THC use in e-cigarettes 12 months later. Symptoms of anxiety were associated with nicotine use in e-cigarettes 12 months later.

*Citation: Clendennen, S. L., Smith, J., Sumbe, A., Chen, B., Wilkinson, A. V., & Harrell, M. B. (2023). Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety and Subsequent Use of Nicotine and THC in Electronic Cigarettes. Substance use & misuse, 58(5), 591–600. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2023.2177110

===2021: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376871621005676 Adolescent depression symptoms and e-cigarette progression]===

*E-cigarette use was not related to the development of depression symptoms over time.

*Citation: Afaf F. Moustafa, Shannon Testa, Daniel Rodriguez, Stephen Pianin, Janet Audrain-McGovern, Adolescent depression symptoms and e-cigarette progression, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Volume 228, 2021, 109072, ISSN 0376-8716, doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109072.

===2017: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28199689/ Depressive Symptoms Predict Current E-Cigarette Use Among College Students in Texas]===

*The current study indicates that depressive symptoms predict subsequent e-cigarette use and not vice versa.

*Citation: Bandiera, F. C., Loukas, A., Li, X., Wilkinson, A. V., & Perry, C. L. (2017). Depressive Symptoms Predict Current E-Cigarette Use Among College Students in Texas. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 19(9), 1102–1106. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntx014

===2009: [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-06704-003 Childhood depressive symptoms and adolescent cigarette use: A six-year longitudinal study controlling for peer relations correlates.]===

*Depressive symptoms in childhood may lead to altered developmental trajectories that either directly or indirectly contribute to adolescent outcomes, including cigarette use.

*Citation: Prinstein, M. J., & La Greca, A. M. (2009). Childhood depressive symptoms and adolescent cigarette use: A six-year longitudinal study controlling for peer relations correlates. Health Psychology, 28(3), 283–291. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013949

===2008: [https://sci-hub.se/10.1097/CHI.0b013e318185d2ad The relationship between and cigarette smoking in depressive symptoms U S adolescents]===

*By contrast, nicotine dependence did not predict the onset of a psychiatric disorder.

*Citation: Griesler, P. C., Hu, M.-C., Schaffran, C., & Kandel, D. B. (2008). Comorbidity of Psychiatric Disorders and Nicotine Dependence Among Adolescents: Findings From a Prospective, Longitudinal Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(11), 1340–1350. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318185d2ad  

===2007 [https://www.academia.edu/2412620/Smoking_to_self_medicate_attentional_and_emotional_dysfunctions Smoking to self-medicate attentional and emotional dysfunctions]===

*The findings on dispositional risk factors (i.e.,ADHD, hostility, depression, aggression), age, and gender in the human behavioral and brain imagingstudies along with animal models suggest thatattentional and emotional dysfunctions elevate the risk for smoking initiation and uptake in adolescents.

*Citation: Gehricke, J.-G., Loughlin, S., Whalen, C., Potkin, S., Fallon, J., Jamner, L., … Leslie, F. (2007). Smoking to self-medicate attentional and emotional dysfunctions. Nicotine  Tobacco Research, 9, 523–536. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200701685039

===2000: [https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/S0924-9338(00)00209-1 Are social fears and DSM-IV social anxiety disorder associated with smoking and nicotine dependence in adolescents and young adults?]===

*Among baseline non-users with social fears and the superordinated group of nondependent respondents with social fears, we found significantly increased odds for subsequent occurrence of nicotine dependence during the four-year follow-up period.  

*Citation: Sonntag, H., Wittchen, H. ., Höfler, M., Kessler, R. ., & Stein, M. . (2000). Are social fears and DSM-IV social anxiety disorder associated with smoking and nicotine dependence in adolescents and young adults? European Psychiatry, 15(1), 67–74. doi:10.1016/s09249338(00)00209-1  

===1998: [https://sci-hub.st/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.93343311.x The relationship between depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking in US adolescents]===

*Initiation of smoking may occur rapidly among adolescents who feel depressed, anxious, or experience frequent stressful events.

*Citation: Escobedo, L. G., Reddy, M., & Giovino, G. A. (1998). T he relationship between and cigarette sm oking in depressive sym ptom s U S adolescents. Addiction, 93(3), 433–440. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.93343311.x  

===1998: [https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/ajph.88.10.1518 Depression, anxiety, and smoking initiation: a prospective study over 3 years.]===

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.018 PDF Version]

*Citation: Gandelman, J. A., Newhouse, P., & Taylor, W. D. (2018). Nicotine and networks: Potential for enhancement of mood and cognition in late-life depression. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 84, 289–298. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.0

===2018 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29795403/ Nicotine normalizes cortico-striatal connectivity in non-smoking individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD)]===

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1038/s41386-018-0069-x PDF Version]

*Citation: Janes AC, Zegel M, Ohashi K, Betts J, Molokotos E, Olson D, Moran L, Pizzagalli DA. Nicotine normalizes cortico-striatal connectivity in non-smoking individuals with major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018 Nov;43(12):2445-2451. doi: 10.1038/s41386-018-0069-x. Epub 2018 Apr 19. PMID: 29795403; PMCID: PMC6180119.

