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| *The present study is an acute double-blind crossover administration of nicotine and placebo with smokers (n = 6) and nonsmokers (n = 11) diagnosed with adult ADHD. The drug was delivered via a transdermal patch at a dosage of 7 mg/day for nonsmokers and 21 mg/day for smokers. Results indicate significant clinician-rated global improvement, self-rated vigor and concentration, and improved performance on chronometric measures of attention and timing accuracy. Side effects were minimal. These acute results indicate the need for a longer clinical trial and a comparison with other stimulants in adult ADHD treatment. | | *The present study is an acute double-blind crossover administration of nicotine and placebo with smokers (n = 6) and nonsmokers (n = 11) diagnosed with adult ADHD. The drug was delivered via a transdermal patch at a dosage of 7 mg/day for nonsmokers and 21 mg/day for smokers. Results indicate significant clinician-rated global improvement, self-rated vigor and concentration, and improved performance on chronometric measures of attention and timing accuracy. Side effects were minimal. These acute results indicate the need for a longer clinical trial and a comparison with other stimulants in adult ADHD treatment. |
| *Citation: Conners CK, Levin ED, Sparrow E, Hinton SC, Erhardt D, Meck WH, Rose JE, March J. Nicotine and attention in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Psychopharmacol Bull. 1996;32(1):67-73. PMID: 8927677. | | *Citation: Conners CK, Levin ED, Sparrow E, Hinton SC, Erhardt D, Meck WH, Rose JE, March J. Nicotine and attention in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Psychopharmacol Bull. 1996;32(1):67-73. PMID: 8927677. |
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| ='''Addiction / Abuse Liability / Dependence (Nicotine)'''=
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| ===2021 [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.15403 Dependence on nicotine in US high school students in the context of changing patterns of tobacco product use]===
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| *Among US high school students, increases in the prevalence of nicotine product use from 2012 to 2019 do not appear to have been accompanied by a similar increase in the population burden of nicotine dependence. This may be at least partly attributable to a shift in the most common product of choice from cigarettes (on which users are most dependent) to e-cigarettes (on which users are least dependent).
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| *[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/add.15403 PDF Version]
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| *Citation: Jackson, S. E., Brown, J., and Jarvis, M. J. (2021) Dependence on nicotine in US high school students in the context of changing patterns of tobacco product use. Addiction, 116: 1859– 1870. doi: 10.1111/add.15403
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| *Acknowledgement: Cancer Research UK (C1417/A22962) supported S.J. andJ.B.’s salaries.
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| ===2020 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33176942/ Abuse liability assessment of the JUUL system in four flavors relative to combustible cigarette, nicotine gum and a comparator electronic nicotine delivery system among adult smokers]===
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| ===2020 [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10826084.2020.1834582?journalCode=isum20& Dependence and Use Characteristics of Adult JUUL Electronic Cigarette Users]===
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| ===2020 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33086157/ A comparison of product dependence among cigarette only, ENDS only, and dual users: Findings from Wave 3 (2015-2016) of the PATH study]===
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| ===2020 [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/add.15060 Dependence on e-cigarettes and cigarettes in a cross-sectional study of US adults]===
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| ===2019 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31375364/ Changes in E-Cigarette Use Behaviors and Dependence in Long-term E-Cigarette Users]===
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| ===2018 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29725702/ Assessment of the abuse liability of three menthol Vuse Solo electronic cigarettes relative to combustible cigarettes and nicotine gum]===
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| *These findings are concordant with our previous results and provide evidence that menthol Vuse Solo ECs have abuse liability that is lower than menthol cigarettes and potentially greater than that of nicotine gum.
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| *[https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s00213-018-4904-x PDF Version]
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| *Citation: Stiles MF, Campbell LR, Jin T, Graff DW, Fant RV, Henningfield JE. Assessment of the abuse liability of three menthol Vuse Solo electronic cigarettes relative to combustible cigarettes and nicotine gum. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018 Jul;235(7):2077-2086. doi: 10.1007/s00213-018-4904-x. Epub 2018 May 3. PMID: 29725702; PMCID: PMC6015619.
