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==ENDS - (Not Ingredient Specific)== | ==ENDS - (Not Ingredient Specific)== | ||
=== | ===2020: Effects of electronic cigarette on platelet and vascular function after four months of use=== | ||
Electronic Cigarette vaping for four months, has a neutral effect on platelet aggregation of healthy smokers. | |||
Continuation of tobacco cigarette smoking further deteriorates platelet function during 4 months of use. | |||
Electronic cigarette vaping improves arterial elastic properties and oxidative stress after 4 months of use | |||
Tobacco cigarette smoking causes further impairment of arterial elasticity and oxidative stress during 4 months of use | |||
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===2020: Differential Effects of Tobacco Cigarettes and Electronic Cigarettes on Endothelial Function in Healthy Young People=== | |||
Endothelial dysfunction, as measured by flow mediated vasodilation(FMD) is a predictor of future atherosclerosis and adverse cardiovascular events, and is impaired in tobacco cigarette (TC) smokers. | |||
FMD was significantly impaired after smoking one TC, but not after vaping an equivalent "dose"(estimated plasma nicotine) of an e-cigarette (EC), consistent with the notion that non-nicotine constituents in TC smoke mediate the impairment. | |||
===2019: Global Forum on Nicotine (GFN) The effect of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ends) and new tobacco products on the risk of cardiovascular disease in people with high tobacco dependence=== | ===2019: Global Forum on Nicotine (GFN) The effect of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ends) and new tobacco products on the risk of cardiovascular disease in people with high tobacco dependence=== | ||
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===2019: Electronic cigarettes and cardiovascular health: what do we know so far?=== | ===2019: Electronic cigarettes and cardiovascular health: what do we know so far?=== | ||
Though they may not be as harmless as previously proposed, it seems likely that on the spectrum of tobacco products, ECs are less harmful than TCs, and there is increasing evidence that ECs may help promote TC cessation. As such, ECs may be helpful for risk reduction | Though they may not be as harmless as previously proposed, it seems likely that on the spectrum of tobacco products, ECs are less harmful than TCs, and there is increasing evidence that ECs may help promote TC cessation. As such, ECs may be helpful for risk reduction. | ||
===2017: Have combustible cigarettes met their match? The nicotine delivery profiles and harmful constituent exposures of second-generation (G2) and third-generation (G3) electronic cigarette users=== | |||
While not harmless, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have demonstrated a much more favourable toxicological profile than combustible cigarettes—the worldwide leading cause of preventable death. Average eCO levels (ppm) were significantly higher in smokers than in e-cigarette users. Compared with cigarettes, G2 and G3 e-cigarettes resulted in significantly lower levels of exposure to a potent lung carcinogen and cardiovascular toxicant. | |||
===2017: Electronic cigarette smoking increases of arterial stiffness and oxidative stress to a lesser extent than a single normal cigarette: an acute and chronic study=== | |||
Electronic cigarette smoking causes a smaller increase of arterial stiffness and oxidative stress, compared to a single normal cigarette in an acute setting. Replacement of normal cigarettes by a moderate nicotine concentration electronic cigarette results in improved aortic elasticity and oxidative stress within 1 month. | |||
===2016: Cigarette smoke but not electronic cigarette aerosol activates a stress response in human coronary artery endothelial cells in culture=== | |||
Human coronary artery endothelial cells show a biological response to cigarette smoke. | |||
This response was not seen following exposure to e-cigarette aerosol. | |||
Using e-cigarettes instead of cigarettes may reduce immediate cardiovascular harms. | |||
=== | ===2013: Chronic Idiopathic Neutrophilia in A Smoker, Relieved after Smoking Cessation with the | ||
Use of Electronic Cigarette: a Case Report=== | |||
A male Caucasian patient, born in 1977, presented in September 2005 with asymptomatic elevation of white blood cell and neutrophil count, and mildly-elevated C-reactive protein levels. He was a smoker since 1996 and was treated with 20 mg/day of simvastatin since 2003 due to hyperlipidemia. Clinical examination, and laboratory and imaging investigations ruled out any infectious, haematological, rheumatological, or endocrine conditions. He was followed-up regularly and was advised to stop smoking. He had 2 unsuccessful attempts to quit smoking; one was unassisted and the second was performed with the use of both varenicline and nicotine replacement therapy (patches). During the subsequent 6.5 years, his leukocyte and C-reactive protein levels were repeatedly elevated; the condition was consistent with chronic idiopathic neutrophilia. In February 2012, he started using electronic cigarettes and he managed to quit smoking within 10 days. After 6 months, laboratory examination showed normalized leukocyte count and C-reactive protein levels, confirmed immediately by a second laboratory and by repeated tests after 1 and 2 months. | |||
