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===2019 Perceived relative harm of using e-cigarettes predicts future product switching among US adult cigarette and e-cigarette dual users.=== | ===2019 Perceived relative harm of using e-cigarettes predicts future product switching among US adult cigarette and e-cigarette dual users.=== | ||
Compared with those with other perceptions of e‐cigarette harm, dual users who perceived e‐cigarettes as less harmful than cigarettes were more likely to become exclusive e‐cigarette users 1 year later. | *Compared with those with other perceptions of e‐cigarette harm, dual users who perceived e‐cigarettes as less harmful than cigarettes were more likely to become exclusive e‐cigarette users 1 year later. | ||
===2019 Vaping patterns, nicotine dependence and reasons for vaping among American Indian dual users of cigarettes and electronic cigarettes.=== | ===2019 Vaping patterns, nicotine dependence and reasons for vaping among American Indian dual users of cigarettes and electronic cigarettes.=== | ||
*The ten-item Penn State Dependence Index (PSDI) suggested greater dependence on smoking than vaping | |||
The most common reasons for vaping were to reduce smoking (79%), enjoyment of flavors (78%), and ability to vape where smoking is not allowed (73%). Perceptions of less harm to others (69%) or to self were the next most common (65%). Fewer than half used ECs to reduce stress, for affordability, or because others used them. | *The most common reasons for vaping were to reduce smoking (79%), enjoyment of flavors (78%), and ability to vape where smoking is not allowed (73%). Perceptions of less harm to others (69%) or to self were the next most common (65%). Fewer than half used ECs to reduce stress, for affordability, or because others used them. | ||
===2017 Differences between Dual Users and Switchers Center around Vaping Behavior and Its Experiences Rather than Beliefs and Attitudes=== | ===2017 Differences between Dual Users and Switchers Center around Vaping Behavior and Its Experiences Rather than Beliefs and Attitudes=== | ||
To the extent that dual users substantially lower the number of cigarettes, they will reduce health risks from smoking. However, from a medical point of view, exclusive vaping is preferable to dual use; | *To the extent that dual users substantially lower the number of cigarettes, they will reduce health risks from smoking. However, from a medical point of view, exclusive vaping is preferable to dual use; | ||
Differences between dual users and switchers center around variables proximal to the vaping behavior and its experienced effects rather than hinging on more general vaping-related beliefs and attitudes. | *Differences between dual users and switchers center around variables proximal to the vaping behavior and its experienced effects rather than hinging on more general vaping-related beliefs and attitudes. | ||
After e-cig initiation, dual users decreased tobacco consumption by 82% and were low-to-moderately cigarette dependent. | *After e-cig initiation, dual users decreased tobacco consumption by 82% and were low-to-moderately cigarette dependent. | ||
The two groups (dual users and switchers) reported mostly using a flavor other than tobacco. | *The two groups (dual users and switchers) reported mostly using a flavor other than tobacco. | ||
==Economic Impact== | ==Economic Impact== | ||
===2019 The Impact of Electronic Cigarettes on Cigarette Smoking By Americans and Its Health and Economic Implications=== | ===2019 The Impact of Electronic Cigarettes on Cigarette Smoking By Americans and Its Health and Economic Implications=== | ||
In this study, we examined the growing use of electronic cigarettes and its implications. The wide use of e-cigarettes is a very recent development, and issues regarding their long-term effects and significance cannot be fully analyzed at this time. Using CDC and other data covering the last decade, however, we examined the relationship between the recent sharp increase in e-cigarette use among Americans and the contemporaneous acceleration in the declining rate of cigarette smoking. We found that the sharp increase in e-cigarette use across many groups can explain as much as 70 percent of the accelerating decline in smoking rates. We also found no reasonable evidential basis for concerns that e-cigarettes are a gateway to cigarette smoking. We further found that e-cigarettes are highly effective in helping people stop smoking cigarettes. | *In this study, we examined the growing use of electronic cigarettes and its implications. The wide use of e-cigarettes is a very recent development, and issues regarding their long-term effects and significance cannot be fully analyzed at this time. Using CDC and other data covering the last decade, however, we examined the relationship between the recent sharp increase in e-cigarette use among Americans and the contemporaneous acceleration in the declining rate of cigarette smoking. | ||
Finally, we analyzed the impact of the sharp increase in e-cigarette use and the accelerating decline in cigarette smoking on healthcare costs and economic productivity. We found that while e-cigarette users incur lower healthcare costs than cigarette smokers or ex-smokers, the longer lifespans of e-cigarette users and ex-smokers who used e-cigarettes to quit smoking result in higher lifetime healthcare costs. However, we also found that the value of the additional years of life associated with using e-cigarettes instead of smoking is much greater than the additional healthcare costs. Lastly, we found that the increase in e-cigarette use and the associated reduction in smoking rates results in large productivity benefits, mainly from lower rates of illness. | *We found that the sharp increase in e-cigarette use across many groups can explain as much as 70 percent of the accelerating decline in smoking rates. We also found no reasonable evidential basis for concerns that e-cigarettes are a gateway to cigarette smoking. | ||