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| *Acknowledgement: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02664012. MF Stiles, LR Campbell, and T Jin are full-time employees of RAI Services Company. RAI Services Company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Reynolds American Inc., which is a wholly owned subsidiary of British American Tobacco plc. DW Graff is a full-time employee of Celerion and provided the original draft of the manuscript. RV Fant and JE Henningfield are full-time employees of PinneyAssociates, which provides consulting services on smoking cessation and tobacco harm minimization (including nicotine replacement therapy and electronic vapor products) to Niconovum, USA, Inc., RJ Reynolds Vapor Company, and RAI Services Company (all subsidiaries of Reynolds American Inc.). JE Henningfield also owns an interest in intellectual property for a novel nicotine medication. Through PinneyAssociates, Fant and Henningfield provide consulting services to pharmaceutical companies on abuse potential assessment, and the regulation of substances with a potential for abuse.
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| ===2017 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28389330/ A comparison of nicotine dependence among exclusive E-cigarette and cigarette users in the PATH study]===
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| ===2015 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25332459/ Development of a questionnaire for assessing dependence on electronic cigarettes among a large sample of ex-smoking E-cigarette users]===
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| ===2015 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25561385/ Dependence levels in users of electronic cigarettes, nicotine gums and tobacco cigarettes]===
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| ===2013 [https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2013/04/02/2013-07528/modifications-to-labeling-of-nicotine-replacement-therapy-products-for-over-the-counter-human-use Modifications To Labeling of Nicotine Replacement Therapy Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use]===
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| *We also note that although any nicotine-containing product has the potential to be addicting, based on the available evidence, currently marketed OTC NRT products do not appear to have significant potential for abuse or dependence. A 2010 review of historical reports made to the Agency's Adverse Event Reporting System and to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Drug Abuse Warning Network between 1984 and 2009 suggested that NRT products have a low potential for abuse. Several published studies have also found that the abuse liability and dependence potential of NRT products is low, especially compared to cigarettes.
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| *[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2013-04-02/pdf/2013-07528.pdf PDF Version]
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| *Citation: Food and Drug Administration, 78 FR 19718
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| ===2012 [https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article-abstract/14/1/75/1047894?redirectedFrom=fulltext Determinants of Tobacco Use and Renaming the FTND to the Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence]===
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| *More recently, it has been found that, although nicotine is the most important addictive component of tobacco smoke, it is probably not the only substance involved in the development of tobacco dependence. In light of what is now known about what determines cigarette smoking, it seems timely to propose a renaming of the [[Special:MyLanguage/Abbreviations|'''Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND)''']] to the Fagerstrom Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD).
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| *[https://sci-hub.se/10.1093/ntr/ntr137 PDF Version]
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| *Citation: Karl Fagerström, Ph.D., Determinants of Tobacco Use and Renaming the FTND to the Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, Volume 14, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 75–78, doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntr137
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| *See Also: 2013: [https://nicotinepolicy.net/blogs/guest-blogs/27-karl-fagerstrom/82-dependence-on-tobacco-and-nicotine Dependence on tobacco and nicotine]
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| ===2003 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12616334/ Subjective effects of the nicotine lozenge: assessment of abuse liability]===
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| *Results suggest that the nicotine lozenge has low abuse liability, both in adults and young adults.
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| *[https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s00213-002-1361-2 PDF Version]
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| *Citation: Houtsmuller EJ, Henningfield JE, Stitzer ML. Subjective effects of the nicotine lozenge: assessment of abuse liability. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2003 Apr;167(1):20-7. doi: 10.1007/s00213-002-1361-2. Epub 2003 Mar 4. PMID: 12616334.
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| *Acknowledgement: This research was supported by SmithKline Beecham Consumer Healthcare.
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| ===2002 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12175452/ Flavor improvement does not increase abuse liability of nicotine chewing gum]===
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| *Mint-flavored nicotine gum was rated as more palatable than the original nicotine gum, but the improvement in flavor did not increase abuse liability in adults (22 – 50 years old) or young adults (18 –21 years old).
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| *[https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00723-2 PDF Version]
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| *Citation: Houtsmuller EJ, Fant RV, Eissenberg TE, Henningfield JE, Stitzer ML. Flavor improvement does not increase abuse liability of nicotine chewing gum. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2002 Jun;72(3):559-68. doi: 10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00723-2. PMID: 12175452.
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| *Acknowledgement: This study was supported by SmithKline Beecham Consumer Healthcare.
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