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== Information Manipulation/Misrepresentation == | |||
When THR is reported in the media, manipulation techniques are sometimes employed. The press may, or may not be aware that this is happening, but often the attempt is quite transparent, and the research required to prove it, so trivial, it is hard to argue they are not complicit. | When THR is reported in the media, manipulation techniques are sometimes employed. The press may, or may not be aware that this is happening, but often the attempt is quite transparent, and the research required to prove it, so trivial, it is hard to argue they are not complicit. | ||
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This page can also be used to point out ways to detect such manipulation and what to look for, including people and sites that may have advice on the subject. | This page can also be used to point out ways to detect such manipulation and what to look for, including people and sites that may have advice on the subject. | ||
=== Definition === | |||
For the purposes of this page ''misinformation'' is considered to be passing on information, that is not correct, and has been manipulated, to read or imply misleading, or false ideas. To be misinformation, the entity passing the information on must be unaware the information has been manipulated and also not have reason to verify it's being correct. A member of the public quoting a reputable newspaper, for example. A journalist / editor would be less able to claim this, since they can be reasonably expected to do at least 'due diligence', before printing something as fact. | |||
Likewise ''disinformation'' is to deliberately manipulate the information, so as to change the context. A newspaper editor choosing a minor statement discussed in a scientific paper/press release, instead of the main conclusion, that increases the impact, or distorts the view. This is effective particularly, where the reader is unlikely to read the linked science, often few if any will take the time to check the source themselves. | |||
== Types of manipulation == | |||
=== Everything at once (the shotgun approach?) === | === Everything at once (the shotgun approach?) === | ||
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* "The article is a simmering mixture of equivocation, cherry-picked statistics, and outright lies. There's an eight-letter word for it we won't use to preserve our family-friendly reputation. Let's look at some specifics and hopefully help Cleveland Clinic right its ship."<br /> | * "The article is a simmering mixture of equivocation, cherry-picked statistics, and outright lies. There's an eight-letter word for it we won't use to preserve our family-friendly reputation. Let's look at some specifics and hopefully help Cleveland Clinic right its ship."<br /> | ||
[https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/the-effects-of-subtle-misinformation-in-news-headlines The effects of subtle misinformation in news headlines.] Ullrich K H Ecker*, Stephan Lewandowsky, Ee Pin Chang, Rekha Pillai School of Psychological Science, Bristol Neuroscience, Cabot Institute for the Environment (*Corresponding author) | |||
=== Creative use of language === | === Creative use of language === | ||
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There is information on this page [[Does nicotine damage the developing adolescent brain?]] Including the big issue; many millions worldwide started smoking in their teens, if such damage occurred in humans (this has been studied, scientists have looked), it would be trivial to find it, no such issues have been found, none. | There is information on this page [[Does nicotine damage the developing adolescent brain?]] Including the big issue; many millions worldwide started smoking in their teens, if such damage occurred in humans (this has been studied, scientists have looked), it would be trivial to find it, no such issues have been found, none. | ||
=== Confusing use of numbers === | |||
