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(2020 Abuse liability of cigarettes with very low nicotine content in pregnant cigarette smokers) |
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====2020 Commentary: [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2771865 Is Nicotine Reduction in Cigarettes Enough?]==== | ====2020 Commentary: [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2771865 Is Nicotine Reduction in Cigarettes Enough?]==== | ||
*"Is this strong policy statement warranted by the findings in this study? We think not. The main finding—a modest within-trial reduction in cigarette consumption—does not support the objectives of the comprehensive plan for nicotine regulation at a national level. The ability of the VLNC intervention to promote smoking cessation was specifically tested at week 12 when participants were offered $100 to abstain from smoking for 24 hours, a modest goal given that most smokers who abstain for 24 hours relapse, and smokers do not get such offers in real life. The VLNC intervention did not result in smoking cessation. This raises serious questions about the conclusion that a VLNC cigarette policy alone would promote smoking cessation or reduce morbidity and mortality. The health benefits of VLNC cigarettes remain unclear. Reductions in the level of NNAL (4-[methylnitrosamino]-1-[3-pyridyl]-1-butanol), a biomarker for tobacco smoke carcinogens, were small, and 1 group (opioid users) experienced an increase in the level of NNAL." | *"Is this strong policy statement warranted by the findings in this study? We think not. The main finding—a modest within-trial reduction in cigarette consumption—does not support the objectives of the comprehensive plan for nicotine regulation at a national level. The ability of the VLNC intervention to promote smoking cessation was specifically tested at week 12 when participants were offered $100 to abstain from smoking for 24 hours, a modest goal given that most smokers who abstain for 24 hours relapse, and smokers do not get such offers in real life. The VLNC intervention did not result in smoking cessation. This raises serious questions about the conclusion that a VLNC cigarette policy alone would promote smoking cessation or reduce morbidity and mortality. The health benefits of VLNC cigarettes remain unclear. Reductions in the level of NNAL (4-[methylnitrosamino]-1-[3-pyridyl]-1-butanol), a biomarker for tobacco smoke carcinogens, were small, and 1 group (opioid users) experienced an increase in the level of NNAL." | ||
===2020 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0091743520302516 Abuse liability of cigarettes with very low nicotine content in pregnant cigarette smokers]=== | |||
*Ten pregnant smokers in Burlington, VT and Baltimore, MD participated in 2017–2018. | |||
*Reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes may decrease their abuse liability in pregnant smokers without causing untoward craving/withdrawal or compensatory smoking. Studies of extended exposure to VLNCs in pregnant women are warranted. | |||
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*"These results suggest that a reduced-nicotine standard for cigarettes would reduce smoking among smokers with SMI. However, the lack of effect on total nicotine exposure indicates VLNC noncompliance, suggesting that smokers with SMI may respond to a reduced-nicotine standard by substituting alternative forms of nicotine." | *"These results suggest that a reduced-nicotine standard for cigarettes would reduce smoking among smokers with SMI. However, the lack of effect on total nicotine exposure indicates VLNC noncompliance, suggesting that smokers with SMI may respond to a reduced-nicotine standard by substituting alternative forms of nicotine." | ||
*It can be assumed that even if reduced nicotine cigarettes are mandated, the black market will continue to supply nicotine containing tobacco, and cigarettes as long as there is demand. | *It can be assumed that even if reduced nicotine cigarettes are mandated, the black market will continue to supply nicotine containing tobacco, and cigarettes as long as there is demand. | ||
===2019: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0091743520302516 Abuse liability of cigarettes with very low nicotine content in pregnant cigarette smokers]=== | ===2019: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0091743520302516 Abuse liability of cigarettes with very low nicotine content in pregnant cigarette smokers]=== | ||
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