*We further found that e-cigarettes are highly effective in helping people stop smoking cigarettes. | |||
*Finally, we analyzed the impact of the sharp increase in e-cigarette use and the accelerating decline in cigarette smoking on healthcare costs and economic productivity. *We found that while e-cigarette users incur lower healthcare costs than cigarette smokers or ex-smokers, the longer lifespans of e-cigarette users and ex-smokers who used e-cigarettes to quit smoking result in higher lifetime healthcare costs. However, we also found that the value of the additional years of life associated with using e-cigarettes instead of smoking is much greater than the additional healthcare costs. | |||
*Lastly, we found that the increase in e-cigarette use and the associated reduction in smoking rates results in large productivity benefits, mainly from lower rates of illness. | |||
===2019: Cost‐effectiveness of e‐cigarettes compared with nicotine replacement therapy in stop smoking services in England (TEC study): a randomized controlled trial=== | ===2019: Cost‐effectiveness of e‐cigarettes compared with nicotine replacement therapy in stop smoking services in England (TEC study): a randomized controlled trial=== | ||
Using e‐cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid with standard behavioural (behavioral) support in stop‐smoking services in England is likely to be more cost‐effective than using nicotine replacement therapy in the same setting. | *Using e‐cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid with standard behavioural (behavioral) support in stop‐smoking services in England is likely to be more cost‐effective than using nicotine replacement therapy in the same setting. | ||
===2019: Expenditure on smoking and alternative nicotine delivery products: a population survey in England=== | ===2019: Expenditure on smoking and alternative nicotine delivery products: a population survey in England=== | ||
*In England, expenditure among e‐cigarette and nicotine replacement therapy users is approximately one‐third of the expenditure of smokers. The average smoker may save an estimated £15.06 per week by switching completely to e‐cigarettes or £13.04 per week by switching to nicotine replacement therapy, although this is likely to differ according to individual usage patterns. | |||
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A ban on flavoured e-cigarettes alone would likely increase the choice of cigarettes in smokers, arguably the more harmful way of obtaining nicotine | A ban on flavoured e-cigarettes alone would likely increase the choice of cigarettes in smokers, arguably the more harmful way of obtaining nicotine | ||
===2017 Differences between Dual Users and Switchers Center around Vaping Behavior and Its Experiences Rather than Beliefs and Attitudes=== | |||
*To the extent that dual users substantially lower the number of cigarettes, they will reduce health risks from smoking. However, from a medical point of view, exclusive vaping is preferable to dual use; | |||
*Differences between dual users and switchers center around variables proximal to the vaping behavior and its experienced effects rather than hinging on more general vaping-related beliefs and attitudes. | |||
*After e-cig initiation, dual users decreased tobacco consumption by 82% and were low-to-moderately cigarette dependent. | |||
*The two groups (dual users and switchers) reported mostly using a flavor other than tobacco. | |||
===2016: Cigarette smoking and electronic cigarette vaping patterns as a function of e-cigarette flavourings=== | ===2016: Cigarette smoking and electronic cigarette vaping patterns as a function of e-cigarette flavourings=== | ||
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===2016: E-cigarettes: a developing public health consensus=== | ===2016: E-cigarettes: a developing public health consensus=== | ||
From: Public Health England, Action on Smoking and Health, Association of Directors of Public Health, British Lung Foundation, Cancer Research UK, Faculty of Public Health, Fresh North East, Healthier Futures, Public Health Action, Royal College of Physicians, Royal Society for Public Health, UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, UK Health Forum | |||
We all agree that e-cigarettes are significantly less harmful than smoking. One in two lifelong smokers dies from their addiction. All the evidence suggests that the health risks posed by e-cigarettes are relatively small by comparison but we must continue to study the long-term effects. | We all agree that e-cigarettes are significantly less harmful than smoking. One in two lifelong smokers dies from their addiction. All the evidence suggests that the health risks posed by e-cigarettes are relatively small by comparison but we must continue to study the long-term effects. | ||
And yet, millions of smokers have the impression that e-cigarettes are at least as harmful as tobacco | And yet, millions of smokers have the impression that e-cigarettes are at least as harmful as tobacco | ||
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===2013: A fresh look at tobacco harm reduction: the case for the electronic cigarette=== | ===2013: A fresh look at tobacco harm reduction: the case for the electronic cigarette=== | ||
