ENDS Toxicity / Carcinogenic

Studies, Surveys, Papers, and Case Studies

• Sometimes it's necessary to view the PDF version to access the full study.
• This page is for referencing the possible benefits of ENDS products. ENDS (Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems are also known as vapor technology, ecigarettes, ecigs, etc.
• If you'd prefer someone else to add a study to a topic, there is a "topic" called "Suggested studies to add to this page". You may put the link in that section for one of the regular page editors to address.
• PAGE EDITORS - Please only add Studies, Surveys, Papers in this format to keep page consistent for all viewers.
  • Topic
  • Note here if animal study (leave blank if not)
  • Year (list new to old) Name of Study (In link format to the study)
  • Brief Summary
  • Link to PDF Version
  • Citation
  • Acknowledgements (funded by, helped by)
  • Keywords
  • Other

Other ENDS Liquids Ingredients (PG/VG/Nicotine)

2020 Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines (NNAL, NNN, NAT, and NAB) Exposures in the US Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 1 (2013–2014)

• Among established, every day, exclusive tobacco product users, the geometric mean urinary NNAL concentration was

1. highest for smokeless tobacco users (993.3 ng/g creatinine),
2. followed by all types of combustible tobacco product users (285.4 ng/g creatinine),
3. poly tobacco users (278.6 ng/g creatinine),
4. and e-cigarette (ENDS) product users (6.3 ng/g creatinine).

• PDF Version
• Citation: Baoyun Xia, PhD, Benjamin C Blount, PhD, Tonya Guillot, MPH, Christina Brosius, MPH, Yao Li, BS, Dana M Van Bemmel, PhD MPH, Heather L Kimmel, PhD, Cindy M Chang, PhD MPH, Nicolette Borek, PhD, Kathryn C Edwards, PhD, Charlie Lawrence, PhD, Andrew Hyland, PhD, Maciej L Goniewicz, PhD PharmD, Brittany N Pine, BS, Yang Xia, PhD, John T Bernert, B Rey De Castro, ScD, John Lee, BS, Justin L Brown, MPH, Stephen Arnstein, MS, Diane Choi, BS, Erin L Wade, BS, Dorothy Hatsukami, PhD, Gladys Ervies, PhD, Angel Cobos, BS, Keegan Nicodemus, BS, Dana Freeman, BS, Stephen S Hecht, PhD, Kevin Conway, PhD, Lanqing Wang, PhD, Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines (NNAL, NNN, NAT, and NAB) Exposures in the US Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 1 (2013–2014), Nicotine & Tobacco Research, , ntaa110:10.1093/ntr/ntaa110
• Acknowledgements: This manuscript is supported with Federal funds from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, and the Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, under contract to Westat (contract nos. HHSN271201100027C and HHSN271201600001C) and through an interagency agreement between the FDA Center for Tobacco Products and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
• Keywords: creatinine, exposure, biological markers, nitrosamines, tobacco, urinary tract, electronic cigarettes, ENDS

2017 Toxicity of the main electronic cigarette components, propylene glycol, glycerin, and nicotine, in Sprague-Dawley rats in a 90-day OECD inhalation study complemented by molecular endpoints

• Animal Study
• Standard toxicological endpoints were complemented with systems toxicological analyses using transcriptomics, proteomics, and lipidomics of lung tissue, liver tissue, and serum. Both standard and systems toxicology endpoints demonstrated very limited biological effects of PG/VG aerosol with no signs of toxicity Systems toxicology analyses detected biological effects of nicotine exposure, which included up-regulation of the xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes Cyp1a1 and Fmo3 in the lung and metabolic effects, likely interlinked with a generalized stress response to nicotine present in the exposure aerosols
• PDF Version
• Citation: Blaine Phillips, Bjoern Titz, Ulrike Kogel, Danilal Sharma, Patrice Leroy, Yang Xiang, Grégory Vuillaume, Stefan Lebrun, Davide Sciuscio, Jenny Ho, Catherine Nury, Emmanuel Guedj, Ashraf Elamin, Marco Esposito, Subash Krishnan, Walter K. Schlage, Emilija Veljkovic, Nikolai V. Ivanov, Florian Martin, Manuel C. Peitsch, Julia Hoeng, Patrick Vanscheeuwijck, Toxicity of the main electronic cigarette components, propylene glycol, glycerin, and nicotine, in Sprague-Dawley rats in a 90-day OECD inhalation study complemented by molecular endpoints, Food and Chemical Toxicology, Volume 109, Part 1, 2017, Pages 315-332, ISSN 0278-6915, doi:10.1016/j.fct.2017.09.001.
• Acknowledgements: The work reported in this publication was funded solely by Philip Morris International (PMI). All authors

are (or were) employees of PMI R&D or worked for PMI R&D under contractual agreements.

A Review on the Safety of Inhalation of Propylene Glycol in E-cigarettes

• Tests performed by the FDA have shown that e-cigarettes have similar nicotine levels and trace contaminants as NRT products.
• Propylene glycol (PG) is generally recognized as safe by oral, dermal or inhalation routes and has been a common ingredient in all American made tobacco cigarettes for seven decades.”
• PDF Version
• Citation: A Review on the Safety of Inhalation of Propylene Glycol in E-cigarettes, Karyn I. Cotta}, 2017

More Information

• Click on the category link below for more studies by topic on ENDS and Nicotine.