Smoking cessation with the use of electronic cigarette led to reversal of chronic idiopathic neutrophilia. The daily use of electronic cigarette may help preserve the beneficial effects of smoking cessation. | |||
===2012: Acute effects of electronic and tobacco cigarette smoking on complete blood count=== | |||
Active and passive tobacco cigarette smoking increased white blood cell, lymphocyte, and granulocyte counts for at least one hour in smokers and never smokers. Active and passive tobacco cigarette smoking increase the secondary proteins of acute inflammatory load for at least one hour. | |||
It is concluded that acute active and passive smoking using the e-cigarettes tested in the current study does not influence CBC indices in smokers and never smokers. The results demonstrated that CBC indices remained unchanged during the control session and the active and passive e-cigarette smoking sessions. | |||
=== | ===2010: A clinical laboratory model for evaluating the acute effects of electronic “cigarettes”: nicotine delivery profile and cardiovascular and subjective effects=== | ||
Heart rate increased from an average (SD) of 65.7 (10.4) bpm at baseline to a peak of 80.3 (10.9) bpm five minutes after the first administration under the tobacco cigarette condition. No significant changes in heart rate were observed for the e-cigarette or sham conditions. | |||
Under these acute testing conditions, neither of the electronic cigarettes exposed users to measurable levels of nicotine or CO, although both suppressed nicotine/tobacco abstinence symptom ratings. | |||
==Flavors (Flavours)== | ==Flavors (Flavours)== | ||
===2019 Effects of flavoring compounds used in electronic cigarette refill liquids on endothelial and vascular function=== | |||
Our data indicate that flavorings typically present in e-cig refill liquids do not cause endothelial dysfunction that would result in impaired vasodilation upon acute exposure. In contrast, most of the tested compounds caused endothelium-independent vasorelaxation, albeit at fairly high concentrations that appear to exceed by far the plasma concentrations expected to occur upon vaping flavored liquids. | |||
===2013: Comparison of the Cytotoxic Potential of Cigarette Smoke and Electronic Cigarette Vapour Extract on Cultured Myocardial Cells=== | ===2013: Comparison of the Cytotoxic Potential of Cigarette Smoke and Electronic Cigarette Vapour Extract on Cultured Myocardial Cells=== | ||
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In conclusion, from 20 commercially-available EC liquids that were tested in vapour form, four were found to be cytotoxic on cultured cardiomyoblasts. Cytotoxicity was mainly observed in most (but not all) samples produced by using tobacco leaves, while one sample using food-approved flavouring was marginally cytotoxic. EC vapour production by using higher-voltage devices caused a decrease in cell survival. Overall, EC vapour extracts showed significantly higher cell viability compared to CS extract, based on a realistic-use rather than a standardized comparative level of exposure. This supports the concept that ECs may be useful as tobacco harm reduction products | In conclusion, from 20 commercially-available EC liquids that were tested in vapour form, four were found to be cytotoxic on cultured cardiomyoblasts. Cytotoxicity was mainly observed in most (but not all) samples produced by using tobacco leaves, while one sample using food-approved flavouring was marginally cytotoxic. EC vapour production by using higher-voltage devices caused a decrease in cell survival. Overall, EC vapour extracts showed significantly higher cell viability compared to CS extract, based on a realistic-use rather than a standardized comparative level of exposure. This supports the concept that ECs may be useful as tobacco harm reduction products | ||
=== | ==Nicotine== | ||
==Nicotine== | ===2017: Sympathomimetic Effects of Acute E‐Cigarette Use: Role of Nicotine and Non‐Nicotine Constituents=== | ||
The acute sympathomimetic effect of e‐cigarettes is attributable to the inhaled nicotine, not to non‐nicotine constituents in e‐cigarette aerosol | |||
Oxidative stress, as estimated by plasma paraoxonase, did not increase following any of the 3 exposures. | |||
===2016: Cardiovascular toxicity of nicotine: Implications for electronic cigarette use=== | ===2016: Cardiovascular toxicity of nicotine: Implications for electronic cigarette use=== | ||
Studies of nicotine medications and smokeless tobacco indicate that the risks of nicotine without tobacco combustion products (cigarette smoke) are low compared to cigarette smoking, but are still of concern in people with cardiovascular disease. | Studies of nicotine medications and smokeless tobacco indicate that the risks of nicotine without tobacco combustion products (cigarette smoke) are low compared to cigarette smoking, but are still of concern in people with cardiovascular disease. | ||
Electronic cigarettes deliver nicotine without combustion of tobacco and appear to pose low-cardiovascular risk, at least with short-term use, in healthy users. | Electronic cigarettes deliver nicotine without combustion of tobacco and appear to pose low-cardiovascular risk, at least with short-term use, in healthy users. | ||
==More Information== | ==More Information== | ||
*Click on the category link below for more studies by topic on ENDS and Nicotine. | *Click on the category link below for more studies by topic on ENDS and Nicotine. | ||
[[Category:Studies, Surveys, and Papers]] | [[Category:Studies, Surveys, and Papers]] | ||
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