Smokers of any age can reap substantial health benefits by quitting. In fact, no other single public health effort is likely to achieve a benefit comparable to large-scale smoking cessation. | Smokers of any age can reap substantial health benefits by quitting. In fact, no other single public health effort is likely to achieve a benefit comparable to large-scale smoking cessation. | ||
E-cigs might be the most promising product for tobacco harm reduction to date, because, besides delivering nicotine vapour without the combustion products that are responsible for nearly all of smoking’s damaging effect, they also replace some of the rituals associated with smoking behaviour. | |||
Nicotine’s beneficial effects include correcting problems with concentration, attention and memory, as well as improving symptoms of mood impairments. Keeping such disabilities at bay right now can be much stronger motivation to continue using nicotine than any threats of diseases that may strike years and years in the future. | Nicotine’s beneficial effects include correcting problems with concentration, attention and memory, as well as improving symptoms of mood impairments. Keeping such disabilities at bay right now can be much stronger motivation to continue using nicotine than any threats of diseases that may strike years and years in the future. | ||
Nicotine’s beneficial effects can be controlled, and the detrimental effects of the smoky delivery system can be attenuated, by providing the drug via less hazardous delivery systems. Although more research is needed, e-cigs appear to be effective cigarette substitutes for inveterate smokers, and the health improvements enjoyed by switchers do not differ from those enjoyed by tobacco/nicotine abstainers. | Nicotine’s beneficial effects can be controlled, and the detrimental effects of the smoky delivery system can be attenuated, by providing the drug via less hazardous delivery systems. Although more research is needed, e-cigs appear to be effective cigarette substitutes for inveterate smokers, and the health improvements enjoyed by switchers do not differ from those enjoyed by tobacco/nicotine abstainers. | ||
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===2014: Characteristics, Perceived Side Effects and Benefits of Electronic Cigarette Use: A Worldwide Survey of More than 19,000 Consumers=== | ===2014: Characteristics, Perceived Side Effects and Benefits of Electronic Cigarette Use: A Worldwide Survey of More than 19,000 Consumers=== | ||
The main results of this survey indicate that ECs may be an effective substitute for smoking even in highly dependent subjects who are heavy smokers. Significant benefits are experienced by these people in physiologic functions and in some disease conditions, with former smokers (those who completely substituted smoking with EC use) being more likely to report such beneficial effects. | |||
Both former and current smokers initiated EC use with high nicotine-containing liquids. More than one-fifth of the population initiated use with more than 20 mg/mL nicotine concentration, with higher prevalence in former smokers, supporting the hypothesis that nicotine plays an important role in the success of ECs as smoking substitutes [4,16]. This can be attributed to the lower nicotine absorption from EC use compared to smoking [13,17,18]. Such repeated observations should be taken into consideration by the regulatory authorities. | Both former and current smokers initiated EC use with high nicotine-containing liquids. More than one-fifth of the population initiated use with more than 20 mg/mL nicotine concentration, with higher prevalence in former smokers, supporting the hypothesis that nicotine plays an important role in the success of ECs as smoking substitutes [4,16]. This can be attributed to the lower nicotine absorption from EC use compared to smoking [13,17,18]. Such repeated observations should be taken into consideration by the regulatory authorities. | ||
The most important reasons for participants to initiate ECs were to reduce or completely quit smoking and to reduce exposure of family members to second-hand smoking. It seems that these subjects are well-informed about the adverse health effects of smoking and are willing to try an alternative product which they consider less harmful. | The most important reasons for participants to initiate ECs were to reduce or completely quit smoking and to reduce exposure of family members to second-hand smoking. It seems that these subjects are well-informed about the adverse health effects of smoking and are willing to try an alternative product which they consider less harmful. | ||
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===2012: The electronic-cigarette: Effects on desire to smoke, withdrawal symptoms and cognition=== | ===2012: The electronic-cigarette: Effects on desire to smoke, withdrawal symptoms and cognition=== | ||
The e-cigarette can reduce desire to smoke and nicotine withdrawal symptoms 20 minutes after use. | The e-cigarette can reduce desire to smoke and nicotine withdrawal symptoms 20 minutes after use. | ||
The nicotine content in this respect may be more important for males. | |||
The first study to demonstrate that the nicotine e-cigarette can improve working memory. | The first study to demonstrate that the nicotine e-cigarette can improve working memory. | ||
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===2011: Electronic cigarette: users profile, utilization, satisfaction and perceived efficacy=== | ===2011: Electronic cigarette: users profile, utilization, satisfaction and perceived efficacy=== | ||
Almost all (97%) used e‐cigarettes containing nicotine. | |||