===2018 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6129985/ Transdermal Nicotine for the Treatment of Mood and Cognitive Symptoms in Non-Smokers with Late-Life Depression]===

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6129985/pdf/nihms965043.pdf PDF Version]

*Citation: Gandelman JA, Kang H, Antal A, Albert K, Boyd BD, Conley AC, Newhouse P, Taylor WD. Transdermal Nicotine for the Treatment of Mood and Cognitive Symptoms in Nonsmokers With Late-Life Depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2018 Aug 28;79(5):18m12137. doi: 10.4088/JCP.18m12137. PMID: 30192444; PMCID: PMC6129985.

===2016: [https://truthinitiative.org/sites/default/files/media/files/2019/08/ReThinking-Nicotine_0.pdf Re-thinking nicotine and its effects]===

*Some nicotine users benefit from self-medication effects for alleviation of stress, anxiety, depression, and other mental health and medical conditions...

*Truth Initiative / Schroeder Institute: Raymond Niaura, PhD. - This paper was also reviewed by content area experts whose feedback was included: Drs. Neal Benowitz, Peter Shields, Dorothy Hatsukami, and Ken Warner

===2014: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25293386/ Investigating the possible causal association of smoking with depression and anxiety using Mendelian randomisation meta-analysis: the CARTA consortium]===

*Findings from Mendelian randomisation analyses do not support a causal role of smoking heaviness in the development of depression and anxiety.

*Citation: Taylor, A. E., Fluharty, M. E., Bjørngaard, J. H., Gabrielsen, M. E., Skorpen, F., Marioni, R. E., Campbell, A., Engmann, J., Mirza, S. S., Loukola, A., Laatikainen, T., Partonen, T., Kaakinen, M., Ducci, F., Cavadino, A., Husemoen, L. L. N., Ahluwalia, T. S., Jacobsen, R. K., Skaaby, T., Ebstrup, J. F., … Munafò, M. R. (2014). Investigating the possible causal association of smoking with depression and anxiety using Mendelian randomisation meta-analysis: the CARTA consortium. BMJ open, 4(10), e006141. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006141

===2013: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22687325/ The causal role of smoking in anxiety and depression: a Mendelian randomization analysis of the HUNT study]===

*As there was no association of the smoking-related rs1051730 SNP with anxiety and depression among smokers, the results suggest that smoking is not a cause of anxiety and depression.

*Citation: Bjørngaard, J. H., Gunnell, D., Elvestad, M. B., Davey Smith, G., Skorpen, F., Krokan, H., Vatten, L., & Romundstad, P. (2013). The causal role of smoking in anxiety and depression: a Mendelian randomization analysis of the HUNT study. Psychological medicine, 43(4), 711–719. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712001274

===2011: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3139580/ Smoking Is Associated with, but Does Not Cause, Depressed Mood in Pregnancy – A Mendelian Randomization Study]===

*Our results do not support a causal role of smoking on depressed mood, but are consistent with a self-medication hypothesis, whereby smoking is used to alleviate symptoms of depression.

*Citation: Lewis SJ, Araya R, Smith GD, Freathy R, Gunnell D, Palmer T, Munafò M. Smoking is associated with, but does not cause, depressed mood in pregnancy--a mendelian randomization study. PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e21689. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021689. Epub 2011 Jul 19. PMID: 21818261; PMCID: PMC3139580.

===2006 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16977477/ Transdermal nicotine attenuates depression symptoms in nonsmokers: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial]===  

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1007/s00213-006-0516-y PDF Version]

*Citation: McClernon FJ, Hiott FB, Westman EC, Rose JE, Levin ED. Transdermal nicotine attenuates depression symptoms in nonsmokers: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006 Nov;189(1):125-33. doi: 10.1007/s00213-006-0516-y. Epub 2006 Sep 15. PMID: 16977477.

===2002: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11995405/ Relationship between mood improvement and sleep changes with acute nicotine administration in non-smoking major depressed patients]===

*Acute administration of nicotine patches produced rapid eye movement sleep (REM) increases in non-smoking major depressed patients as well as clinical improvement in mood. Antidepressant effect was also observed after four continuous days of nicotine administration. (NOTE: Study consisted of 15 people)

*Citation: Salin-Pascual R. J. (2002). Relationship between mood improvement and sleep changes with acute nicotine administration in non-smoking major depressed patients. Revista de investigacion clinica; organo del Hospital de Enfermedades de la Nutricion, 54(1), 36–40.

===2000 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0091305700002057 The Effects of Nicotine on Neural Pathways Implicated in Depression: A Factor in Nicotine Addiction?]===  

*[https://sci-hub.st/10.1016/S0091-3057(00)00205-7 PDF Version]

*Citation: Balfour, D. J. ., & Ridley, D. L. (2000). The Effects of Nicotine on Neural Pathways Implicated in Depression. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 66(1), 79–85. doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(00)00205-7

===1996: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9746444/ Antidepressant effect of transdermal nicotine patches in nonsmoking patients with major depression]===

*Nicotine patches produced short-term improvement of depression with minor side effects.

*Citation: Salín-Pascual, R. J., Rosas, M., Jimenez-Genchi, A., Rivera-Meza, B. L., & Delgado-Parra, V. (1996). Antidepressant effect of transdermal nicotine patches in nonsmoking patients with major depression. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 57(9), 387–389.

===1993 [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/496026 Nicotine Dependence and Major Depression]===