The definition of youth can vary, and the one used in an article or press release, may be wildly different than the readers expectation. This happens frequently, and is highly variable, youth might refer to ages 12-25, 10-18, 12-21 etc. even wider ranges have been seen at times, often the definition is absent, or buried in the text somewhere. Similarly definitions of children can be equally ambiguous, some ranges used are as wide as 'youth' above, and may include some adults, clearly this is not what most people expect. As above the range if given at all, can be hard to find. | |||
Another common tactic is to present numbers in unusual, or unexpected ways. Examples include percentages of percentages. For example if 10% of American youth vape and 25% (one in 4) vape daily, it is very easy to get the impression 1 in 4 vape daily. If you read carefully, you can see the 25%, is in fact 25% of the 10%. This has lead to people saying 25% of american youth vape daily, quite often (not always) because they didn't understand the information. | |||
Lumping several categories together to create another category, for example summing all the categories together and calling that, 'ever use' or something even more obscure. | |||
==== Image manipulation | === Unusual or confusing definitions === | ||
Using unexpected definitions e.g. frequent use, being defined an used 1 time in a month, far from most people's expectation. | |||
=== Flat out lies === | |||
The recycling of 'Ecig Vaping Acute Lung Injury' is a prime example, we have a whole page for [[ENDS EVALI VALI THCVALI|EVALI]], it's been debunked so much by now, it is almost painful seeing it reappear. A condition caused by inhaling Vitamin E acetate (soluble in oil, such as black market THC carts use), this will not even mix with nicotine containing liquids (these use water soluble chemistry), without defying the laws of physics. | |||
Popcorn lung, there has never been a case linked to vaping, or to smoking (smoking exposes users to approximately 750 times the amount of diacetyl vaping does), if smoking doesn't result in popcorn lung, vaping can't possibly do so. | |||
=== Image manipulation === | |||
[[File:1839E75E-7321-46FF-AFB7-2D522AF401B4.png|alt=Screenshot from Twitter referring to image manipulation, and it’s prevalence in scientific papers. This is far too common in all science, not only THR.|left|thumb|Screenshot from Twitter referring to image manipulation, and it’s prevalence in scientific papers. This is far too common in all science, not only THR.]] | [[File:1839E75E-7321-46FF-AFB7-2D522AF401B4.png|alt=Screenshot from Twitter referring to image manipulation, and it’s prevalence in scientific papers. This is far too common in all science, not only THR.|left|thumb|Screenshot from Twitter referring to image manipulation, and it’s prevalence in scientific papers. This is far too common in all science, not only THR.]] | ||
[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/10/29/opinion/science-fraud-image-manipulation-photoshop.html?unlocked_article_code=JP6v9FFDKJGBQu6-EXI6KZotNQxI9v4Uwa8iv1yXu1Jylvr-aZkat0TS-v8QUynrTfx-EfPE0YSFsYq_4fdeMdCuM2Ca6KF7N5NZBb-F2QfTsE0rlzXp4RJy6EBRKqALE3yY1dmUW5URxMR2pYurvw_nnQiv16tceGdeqmMNYYS1Cmkf4spCLpx_cvw2kRhenxy6c_rRgXGPvssslUWglhpLPIccTc3eiwfi-bpnYFAmq82LA_YTSThJYBNjS1xabAL-YaYwceAtGH4ONGL17J-cUWglo605d7eNqXUw7O81zYpImUfboQ3AN1BixRNo01akrL1VKW1QI54lg_CAMPIumBHEE57iwgKX0PmqdUF9XNZ8hAgnW7TJyPsx1oiw4UrCMQ&smid=share-url New York Times article] '''[[Elisabeth Bik|By Elisabeth Bik]]''' | [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/10/29/opinion/science-fraud-image-manipulation-photoshop.html?unlocked_article_code=JP6v9FFDKJGBQu6-EXI6KZotNQxI9v4Uwa8iv1yXu1Jylvr-aZkat0TS-v8QUynrTfx-EfPE0YSFsYq_4fdeMdCuM2Ca6KF7N5NZBb-F2QfTsE0rlzXp4RJy6EBRKqALE3yY1dmUW5URxMR2pYurvw_nnQiv16tceGdeqmMNYYS1Cmkf4spCLpx_cvw2kRhenxy6c_rRgXGPvssslUWglhpLPIccTc3eiwfi-bpnYFAmq82LA_YTSThJYBNjS1xabAL-YaYwceAtGH4ONGL17J-cUWglo605d7eNqXUw7O81zYpImUfboQ3AN1BixRNo01akrL1VKW1QI54lg_CAMPIumBHEE57iwgKX0PmqdUF9XNZ8hAgnW7TJyPsx1oiw4UrCMQ&smid=share-url New York Times article] '''[[Elisabeth Bik|By Elisabeth Bik]]''' | ||
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