Most (96%) said the e‐cigarette helped them to quit smoking or reduce their smoking (92%). | Most (96%) said the e‐cigarette helped them to quit smoking or reduce their smoking (92%). | ||
Reasons for using the e‐cigarette included the perception that it was less toxic than tobacco (84%), to deal with craving for tobacco (79%) and withdrawal symptoms (67%), to quit smoking or avoid relapsing (77%), because it was cheaper than smoking (57%) and to deal with situations where smoking was prohibited (39%). | Reasons for using the e‐cigarette included the perception that it was less toxic than tobacco (84%), to deal with craving for tobacco (79%) and withdrawal symptoms (67%), to quit smoking or avoid relapsing (77%), because it was cheaper than smoking (57%) and to deal with situations where smoking was prohibited (39%). | ||
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===2010: Electronic cigarettes: a survey of users=== | ===2010: Electronic cigarettes: a survey of users=== | ||
Our results suggest that ecigarettes are used mainly to quit smoking, and may be useful for this purpose. | Our results suggest that ecigarettes are used mainly to quit smoking, and may be useful for this purpose. | ||
==Race / Ethnic / Socioeconomic / Education== | |||
===2020: Inequalities, harm reduction and non-combustible nicotine products: a meta-ethnography of qualitative evidence=== | |||
The review only identified studies exploring the attitudes of socioeconomically disadvantaged smokers towards NCNP (non-combustible nicotine products) for harm reduction or cessation purposes (i.e. we did not identify any relevant studies of more advantaged socioeconomic groups). | |||
Using a lines-of-argument meta-ethnographic approach, we identified a predominantly pessimistic attitude to NCNP for harm reduction or cessation of smoking due to: | |||
wider circumstances of socioeconomic disadvantage; | |||
lack of a perceived advantage of alternative products over smoking; | |||
and a perceived lack of information about relative harms of NCNP compared to smoking. | |||
Optimistic findings, although fewer, suggested the potential of NCNP being taken up among smokers experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage. | |||
===2019 Socioeconomic Disparities in Electronic Cigarette Use and Transitions from Smoking=== | |||
Furthermore, more educated smokers are more likely to switch to exclusive e-cigarette use than less educated smokers. | |||
Such differential switching may exacerbate socioeconomic disparities in smoking-related morbidity and mortality, but lower the burden of tobacco-related disease. | |||
===2019 Vaping patterns, nicotine dependence and reasons for vaping among American Indian dual users of cigarettes and electronic cigarettes.=== | |||
...the ten-item Penn State Dependence Index (PSDI) suggested greater dependence on smoking than vaping | |||
The most common reasons for vaping were to reduce smoking (79%), enjoyment of flavors (78%), and ability to vape where smoking is not allowed (73%). Perceptions of less harm to others (69%) or to self were the next most common (65%). Fewer than half used ECs to reduce stress, for affordability, or because others used them. | |||
===2019: Effect of Electronic Cigarettes on Smoking Reduction and Cessation in Korean Male Smokers: A Randomized Controlled Study=== | |||
In our study, the effect of e-cigarettes on smoking cessation was similar compared with that of nicotine gum, a well-documented NRT. In addition, e-cigarettes were well tolerated by the study population. Therefore, the use of e-cigarettes as an NRT may be considered for smoking-cessation purposes. | |||
===2018 Socioeconomic and Racial/Ethnic Differences in E-Cigarette Uptake Among Cigarette Smokers: Longitudinal Analysis of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study=== | |||
Compared with non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanics were less likely to become exclusive e-cigarette users | |||
Low-income smokers were less likely than higher-income smokers to become exclusive e-cigarette users | |||
Black, Hispanic, and low-income smokers were more likely to believe e-cigarettes are more harmful than cigarettes and to have positive tobacco-related social norms. | |||
Results of this study show that the exclusive use of e-cigarettes is more prevalent in higher-income and White smokers. Our data suggest that higher-income and White smokers may be more likely to use e-cigarettes as a means to quit combustible cigarettes compared with low-income and racial/ethnic minority smokers. These findings suggest that sociodemographic differences in e-cigarette uptake and use patterns may contribute to widening disparities in cigarette smoking. | |||
===2016 Racial/Ethnic Differences in Electronic Cigarette Use and Reasons for Use among Current and Former Smokers: Findings from a Community-Based Sample=== | |||
This study found more similarities than differences among Whites, African Americans/Blacks, and Hispanics with a history of tobacco smoking. | |||
African Americans/Blacks were significantly less likely to report ever-use compared to Whites and Hispanics (50% vs. 71% and 71%, respectively; p < 0.001). | |||
African American/Black ever users were more likely to report plans to continue using e-cigarettes compared to Whites and Hispanics (72% vs. 53% and 47%, respectively, p = 0.01). | |||
African American/Black participants were more likely to use e-cigarettes as a cessation aid compared to both Whites (p = 0.03) and Hispanics (p = 0.48) | |||
White participants were more likely to use e-cigarettes to save money compared to Hispanics (p = 0.02). | |||
==<<<<<<< MORE TO ADD >>>>>>>== | ==<<<<<<< MORE TO ADD >>>>>>>== | ||
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